CN117087287B - 4D printing reusable composite material energy absorption structure and preparation and reuse method - Google Patents

4D printing reusable composite material energy absorption structure and preparation and reuse method Download PDF

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Publication number
CN117087287B
CN117087287B CN202310936460.4A CN202310936460A CN117087287B CN 117087287 B CN117087287 B CN 117087287B CN 202310936460 A CN202310936460 A CN 202310936460A CN 117087287 B CN117087287 B CN 117087287B
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resistance
energy absorption
absorption structure
module
warn
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CN117087287A (en
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张鑫
郑锡涛
闫雷雷
孙培杰
宋璐阳
卢建榕
梁良
顾红军
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Guangdong Zhongsen Industrial Development Co ltd
Northwestern Polytechnical University
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Guangdong Zhongsen Industrial Development Co ltd
Northwestern Polytechnical University
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B27/00—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin
    • B32B27/36—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin comprising polyesters
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C64/00—Additive manufacturing, i.e. manufacturing of three-dimensional [3D] objects by additive deposition, additive agglomeration or additive layering, e.g. by 3D printing, stereolithography or selective laser sintering
    • B29C64/10—Processes of additive manufacturing
    • B29C64/106—Processes of additive manufacturing using only liquids or viscous materials, e.g. depositing a continuous bead of viscous material
    • B29C64/118—Processes of additive manufacturing using only liquids or viscous materials, e.g. depositing a continuous bead of viscous material using filamentary material being melted, e.g. fused deposition modelling [FDM]
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C64/00—Additive manufacturing, i.e. manufacturing of three-dimensional [3D] objects by additive deposition, additive agglomeration or additive layering, e.g. by 3D printing, stereolithography or selective laser sintering
    • B29C64/30—Auxiliary operations or equipment
    • B29C64/386—Data acquisition or data processing for additive manufacturing
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C64/00—Additive manufacturing, i.e. manufacturing of three-dimensional [3D] objects by additive deposition, additive agglomeration or additive layering, e.g. by 3D printing, stereolithography or selective laser sintering
    • B29C64/30—Auxiliary operations or equipment
    • B29C64/386—Data acquisition or data processing for additive manufacturing
    • B29C64/393—Data acquisition or data processing for additive manufacturing for controlling or regulating additive manufacturing processes
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B27/00—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin
    • B32B27/06—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin as the main or only constituent of a layer, which is next to another layer of the same or of a different material
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B3/00—Layered products comprising a layer with external or internal discontinuities or unevennesses, or a layer of non-planar shape; Layered products comprising a layer having particular features of form
    • B32B3/02—Layered products comprising a layer with external or internal discontinuities or unevennesses, or a layer of non-planar shape; Layered products comprising a layer having particular features of form characterised by features of form at particular places, e.g. in edge regions
    • B32B3/08—Layered products comprising a layer with external or internal discontinuities or unevennesses, or a layer of non-planar shape; Layered products comprising a layer having particular features of form characterised by features of form at particular places, e.g. in edge regions characterised by added members at particular parts
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B3/00—Layered products comprising a layer with external or internal discontinuities or unevennesses, or a layer of non-planar shape; Layered products comprising a layer having particular features of form
    • B32B3/26—Layered products comprising a layer with external or internal discontinuities or unevennesses, or a layer of non-planar shape; Layered products comprising a layer having particular features of form characterised by a particular shape of the outline of the cross-section of a continuous layer; characterised by a layer with cavities or internal voids ; characterised by an apertured layer
    • B32B3/28—Layered products comprising a layer with external or internal discontinuities or unevennesses, or a layer of non-planar shape; Layered products comprising a layer having particular features of form characterised by a particular shape of the outline of the cross-section of a continuous layer; characterised by a layer with cavities or internal voids ; characterised by an apertured layer characterised by a layer comprising a deformed thin sheet, i.e. the layer having its entire thickness deformed out of the plane, e.g. corrugated, crumpled
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B33/00—Layered products characterised by particular properties or particular surface features, e.g. particular surface coatings; Layered products designed for particular purposes not covered by another single class
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B33—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY
    • B33Y—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING, i.e. MANUFACTURING OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL [3-D] OBJECTS BY ADDITIVE DEPOSITION, ADDITIVE AGGLOMERATION OR ADDITIVE LAYERING, e.g. BY 3-D PRINTING, STEREOLITHOGRAPHY OR SELECTIVE LASER SINTERING
    • B33Y10/00—Processes of additive manufacturing
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B33—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY
    • B33Y—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING, i.e. MANUFACTURING OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL [3-D] OBJECTS BY ADDITIVE DEPOSITION, ADDITIVE AGGLOMERATION OR ADDITIVE LAYERING, e.g. BY 3-D PRINTING, STEREOLITHOGRAPHY OR SELECTIVE LASER SINTERING
    • B33Y50/00—Data acquisition or data processing for additive manufacturing
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B33—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY
    • B33Y—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING, i.e. MANUFACTURING OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL [3-D] OBJECTS BY ADDITIVE DEPOSITION, ADDITIVE AGGLOMERATION OR ADDITIVE LAYERING, e.g. BY 3-D PRINTING, STEREOLITHOGRAPHY OR SELECTIVE LASER SINTERING
    • B33Y50/00—Data acquisition or data processing for additive manufacturing
    • B33Y50/02—Data acquisition or data processing for additive manufacturing for controlling or regulating additive manufacturing processes
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01K—MEASURING TEMPERATURE; MEASURING QUANTITY OF HEAT; THERMALLY-SENSITIVE ELEMENTS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • G01K7/00—Measuring temperature based on the use of electric or magnetic elements directly sensitive to heat ; Power supply therefor, e.g. using thermoelectric elements
    • G01K7/02—Measuring temperature based on the use of electric or magnetic elements directly sensitive to heat ; Power supply therefor, e.g. using thermoelectric elements using thermoelectric elements, e.g. thermocouples
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G08—SIGNALLING
    • G08B—SIGNALLING OR CALLING SYSTEMS; ORDER TELEGRAPHS; ALARM SYSTEMS
    • G08B21/00—Alarms responsive to a single specified undesired or abnormal condition and not otherwise provided for
    • G08B21/18—Status alarms
    • G08B21/182—Level alarms, e.g. alarms responsive to variables exceeding a threshold
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G08—SIGNALLING
    • G08B—SIGNALLING OR CALLING SYSTEMS; ORDER TELEGRAPHS; ALARM SYSTEMS
    • G08B21/00—Alarms responsive to a single specified undesired or abnormal condition and not otherwise provided for
    • G08B21/18—Status alarms
    • G08B21/185—Electrical failure alarms
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B2307/00—Properties of the layers or laminate
    • B32B2307/20—Properties of the layers or laminate having particular electrical or magnetic properties, e.g. piezoelectric
    • B32B2307/202—Conductive

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Optics & Photonics (AREA)
  • Business, Economics & Management (AREA)
  • Emergency Management (AREA)
  • Laminated Bodies (AREA)

Abstract

The invention provides a 4D printing reusable composite material energy absorbing structure and a preparation and reuse method. The temperature control and health monitoring system comprises the energy absorption structure, the temperature measuring module, the conducting module, the resistance acquisition module and the control module, wherein the conducting module connects the energy absorption structure panels layer by layer to form a series conducting path, the control module can judge the health state of the energy absorption structure according to the resistance value measured by the resistance acquisition module, and control the current size in the conducting path according to the temperature rising requirement of the energy absorption structure material and the temperature measured by the temperature measuring module, so that the energy absorption structure material is rebounded and recovered, the self-monitoring function is realized, and the energy absorption structure can be recovered for reuse.

Description

4D printing reusable composite material energy absorption structure and preparation and reuse method
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of additive manufacturing and composite materials, in particular to a 4D printing reusable composite material energy absorbing structure and a preparation and reuse method.
Background
The energy absorption structure made of the composite material can absorb energy under the collision condition, so that serious consequences such as casualties or damage to vehicles are avoided. The advanced carbon fiber composite material has the advantages of high specific strength, high specific rigidity and strong designability, so that the advanced carbon fiber composite material is widely applied to the transportation industries of aerospace, automobiles, high-speed rails, ships and the like. When the energy absorbing structure is manufactured by adopting the advanced carbon fiber composite material, a vacuum auxiliary resin infusion method, a resin transfer molding method or an autoclave auxiliary resin transfer molding method is often adopted. However, both the molding method and the hot molding method rely on molds, and before manufacturing carbon fiber composite material products with complex curved surfaces or other complex structures, invar steel or aluminum and the like are needed to be manufactured into metal molds, the structural design of the molds is complex, the manufacturing cost is extremely high, and because the iteration of the products is increasingly accelerated, some molds are usually eliminated only by using for several times or tens of times, so that the design cost is high.
Disclosure of Invention
Because the 3D printing (also called additive manufacturing) technology is easy to manufacture a curve path, has a complex surface and a porous structure, and does not need a die for manufacturing, the invention provides a 4D printing reusable composite material energy absorbing structure and a preparation and reuse method based on the 3D printing technology in order to solve the problems of complex die design and high cost when the energy absorbing structure is manufactured by adopting the traditional die pressing technology.
In order to achieve the above purpose, the technical scheme adopted by the invention is as follows: the 4D printing reusable composite material energy absorbing structure is characterized by being a multilayer composite structure composed of n panels and corrugated cores arranged between adjacent panels, wherein the total number of the corrugated cores is n-1;
the reusable composite material energy absorbing structure is prepared by adopting a composite wire material through an additive manufacturing mode, wherein the composite wire material is prepared by prefabricating a high polymer matrix with a shape memory effect and continuous long fibers with conductivity.
Further, the polymer matrix adopts polylactic acid, and the continuous long fibers adopt carbon fibers.
A preparation method of a 4D printing reusable composite material energy absorbing structure comprises the following steps:
Step 1, fully soaking a polymer matrix wire with a shape memory effect and a continuous filament wire with conductivity in a hot melt cavity by using a melt extrusion process to obtain a composite wire;
Step 2, setting the temperature of a hot melting nozzle to be 190-230 ℃, the temperature of a platform to be 30-60 ℃ and the interlayer thickness to be 0.2-0.9mm; and (3) depositing the composite wire material obtained in the step (1) on a platform through a hot melt nozzle by adopting an additive manufacturing process to form the energy absorption structure.
A temperature control and health monitoring system of a 4D printing reusable composite material energy absorption structure comprises the energy absorption structure, a temperature measuring module, a conductive module, a resistance acquisition module and a control module;
The conducting module connects n layers of panels in the energy absorption structure layer by layer to form a series conducting path; the temperature measuring module is used for measuring the temperature of the corrugated core body in the energy absorption structure and feeding back the temperature to the control module, and the resistance collecting module is used for measuring the resistance of the conductive path and feeding back the resistance to the control module;
The control module can adjust the current in the conductive path, and when the energy absorption structure is in a health monitoring state, the control module controls the conductive path to be conducted, and judges the health state of the energy absorption structure according to the resistance value measured by the resistance acquisition module; when the energy absorption structure is subjected to rebound recovery, the control module adjusts the current in the conductive path according to the temperature rising requirement of the energy absorption structure material and the temperature measured by the temperature measuring module, and the energy absorption structure material is subjected to rebound recovery.
The temperature control and health monitoring system for the energy absorption structure of the 4D printing reusable composite material is adopted for monitoring and reusing, and the method comprises the following steps of;
Step 1, starting a temperature control and health monitoring system, wherein the energy absorption structure is in an unfolding state at the initial moment;
Step 2, after external load is applied, the energy absorption structure is loaded and gradually converted into a compression state from an expansion state;
The resistance acquisition module measures the current resistance R of the conductive path of the energy absorption structure and feeds the current resistance R back to the control module;
step 3, the control module compares the current resistance R with the set warning resistance R warn according to the current resistance R obtained in step 2:
If R is less than R warn, the energy absorption structure is normal;
if R is more than or equal to R warn, entering a step 4;
Step 4, the control module compares the current resistance R with the set failure resistance R fail:
if R is more than or equal to R fail, indicating that the energy absorption structure is invalid;
if R is less than R fail, the control module gives a warning, and adjusts the current in the conductive path according to the heating requirement of the energy-absorbing structural material and the temperature measured by the temperature measuring module, so as to rebound and recover the energy-absorbing structural material;
Step 5, the resistance detection module measures the resistance R ' of the recovered energy absorption structure conductive path and feeds back the resistance R ' to the control module, and the control module compares the resistance R ' with the failure resistance R fail;
step 6, when R is smaller than R fail, updating the warning resistor R warn, and repeatedly performing health monitoring on the energy absorption structure according to the steps 2-5; if R is more than or equal to R fail, the energy absorption structure is proved to be invalid.
Further, polylactic acid is adopted for the polymer matrix, the continuous long fiber adopts an energy absorption structure of carbon fiber, and rebound recovery is carried out by adopting a heating-cooling mode, and the method specifically comprises the following steps: heating the energy absorption structure to 50 ℃ at a speed of 30 ℃/min, heating to 80 ℃ at a speed of 10 ℃/min, preserving heat at 80 ℃ for 1min, and naturally cooling to room temperature.
Further, the warning resistor R warn in the step 3 is obtained according to the following manner:
step 3.1, selecting one energy absorption structure sample, carrying out compression test, measuring resistance and strain, obtaining a resistance-strain curve, and fitting to obtain the following relation:
Wherein R c is a measured resistance, R 0 is a steady-state resistance, epsilon 0 is a critical strain, a and b are resistance change coefficients, and the steady-state resistance R 0, the critical strain epsilon 0 and the resistance change coefficients a and b are obtained by fitting according to a resistance-strain curve; #
And 3.2, setting a warning strain epsilon warn, and calculating according to a formula R warn＝f(R0,εwarn) to obtain a warning resistance R warn.
Further, the failure resistance R fail in the step 4 is obtained according to the following manner:
step 4.1, selecting a plurality of identical energy absorption structure samples, respectively carrying out cyclic compression tests under different compressive strains until the structural failure of the samples is determined according to a stress strain curve, and at the moment, respectively measuring the resistance of each sample through a resistance acquisition module;
and 4.2, taking the minimum value from the resistances measured when all the samples fail as a failure resistance R fail.
Furthermore, in the step 4.1 cyclic compression test, two circular clamps are adopted to clamp the energy absorption structure, and loading is carried out at the speed of 2 mm/min.
Further, the method for updating the warning resistor R warn in the step 6 is as follows: every cycle, 2Ω is increased based on the last warning resistance R warn.
The beneficial effects of the invention are as follows:
1. the energy absorption structure adopts the corrugated fold structure design, improves the energy absorption capacity of the multilayer structure under unit mass, realizes the improvement of energy absorption of nearly 10 times of the unit mass compared with a reusable 3D printing porous structure, and has the advantage of easy recovery and improves the reusability of the energy absorption structure.
2. The energy absorbing structure is made of carbon fiber with high specific strength and high specific rigidity, and the energy absorbing capacity of the corrugated energy absorbing structure is further improved.
3. The energy absorbing structure is prepared by adopting an advanced high-strength carbon fiber material through a 3D printing technology, a die is not needed, the design is light-weighted by adopting a corrugated fold structure, the structure is simple, the manufacturing is easy, and the manufacturing cost is greatly reduced.
4. The energy absorption structure temperature control and health monitoring system has an autologous health monitoring function, the resistance of the conductive path can be measured in real time through the resistance acquisition module under the condition that the energy absorption structure is subjected to external load, the temperature of the corrugated core is measured through the temperature control module and fed back to the control module, the control module compares the current resistance R with the warning resistance R warn and the failure resistance R fail, when the resistance R is larger than the warning resistance R warn and smaller than the failure resistance R fail, the system can give out warning and control the size in the conducting current, so that the conductive path is heated, the energy absorption structure is heated and cooled, the shape memory effect of the resin material is excited, the rebound is recovered, and the energy absorption structure can be recovered for reuse.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic structural view of a 4D printed reusable composite energy absorbing structure of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a schematic illustration of a process for making a 4D printed reusable composite energy absorbing structure of the present invention;
FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of the operation of the temperature control and health monitoring system of the 4D printing reusable energy absorbing structure of the present invention;
FIG. 4 is a workflow framework diagram of FIG. 3;
FIG. 5 is a graph comparing the performance of the 4D printed reusable composite energy absorbing structure of the present invention with other energy absorbing structures.
Detailed Description
The following detailed description of embodiments of the invention is exemplary and intended to be illustrative of the invention and not to be construed as limiting the invention.
The invention relates to a 4D printing reusable composite material energy absorbing structure, which is a multilayer composite structure composed of n panels and corrugated cores arranged between adjacent panels, wherein the total number of the corrugated cores is n-1;
the reusable composite material energy absorption structure is prepared by adopting composite wires through an additive manufacturing mode;
the composite wire is prefabricated by a polymer matrix with shape memory effect and continuous long fibers with conductivity.
The corrugated core comprises a plurality of corrugated folds, and the corrugated folds are of arc-shaped curved surface structures which are uniformly distributed along the horizontal direction. The arc-shaped curved surface can be an arc-shaped curved surface or a sine arc-shaped curved surface, wherein an arc-shaped curved surface structure is preferable. The number of the corrugation folds is 2-10, and the number of the corrugation folds is preferably 4 in the embodiment.
The number of layers of the energy absorbing structure is in the range of 1-20, and in this embodiment, the number of layers is preferably 3.
The panel and the corrugated core are prepared from a polymer matrix with a shape memory effect and a composite wire prefabricated by continuous long fibers with conductivity through an additive manufacturing technology. The materials of the face plate and the corrugated core in this embodiment are preferably continuous carbon fiber resin matrix composite materials prepared from polylactic acid and carbon fiber, wherein the fiber volume content is 2-60%, preferably 8%. The layering of the panel and the corrugated board is 0 degree; the thickness of the panels and corrugated sheets is 0.5-2mm, in this example 1mm.
A preparation method of a 4D printing reusable composite material energy absorbing structure comprises the following steps:
Step 1, fully soaking a polymer matrix wire with a shape memory effect and a continuous filament wire with conductivity in a hot melt cavity by using a melt extrusion process to obtain a composite wire;
and 2, depositing the composite wire material obtained in the step on a platform through a hot melting nozzle by adopting an additive manufacturing process to form the energy absorption structure.
Setting printing parameters: the printing time is 30-1200min, preferably 240min; the interlayer thickness is 0.2-0.9mm, preferably 0.5mm; the printing speed is 100-300mm/min, preferably 170mm/min; the nozzle temperature is 190-230 ℃, preferably 220 ℃; the printing stage temperature is 30-60 ℃, preferably 40 ℃.
The thickness of the panel is 0.5-2mm, preferably 1mm; the length of the panel is 50-500mm, preferably 80mm, and the width is 10-300mm, preferably 16mm.
A temperature control and health monitoring system of a 4D printing reusable composite material energy absorption structure comprises the energy absorption structure, a temperature measuring module, a conductive module, a resistance acquisition module and a control module;
The conducting module connects n layers of panels in the energy absorption structure layer by layer to form a series conducting path; the temperature measuring module is used for measuring the temperature of the corrugated core body in the energy absorption structure and feeding back the temperature to the control module, and the resistance collecting module is used for measuring the resistance of the conductive path and feeding back the resistance to the control module;
The control module can adjust the current in the conductive path, and when the energy absorption structure is in a health monitoring state, the control module controls the conductive path to be conducted, and relatively small current is adopted in the conductive path at the moment, so that the health state of the energy absorption structure is judged according to the resistance value measured by the resistance acquisition module; when the energy absorption structure is subjected to rebound recovery, the control module adjusts the current in the conductive path according to the temperature rising requirement of the energy absorption structure material and the temperature measured by the temperature measuring module, and the energy absorption structure material is subjected to rebound recovery.
The temperature measurement module comprises a temperature controller and a thermocouple, and the resistance acquisition module comprises an ohmmeter.
The process of making the energy absorbing structure into a conductive path is:
1. cutting and polishing the panel in the multilayer composite structure formed by 3D printing;
2. sticking high-temperature resistant adhesive tapes on two ends of the panel, using an alcohol lamp to fully burn and remove the high-molecular matrix material at the end part of the panel, exposing the conductive carbon fibers, and then coating conductive silver adhesive;
3. copper terminals are welded at two ends of all the panels respectively, and the panels are sequentially connected layer by layer from top to bottom through copper wires to form a series conductive path.
See fig. 1 and 2. The following description will take an example of preparing a 3-layer energy absorbing structure.
Firstly, feeding continuous carbon fiber wires and polylactic acid wires into a hot melt cavity by using a melt extrusion process, so that the two wires are fully infiltrated;
then, a workpiece is formed after cooling using 3D printing techniques in combination with fused deposition on a platen by a showerhead.
The total number of layers n=3 of the energy absorbing structure in this example, including 4 panels and 3 corrugated cores, each corrugated core containing 4 corrugated pleats, the overall physical dimensions of the energy absorbing structure being 34mm high, 80mm wide, 16mm thick; the interval is 11mm, and the printing width is 1mm, and the wave fold adopts circular arc formula, and the radius of circular arc is 5mm.
Referring to fig. 3 and 4, a method for self-monitoring and reuse using the energy absorbing structure temperature control and health monitoring system of the present invention is shown, comprising the steps of:
Step 1, starting a temperature control and health monitoring system, wherein the energy absorption structure is in an unfolding state at the initial moment;
Step 2, after external load is applied, the energy absorption structure is loaded and gradually converted into a compression state from an expansion state, and energy can be continuously absorbed in the expansion process; in the process, the resistance acquisition module measures resistance R monitoring of the conductive path of the energy absorption structure and feeds the resistance R monitoring back to the control module;
Step 3, the control module compares the resistance value R with a set warning resistance R warn according to the resistance value R measured by the resistance acquisition module:
If R is less than R warn, the energy absorption structure is normal;
if R is more than or equal to R warn, the step 4 is carried out.
The method for determining the warning resistor R warn comprises the following steps:
1. optionally, carrying out compression test on one energy absorption structure sample piece, measuring resistance and strain, obtaining a resistance-strain curve, and fitting to obtain the following relation:
Wherein R c is a measured resistance, R 0 is a steady-state resistance, epsilon 0 is a critical strain, a and b are resistance change coefficients, and the steady-state resistance R 0, the critical strain epsilon 0 and the resistance change coefficients a and b are obtained by fitting according to a resistance-strain curve; as shown in table 1;
2. Setting the warning strain epsilon warn, calculating according to the formula R warn＝f(R0,εwarn) to obtain a warning resistance R warn.
And 4, the control module compares the resistance value R with the set failure resistance R fail.
If R is more than or equal to R fail, indicating that the energy absorption structure is invalid and can not be used any more;
If R is smaller than R fail, the control module gives a warning, adjusts the current in the conducting path according to the heating requirement of the energy absorption structure material, controls the power supply to heat and measure the temperature, and the energy absorption structure is rebound and unfolded to excite the shape memory effect of the polylactic acid material, so that the energy absorption structure can be reused.
The obtaining method of the failure resistor R fail comprises the following steps:
Selecting a plurality of identical energy-absorbing structure samples, in the example, selecting 4 identical energy-absorbing structure samples, respectively carrying out cyclic compression tests under different compressive strains, clamping the energy-absorbing structure by adopting two circular clamps in the cyclic compression tests, and loading at a speed of 2 mm/min;
The test method comprises the steps of circularly loading until the structural failure of the sample is seen through a stress-strain curve, and measuring the resistance of each sample when the sample fails through an ohmmeter at the moment;
From the resistances at the time of failure of the 4 samples, the minimum value is selected as the final failure resistance R fail.
Aiming at the embodiment that the polymer matrix adopts polylactic acid, the continuous long fiber adopts an energy absorption structure of carbon fiber, when R is smaller than R fail, the energy absorption structure is rebound and recovered by adopting a heating-cooling mode so as to excite the shape memory effect of the polylactic acid resin, and the specific process is as follows:
Firstly, heating the energy absorption structure to 50 ℃ at a speed of 30 ℃/min;
then, heating to 80 ℃ at a speed of 10 ℃/min and preserving heat at 80 ℃ for 1min;
and finally, naturally cooling to room temperature.
Step 5, the resistance detection module measures the resistance R ' of the recovered energy absorption structure conductive path and feeds back the resistance R ' to the control module, and the control module compares the resistance R ' with the failure resistance R fail;
step 6, when R is smaller than R fail, updating the warning resistor R warn, and repeatedly performing health monitoring on the energy absorption structure according to the steps 2-5; if R is more than or equal to R fail, the energy absorption structure is proved to be invalid.
The method for updating the warning resistor R warn is as follows: every cycle, 2Ω is increased based on the last warning resistance R warn.
FIG. 5 is a graph comparing the performance of the 4D printed reusable composite energy absorbing structure of the present invention with other energy absorbing structures. In fig. 5, the energy absorbing structure of the 4D printed reusable composite material is compared with the porous structures of the molded glass fiber corrugated plate, aluminum foam and 3D printed TPU in terms of whether the porous structures can be monitored, reused, cost, specific energy absorption and crushing rate, and the like, and each item of data is normalized by adopting the highest value of the energy absorbing structure.
Compared with a reusable 3D printing TPU porous structure, the invention ensures reusability and simultaneously realizes the improvement of energy absorption by nearly 10 times per unit mass.
While embodiments of the present invention have been shown and described above, it will be understood that the above embodiments are illustrative and not to be construed as limiting the invention, and that variations, modifications, alternatives, and variations may be made to the above embodiments by those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit and principles of the invention and are intended to be included within the scope of the invention.

Claims (7)

1. The monitoring and reusing method of the 4D printing reusable composite material energy-absorbing structure temperature control and health monitoring system is characterized in that the reusable composite material energy-absorbing structure temperature control and health monitoring system comprises an energy-absorbing structure, a temperature measuring module, a conducting module, a resistance acquisition module and a control module;
The energy absorption structure is a multi-layer composite structure composed of n panels and corrugated cores arranged between the adjacent panels, wherein the total number of the corrugated cores is n-1; the energy absorption structure is prepared by adopting a composite wire material through an additive manufacturing mode; the composite wire is prepared from a polymer matrix with a shape memory effect and continuous long fibers with conductivity in a prefabricating way;
The conducting module connects n layers of panels in the energy absorption structure layer by layer to form a series conducting path; the temperature measuring module is used for measuring the temperature of the corrugated core body in the energy absorption structure and feeding back the temperature to the control module, and the resistance collecting module is used for measuring the resistance of the conductive path and feeding back the resistance to the control module;
The control module can adjust the current in the conductive path, and when the energy absorption structure is in a health monitoring state, the control module controls the conductive path to be conducted, and judges the health state of the energy absorption structure according to the resistance value measured by the resistance acquisition module; when the energy absorption structure is subjected to rebound recovery, the control module adjusts the current in the conductive path according to the heating requirement of the energy absorption structure material and the temperature measured by the temperature measuring module, and the energy absorption structure material is subjected to rebound recovery;
the monitoring and reuse method comprises the following steps:
Step 1, starting a temperature control and health monitoring system, wherein the energy absorption structure is in an unfolding state at the initial moment;
Step 2, after external load is applied, the energy absorption structure is loaded and gradually converted into a compression state from an expansion state;
The resistance acquisition module measures the current resistance R of the conductive path of the energy absorption structure and feeds the current resistance R back to the control module;
step 3, the control module compares the current resistance R with the set warning resistance R warn according to the current resistance R obtained in step 2:
If R is less than R warn, the energy absorption structure is normal;
if R is more than or equal to R warn, entering a step 4;
Step 4, the control module compares the current resistance R with the set failure resistance R fail:
if R is more than or equal to R fail, indicating that the energy absorption structure is invalid;
if R is less than R fail, the control module gives a warning, and adjusts the current in the conductive path according to the heating requirement of the energy-absorbing structural material and the temperature measured by the temperature measuring module, so as to rebound and recover the energy-absorbing structural material;
Step 5, the resistance detection module measures the resistance R ' of the recovered energy absorption structure conductive path and feeds back the resistance R ' to the control module, and the control module compares the resistance R ' with the failure resistance R fail;
step 6, when R is smaller than R fail, updating the warning resistor R warn, and repeatedly performing health monitoring on the energy absorption structure according to the steps 2-5; if R is more than or equal to R fail, the energy absorption structure is proved to be invalid.
2. The method for monitoring and reusing as claimed in claim 1, wherein in the step 4, for the polymer body, polylactic acid is adopted, the continuous long fiber adopts an energy absorbing structure of carbon fiber, and rebound recovery is performed by adopting a heating-cooling mode, specifically comprising: heating the energy absorption structure to 50 ℃ at a speed of 30 ℃/min, heating to 80 ℃ at a speed of 10 ℃/min, preserving heat at 80 ℃ for 1min, and naturally cooling to room temperature.
3. The monitoring and reuse method according to claim 1, characterized in that said warning resistance R warn in step 3 is obtained according to the following way:
Step 3.1, selecting one energy absorption structure sample, carrying out compression test, measuring resistance and strain, obtaining a resistance-strain curve, and fitting to obtain the following relation:
Wherein R c is a measured resistance, R 0 is a steady-state resistance, epsilon 0 is a critical strain, a and b are resistance change coefficients, and the steady-state resistance R 0, the critical strain epsilon 0 and the resistance change coefficients a and b are obtained by fitting according to a resistance-strain curve;
and 3.2, setting a warning strain epsilon warn, and calculating according to a formula R warn＝f(R0,εwarn) to obtain a warning resistance R warn.
4. The monitoring and reuse method according to claim 1, characterized in that said failure resistance R fail in step 4 is obtained according to the following way:
step 4.1, selecting a plurality of identical energy absorption structure samples, respectively carrying out cyclic compression tests under different compressive strains until the structural failure of the samples is determined according to a stress strain curve, and at the moment, respectively measuring the resistance of each sample through a resistance acquisition module;
and 4.2, taking the minimum value from the resistances measured when all the samples fail as a failure resistance R fail.
5. The method of monitoring and reusing of claim 4 wherein in the step 4.1 cyclic compression test, two circular clamps are used to clamp the energy absorbing structure and loading is performed at a speed of 2 mm/min.
6. The method of monitoring and reusing of claim 1 wherein the means for updating the warning resistor R warn in step 6 is to increase 2 Ω based on the last warning resistor R warn once per cycle.
7. The method of monitoring and reusing of claim 1 wherein the polymer matrix is polylactic acid and the continuous filaments are carbon fibers.
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