CN1170625C - 进行一非绝热处理的反应器 - Google Patents

进行一非绝热处理的反应器 Download PDF

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CN1170625C
CN1170625C CNB001087193A CN00108719A CN1170625C CN 1170625 C CN1170625 C CN 1170625C CN B001087193 A CNB001087193 A CN B001087193A CN 00108719 A CN00108719 A CN 00108719A CN 1170625 C CN1170625 C CN 1170625C
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P・S・克里斯滕森
P·S·克里斯滕森
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Abstract

用于进行非绝热反应的反应器，其具有至少一个传热壁，该传热壁具有沿一非绝热反应介质的流动方向上降低的或增大的壁厚和/或变化的壁材料。

Description

进行一非绝热处理的反应器
本发明涉及一用于在非绝热条件下进行处理的反应器。这些处理通常是在热交换器和反应器内进行，其中出现产生热或消耗热的反应。
在非绝热条件下运作的反应器中，由反应而供热和除热的速率通常是一限制因素。提高速率将导致反应器性能的显著改善，从而增大在一给定反应器尺寸下的生产量或对于一给定的生产量可降低反应器的尺寸或较长的反应器使用寿命和/或有选择地增加所希望的产物。
由下面的反应式(1)和(2)来使一烃原料蒸汽重整为含有氢和一氧化碳的气体是一非绝热处理的重要例子。
    (-ΔH＜O)    (1)
  (-ΔH＝9.84千卡/摩尔)    (2)
总的反应式(1)+(2)是吸热性的，即为进行反应必须提供热。
用于蒸汽重整一烃原料的现有技术之初级蒸汽重整器包括一炉子，在炉内设置许多重整器导管。主要包括烃和蒸汽的，可能还带有少量H2、CO、CO2、N2和/或各种杂质的输送气体被引入重整器导管内。重整器炉子设有多个燃烧器，其中燃料进行燃烧，以给上述重整反应供给所需热量。
为保持重整反应，热量必须被传输给在反应器管内的气体。热量首先通过辐射和对流被传输给外管壁，然后通过热传导而经导管壁传输，最后通过辐射和对流从内导管壁传输给气体和催化剂。
每单位时间和面积内经导管壁能传导的热量，即热通量，取决于三个因素。这些因素是导管材料的传热率，内、外导管壁之间的温度差，和内、外导管直径之比。后一因素也可被表述为在给定导管直径下的导管壁厚。
热通量沿导管的轴向变化。热通量的变化曲线取决于重整器的结构设计。对于顶部点火型和侧部点火型重整器，其典型的热通量变化曲线表示在于1997/98年12月/1月出版的《碳氢化合物工程》的第56～65页的图5中，论文的题目是“用于产生氢的先进的重整技术”，作者是I.Dybkj□r和S.W.Madsen。在本申请的附图中，上面的图被表示为图1。
经导管壁的热通量由燃烧器的点火模式控制。
对于一重整器导管的设计，下面的参数是基本的：
导管壁必须足够厚，以给导管的整个使用寿命提供足够的强度，并且横过导管壁的温度差必须被保持在一临界值下，以避免过高的热应力，否则这种过高的热应力会导致导管断裂。
上面的要求是彼此对立的。导管的使用寿命要求一较低限度的导管壁厚，而温度差的限制却要求一较高限度的导管壁厚。因此，在选择导管壁厚时必须寻求一折衷方案。
图1表示导管壁温度的变化曲线和热通量的变化曲线。从图1可清楚地看出，最大的导管壁温度和最大的热通量没有出现在导管的同一轴向位置，尤其是对于点火重整器的类型。
基于上述事实，导管壁温度与热通量的最大值出现在不同的轴向位置，本发明通过沿壁的轴向改变反应器的壁厚来提供一具有改善的热通量和使用寿命的反应器。因此，可以在热通量高但壁的温度低的位置采用一相对薄的壁。而在热通量低但导管壁的温度高的区域使用一厚的壁。
对于反应器的一给定寿命，在反应器壁之最热部分的温度决定(dictate)最小的壁厚。最大的壁厚则由在温度差最大区域处横过反应器壁的温度差来决定。
采用本发明，通过沿一非绝热反应介质的流动方向改变传热壁的厚度，改善了反应器的性能。最大的壁厚用在最高温度的位置处，而最薄的导管壁用在最高的热通量位置处。此外，当沿轴向改变导管直径和/或导管材料时，可获得一进一步的改善。
根据本发明的反应器可具有利于一具体应用的任何形状。反应器可以是包括多边形的管状或板状形的结构。热交换和反应介质可以是气态的、液态的和/或固态的。
例1
测试两种不同的壁设计方案。设计方案1的导管具有沿其整个长度同样的壁厚，即与已知的反应器设计方案相同。设计方案2的导管在根据本发明之反应器的入口部分具有较薄的壁。用于这两种设计方案的导管尺寸给出在下面的表2中。
被引入到两种不同的管状反应器设计方案中的供给气体的条件归纳在下面的表1中。
在设计方案1和设计方案2中进行的反应为上述的吸热催化蒸汽重整反应。
表3归纳了在上述设计方案的出口处产生气体的组份。在设计方案1和设计方案2中产生的气体是等同的。设计方案2中的出口压力高于设计方案1中的相应压力，这是一优点。
图2表示这两种设计方案的外壁温度与热通量。在所有的位置处外壁温度都低于最大运作温度。
图3表示这两种设计方案横过导管壁的温度差。设计方案中的最大温度差略高于设计方案1中的相应温度差。在两种设计方案中的温度差都低于最大的允许温度差。但是，导管长度以及进而反应器的尺寸在根据本发明的设计中可被缩短14％。由此当使用可变的导管直径时，获得了反应器尺寸的一显著降低。
                表1
            供料气体条件
  供料流率     Nm3/h     105700
    温度     ℃     635
    压力     巴     27.5
    H2     摩尔％     9.6
    H2O     摩尔％     59.6
    CO     摩尔％     0.3
    CO2     摩尔％     8.6
    CH4     摩尔％     22.0
                              表2
                        重整器导管的尺寸
设计方案号     1     2
第一部分的长度   m     10.9     3.0
第一部分的外/内径   mm   136/108   136/118
对于100000小时使用寿命第一部分的最大运作温度   ℃     979     924
第二部分的长度   m     无     6.6
第二部分的外/内径   mm     -   136/108
对于100000小时使用寿命第二部分的最大运作温度   ℃     -     979
总的导管长度   m     10.9     9.44
导管的数量     200     200
                    表3
                产生的气体
设计方案号     1     2
  流率     Nm3/h     147300     147300
  温度     ℃     930     930
  压力     巴     26.1     26.5
  H2   摩尔％     69.0     69.0
  H2O   摩尔％     20.3     20.3
  CO   摩尔％     14.5     14.5
  CO2   摩尔％     6.0     6.0
  CH4   摩尔％     1.6     1.6

Claims (5)

1.用于进行非绝热反应的反应器，其具有至少一个为导管形式的传热壁，该导管具有恒定的外径和一个如此的内径，该导管的内径在导管的第一部分相对于非绝热反应介质的流动方向中的第二部分大。
2.如权利要求1的反应器，其特征在于该非绝热反应产生或消耗热。
3.如权利要求2的反应器，其特征在于该非绝热反应为蒸汽重整反应。
4.如权利要求1的反应器，其特征在于传热壁限定一催化剂床。
5.如权利要求4的反应器，其特征在于催化剂床为固定的形式。
CNB001087193A 1999-05-28 2000-05-26 进行一非绝热处理的反应器 Expired - Fee Related CN1170625C (zh)

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