CN116976244B - Design method and system of fuel cell cooling channel based on topology optimization - Google Patents
Design method and system of fuel cell cooling channel based on topology optimization Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention discloses a design method and a system of a fuel cell cooling channel based on topological optimization, wherein the method comprises the following steps: the method comprises the steps of building a three-dimensional non-isothermal flow multiphase numerical model of the fuel cell, coupling an actual heat generation model obtained through simulation with a topological model, taking the highest temperature minimization as an objective function according to set boundary conditions and requirements, taking the fluid volume fraction as a constraint condition, building a topological optimization model of a cooling channel of the fuel cell, and simultaneously coupling and calculating the topological model with the three-dimensional non-isothermal multiphase flow model of the fuel cell. The invention uses the mathematical method of topological optimization, and improves the heat transfer performance and electrochemical performance of the fuel cell.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the field of fuel cell thermal management, and particularly relates to a design method and a system of a fuel cell cooling channel based on topological optimization.
Background
A fuel cell is an efficient, clean energy conversion device in which about 50% of the energy of the fuel is dissipated as heat energy during operation. If the accumulation and dissipation of heat cannot be effectively controlled, the operation performance of the fuel cell is seriously affected. Meanwhile, due to the existence of various uncontrollable factors, partial local high temperature points can be generated, and the service life and the safety of the fuel cell are seriously affected. Liquid cooling is the most commonly used cooling method for automotive fuel cells, and a cooling plate is an important component of the fuel cell and plays a role in controlling the temperature of the cell. The channel structure on the cooling plate not only directly affects the heat transfer and distribution process generated by the electrochemical reaction, but also indirectly affects the working performance and service life of the fuel cell. Enhancing the internal heat transfer process by improving the channel structure on the cooling plates is a major consideration in improving fuel cell performance. Common flow fields include parallel flow fields, serpentine flow fields, interdigital flow fields, punctiform flow fields, bionic flow fields and three-dimensional refined flow fields. The traditional cooling structure is limited by experience of a designer, the topological optimization method is not influenced by the pre-designed structure and experience of the designer, the defects of empirical design can be overcome, and the optimal arrangement of materials in the heat dissipation structure is ensured.
Disclosure of Invention
Aiming at the defects of the prior art, the invention provides a design method and a system of a fuel cell cooling channel based on topological optimization, which meet the thermal management requirement of a fuel cell, and improve the working performance of the fuel cell while taking into account high-efficiency heat exchange and low power consumption.
In order to achieve the above object, the present invention provides the following solutions:
a method of designing a cooling channel for a fuel cell based on topology optimization, comprising:
S1: according to the working parameters and boundary conditions of the fuel cell which are actually designed, a three-dimensional non-isothermal flow numerical simulation model of the fuel cell is established;
S2: determining the type of the required cooling liquid and the characteristic parameters of the input cooling liquid according to the three-dimensional non-isothermal flow numerical simulation model of the fuel cell, and obtaining an actual heat generation model of the fuel cell by simulation based on the type of the required cooling liquid and the characteristic parameters of the input cooling liquid;
s3: constructing a topological optimization geometric model and a mathematical model based on CFD software and the actual heat generation model of the fuel cell;
s4: iteratively solving the topological optimization geometric model and the mathematical model;
S5: based on the calculation result when the termination condition is met, a two-dimensional cold plate channel structure is obtained through topology optimization, the two-dimensional cold plate channel structure is stretched, a bipolar plate three-dimensional topology model is obtained, the bipolar plate three-dimensional topology model is coupled with a fuel cell three-dimensional geometrical model, simulation pretreatment is carried out, and a fuel cell three-dimensional non-isothermal flow finite element model is constructed;
S6: simulating and calculating heat transfer and electrochemical parameter indexes of the fuel cell based on CFD software and the three-dimensional non-isothermal flow finite element model of the fuel cell;
S7: judging whether the heat transfer and electrochemical parameter indexes of the fuel cell meet the working requirements, and if so, ensuring a reasonable design scheme; and if not, modifying the design parameters of the topology model, and repeating the step S2 to the step S7 until the design requirements are met.
Preferably, in the step S1, the specification, the working parameters and the boundary conditions of the three-dimensional non-isothermal flow numerical simulation model of the fuel cell include:
physical parameters of bipolar plates of anode and cathode, anode and cathode gas diffusion layers, anode and cathode catalytic layers, membranes and reaction channels;
Dimensional parameters of the fuel cell geometric model, wherein the dimensional parameters include length, width, height and cell active area of the gas diffusion layer, catalytic layer, membrane, gas channels.
Preferably, in S2, the required type of the coolant and the input coolant characteristic parameters include:
Inlet mass flow of anode and cathode, reactant mass fraction, inlet pressure, inlet gas temperature, and gas reflux temperature;
cathode and anode current density, exchange index, concentration index, diffusivity and contact resistance.
Preferably, in the step S2, the actual heat generation model of the fuel cell includes information about distribution, number and form of heat sources of the fuel cell, wherein the form of the heat sources is a heat flux or a heat dissipation rate.
Preferably, in the step S3, the method for constructing the topology optimization geometric model and the mathematical model includes:
s31: establishing a topology model, and determining the geometric dimension, the calculation domain and the boundary condition of the topology model;
s32: determining thermophysical parameters and interpolation functions of the fluid-solid materials based on the geometric dimensions, the calculation domain and the boundary conditions of the topological model;
S33: coupling an actual heat generation model of the fuel cell with a topology model based on the thermophysical parameters of the fluid-solid material and the interpolation function;
S34: determining an objective function of a topological model based on a coupling result of an actual heat generation model of the fuel cell and the topological model, and using a p-norm function to convert the objective function with the minimum highest temperature into a continuous microform, wherein the continuous microform is as follows: Wherein T max is the highest temperature in the calculation domain, T is the temperature of the nodes in the calculation domain, and Ω represents the calculation domain;
s35: based on a topology optimization method and the continuous micro-form, establishing a topology optimization mathematical model by combining a steady-state conjugate heat transfer and a fluid laminar flow control equation, wherein the expression of the topology optimization mathematical model is as follows:
findγ
minimizeθ＝Tmax
0≤γ≤1
Wherein, gamma is a design variable, the value range is [0,1], theta is an objective function, rho is a cooling liquid density field, u is a speed field, p is a pressure field, T is a temperature field, k is a fluid heat conductivity, C p is a fluid specific heat capacity, For hamiltonian, η is hydrodynamic viscosity, α (γ) is reverse osmosis, Q is the heat source term, V f is the fluid volume fraction;
s36: and according to the topological optimization mathematical model, carrying out grid division, and carrying out encryption processing on the fluid-solid coupling area and the boundary to establish a topological optimization geometric model.
Preferably, in the step S5, the two-dimensional cold plate channel structure is stretched into a three-dimensional topological channel, and is coupled with a three-dimensional non-isothermal flow multiphase model of the fuel cell.
Preferably, in the step S6, CFD software is adopted to calculate heat transfer and electrochemical parameter indexes of the fuel cell, and temperature distribution inside the fuel cell, temperature distribution inside the membrane and water content distribution inside the membrane are obtained.
Preferably, in the step S7, whether the design requirement is satisfied is determined by calculating the highest temperature, the lowest temperature, the maximum temperature difference, the average temperature, the pressure difference, and the cooling performance improvement rate PI of the fuel cell, which comprises the following steps:
The average temperature is calculated as follows:
Wherein T i is the node temperature, and k is the node number;
The maximum temperature difference is calculated as follows:
ΔT＝Tmax-Tmin
Wherein T max is the highest temperature and T min is the lowest temperature;
The differential pressure was calculated as follows:
Δp＝pout-pin
Wherein p out is the coolant outlet pressure, and p in is the coolant inlet pressure;
The cooling performance improvement rate PI is calculated as follows:
Wherein T in is the cooling liquid inlet temperature;
judging whether the heat dissipation design requirement is met according to the calculated data:
Tavg≤Tmax,a,Tmax≤Ta,ΔT≤ΔTa
wherein, T max,a,Ta,ΔTa is the maximum allowable average temperature value, the maximum allowable maximum temperature value and the maximum allowable temperature value respectively.
The invention also provides a design system of the fuel cell cooling channel based on topological optimization, which comprises the following steps: the system comprises a simulation model construction module, a heat generation model construction module, a geometric and mathematical model construction module, a solving module, a finite element model construction module, a simulation calculation module and a judgment module;
The simulation model construction module is used for building a three-dimensional non-isothermal flow numerical simulation model of the fuel cell according to the working parameters and boundary conditions of the fuel cell which are actually designed;
the heat generation model construction module is used for determining the type of the required cooling liquid and the characteristic parameters of the input cooling liquid according to the three-dimensional non-isothermal flow numerical simulation model of the fuel cell, and simulating to obtain an actual heat generation model of the fuel cell based on the type of the required cooling liquid and the characteristic parameters of the input cooling liquid;
the geometric and mathematical model construction module is used for constructing a topological optimization geometric model and a mathematical model based on CFD software and the actual heat generation model of the fuel cell;
The solving module is used for iteratively solving the topological optimization geometric model and the mathematical model;
the finite element model construction module is used for obtaining a two-dimensional cold plate channel structure by utilizing topology optimization based on a calculation result when a termination condition is met, stretching the two-dimensional cold plate channel structure to obtain a bipolar plate three-dimensional topology model, coupling the bipolar plate three-dimensional topology model with a fuel cell three-dimensional geometric model, and performing simulation pretreatment to construct a fuel cell three-dimensional non-isothermal flow finite element model;
the simulation calculation module is used for simulating and calculating heat transfer and electrochemical parameter indexes of the fuel cell based on CFD software and the three-dimensional non-isothermal flow finite element model of the fuel cell;
The judging module is used for judging whether the heat transfer and electrochemical parameter indexes of the fuel cell meet the working requirements, and if so, the design scheme is reasonable; if not, modifying the design parameters of the topology model, and repeating the heat generation model construction module to the judgment module until the design requirements are met.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the beneficial effects that:
1. Aiming at the problems that the local temperature of a bipolar plate of the fuel cell is too high and the heat dissipation capacity of a traditional cooling channel is limited, a method for realizing the efficient heat dissipation of the fuel cell by using a topological optimization method is provided. Compared with the three-dimensional topological channel, the two-dimensional topological model is adopted for calculation, so that the calculation cost can be greatly saved. Within acceptable error, a two-dimensional topology model may be used instead of a three-dimensional topology model.
2. And (3) establishing a three-dimensional non-isothermal multiphase flow numerical model, simulating to obtain an actual heat generating model of the fuel cell, and coupling the heat generating model with the topological model to obtain a two-dimensional bipolar plate topological structure. Compared with the channel structure of the traditional design, the topology method can adaptively generate the topology channel according to the actual heat generation condition of the fuel cell and the required objective function, and the optimal channel model is obtained.
3. And coupling the topological cold plate with a geometric model of the three-dimensional fuel cell, performing simulation analysis on the heat transfer characteristic and electrochemical performance of the fuel cell, and further adjusting parameters of the topological model according to the indexes such as the highest temperature and the temperature difference in the fuel cell, the distribution condition of water content in the membrane and the like, so that the performance of the fuel cell is further optimized.
Drawings
In order to more clearly illustrate the technical solutions of the present invention, the drawings that are needed in the embodiments are briefly described below, and it is obvious that the drawings in the following description are only some embodiments of the present invention, and that other drawings can be obtained according to these drawings without inventive effort for a person skilled in the art.
FIG. 1 is a logic diagram of a fuel cell bipolar plate topology optimization in an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of a three-dimensional non-isothermal multiphase flow geometry model of a PEM fuel cell according to embodiments of the present invention;
FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of a topologically optimized geometric model in an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram of a topology of a cooling channel according to an embodiment of the present invention;
Fig. 5 is a graph showing a temperature field distribution of a pem fuel cell in an embodiment of the present invention.
Detailed Description
The following description of the embodiments of the present invention will be made clearly and completely with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which it is apparent that the embodiments described are only some embodiments of the present invention, but not all embodiments. All other embodiments, which can be made by those skilled in the art based on the embodiments of the invention without making any inventive effort, are intended to be within the scope of the invention.
In order that the above-recited objects, features and advantages of the present invention will become more readily apparent, a more particular description of the invention will be rendered by reference to the appended drawings and appended detailed description.
Example 1
As shown in fig. 1, the invention provides a design method of a fuel cell cooling channel based on topological optimization, which comprises the following steps:
s1: and (3) establishing a three-dimensional non-isothermal flow numerical simulation model of the fuel cell according to the actually designed fuel cell, and determining model specifications, working parameters and boundary conditions.
S2: and determining the required cooling liquid and the characteristic parameters of the input cooling liquid according to the power of the fuel cell. The simulation results in an actual heat generation model of the fuel cell, and a heat source expression q=f (x, y) is established.
S3: based on CFD software, a topological optimization geometric model and a mathematical model are constructed, a calculation domain, fluid-solid materials, an objective function and fluid volume fraction are determined, and an actual heat generation model of the fuel cell is coupled with the topological model.
S4: determining an initial boundary condition, discretizing a design area, selecting a filtering method and a projection method, selecting an optimization solver, performing iterative calculation, and ending calculation when a termination condition is met.
S5: and (3) obtaining a two-dimensional cold plate channel structure by utilizing topology optimization, stretching the two-dimensional channel to obtain a bipolar plate three-dimensional topology model, coupling the bipolar plate three-dimensional topology model with the fuel cell three-dimensional geometry model, performing simulation pretreatment, and constructing a fuel cell three-dimensional non-isothermal flow finite element model.
S6: based on the non-isothermal flow model and method, the fuel cell heat transfer characteristics and electrochemical performance were analyzed. According to the indexes such as the highest temperature, the temperature difference, the temperature distribution in the membrane, the water content distribution in the membrane and the like in the fuel cell.
S7: judging whether the working requirements are met. If the design is satisfied, the design scheme is reasonable; if not, modifying the design parameters of the topology model, and repeating the steps S2 to S7 until the design requirements are met.
Further, in S2, by creating a three-dimensional non-isothermal multiphase fuel cell simulation model and calculating to obtain an actual heat generation model, the research process can consider the coupling effect between the heat transfer and the electrochemical reaction of the fuel cell at the same time. The cooling medium has important influence on the heat transfer behavior and electrochemical performance inside the fuel cell, and deionized water, cooling oil, nano fluid and other cooling mediums can be selected.
Further, in S2, the actual heat generation model obtained by simulation may be applied to the topology model in the form of heat flux density, or may be heat dissipation rate or temperature.
The thermal boundary parameters of the topology model include a heat dissipation boundary parameter and a heat flux function, wherein the heat dissipation boundary parameter is an adiabatic boundary condition, the heat flux function is q=f (x, y), and (x, y) is a position coordinate of the topology model.
Further, in S3, the objective function of topology optimization may be the highest temperature minimization, or may be a single objective function such as the lowest heat dissipation weakness, the lowest temperature variance, and the largest heat exchange amount.
Further, in S3, the thermophysical parameters of the solid region material include a thermal conductivity k s, a specific heat capacity at constant pressure c p,s, and a density ρ s, and the thermophysical parameters of the solid region material include a thermal conductivity k f, a specific heat capacity at constant pressure c p,f, a density ρ f, and a dynamic viscosity μ s. Boundary conditions of the coolant include the flow rate V f of the coolant, the temperature T f, and the outlet pressure p f.
Further, in S4, in order to avoid the occurrence of the checkerboard phenomenon and the gray level unit in the topology result, projection and filtering processing are performed by using a hyperbolic tangent projection method.
Further, in S4, iterative computation is performed by using a moving asymptote algorithm, and when the convergence condition is satisfied, a unique optimal solution is obtained. The iteration step number is 200, and the convergence accuracy is 10 -6. A continuous quadratic programming algorithm SNOPT may also be used.
Further, in S6, the fuel cell heat transfer characteristics and electrochemical performance are calculated. Solving the conditions of the highest temperature, the temperature difference, the average temperature, the temperature distribution in the membrane and the water content distribution in the membrane in the fuel cell.
(6A) From the fuel cell internal temperature field distribution, the fuel cell maximum temperature T m, the temperature difference Δt, and the average temperature T avg are calculated.
(6B) And (3) judging whether the heat dissipation requirement of the fuel cell is met or not according to the data obtained by calculation in the step (6 a).
Specifically, as shown in fig. 2, S1, determines the geometry and calculation domain of the proton exchange membrane fuel cell
(1A) Physical parameters of bipolar plates of anode and cathode, anode and cathode gas diffusion layers, anode and cathode catalytic layers, proton exchange membrane and reaction channel;
(1b) Dimensional parameters of the proton exchange membrane fuel cell geometric model include length, width and height of a gas diffusion layer, a catalytic layer, a proton exchange membrane and a gas channel and the active area of the cell.
Specifically, S2, determining boundary strips of the proton exchange membrane fuel cell, dividing grids, and solving a heat generation model of the proton exchange membrane fuel cell
(2A) Inlet mass flow of anode and cathode, reactant mass fraction, inlet pressure, inlet gas temperature, and gas reflux temperature;
(2b) Cathode and anode current density, exchange index, concentration index, diffusivity and contact resistance.
Specifically, as shown in fig. 3, S3, a bipolar plate cooling channel topology model is built
(3A) Determining the geometric size, the calculation domain and the boundary condition of the topological model;
(3b) Determining thermophysical parameters and interpolation functions of the fluid and fixed materials;
(3c) Coupling a proton exchange membrane fuel cell heat generation model with a topology model;
(3d) Determining an objective function of the topology model, and converting the objective function with the minimum highest temperature into a continuous microtype by using a p-norm function under constraint conditions:
Wherein T max is the highest temperature in the calculation domain, T is the temperature of the nodes in the calculation domain, and Ω represents the calculation domain;
(3e) Based on a topology optimization method, a topology optimization mathematical model is established by combining a steady-state conjugate heat transfer and a fluid laminar flow control equation:
findγ
minimizeθ＝Tmax
0≤γ≤1
Wherein, gamma is a design variable, the value range is [0,1], theta is an objective function, rho is a cooling liquid density field, u is a speed field, p is a pressure field, T is a temperature field, k is a fluid heat conductivity, C p is a fluid specific heat capacity, For hamiltonian, η is hydrodynamic viscosity, α (γ) is reverse osmosis, Q is the heat source term, V f is the fluid volume fraction;
(3f) And according to the established topological model, carrying out grid division and encryption processing at the fluid-solid coupling area and the boundary.
Specifically, S4, solving the topology model to obtain a topology channel structure
(4A) Selecting SPONT algorithm, wherein the maximum iteration step number is 300, and when |theta k+1-θk|≤10-6, the iteration is terminated, wherein theta k is an objective function value obtained by the kth iteration, and k is the iteration step number;
(4b) The checkerboard phenomenon and gray units in the topological structure are avoided by adopting a density filtering and projection method;
the partial differential equation form density filtering of the Holtz is adopted, and the expression is as follows:
Where r is the filter radius, introducing a minimum size constraint, γ is the design variable before filtering, Is a filtered design variable;
In order to reduce gray units, a hyperbolic tangent projection method is adopted to obtain a clear topological channel structure, and the expression is as follows:
The projected design variable is η, η is a projection point, and β is a slope;
Specifically, as shown in fig. 4, S5, stretching the two-dimensional topological channel into a three-dimensional topological channel, and coupling with a three-dimensional non-isothermal multiphase model of the proton exchange membrane fuel cell;
Specifically, as shown in fig. 5, at S6, CFD software is used to calculate the heat transfer characteristics and electrochemical performance of the proton exchange membrane fuel cell. The temperature distribution inside the fuel cell, the temperature distribution inside the membrane, and the water content distribution inside the membrane are obtained.
Specifically, S7, calculating the highest temperature, the lowest temperature, the largest temperature difference, the pressure difference and the average temperature of the proton exchange membrane fuel cell to judge whether the design requirement is met
(7A) The average temperature is calculated as follows:
wherein T i is the node temperature, and K is the node number.
(7B) The maximum temperature difference calculation formula is as follows:
ΔT＝Tmax-Tmin
Wherein T max is the highest temperature and T min is the lowest temperature.
(7C) The differential pressure was calculated as follows:
Δp＝pout-pin
Wherein p out is the coolant outlet pressure, and p in is the coolant inlet pressure;
And judging whether the heat dissipation design requirement is met according to the calculated data.
Tavg≤Tmax,a,Tmax≤Ta,ΔT≤ΔTa
Wherein, T max,a,Ta,ΔTa is the maximum allowable average temperature value, the maximum allowable maximum temperature value and the maximum allowable temperature value respectively.
(7D) Topological channel bipolar plate heat dissipation performance
As shown in table 1, when the topological bipolar plate is used, the average temperature inside the proton exchange membrane fuel cell is reduced by 4.79 ℃ and the maximum temperature is reduced by 13.36 ℃ and the maximum temperature difference is reduced by 13.57 ℃ and the pressure drop is reduced by 5.97Pa compared with the conventional straight channel bipolar plate. Therefore, the topological bipolar plate of the proton exchange membrane fuel cell obtained by the invention has good heat transfer performance.
TABLE 1
| Parameters (parameters) | Average temperature (. Degree. C.) | Highest temperature (. Degree. C.) | Temperature difference (DEG C) | Pressure drop (Pa) |
| Topology channel | 63.36 | 65.43 | 5.45 | 9.29 |
| Traditional straight channel | 68.15 | 78.49 | 19.02 | 15.26 |
(7E) Cooling performance improvement
The cooling performance increase rate (PI) is expressed as follows:
Wherein T in is the cooling liquid inlet temperature;
Through calculation, the cooling performance of the bipolar plate of the proton exchange membrane fuel cell is improved by 70.63 percent after topological optimization.
Example two
The invention also provides a design system of the fuel cell cooling channel based on topological optimization, which comprises the following steps: the system comprises a simulation model construction module, a heat generation model construction module, a geometric and mathematical model construction module, a solving module, a finite element model construction module, a simulation calculation module and a judgment module;
The simulation model construction module is used for building a three-dimensional non-isothermal flow numerical simulation model of the fuel cell according to the working parameters and boundary conditions of the fuel cell which are actually designed;
The heat generation model construction module is used for determining the type of the required cooling liquid and the characteristic parameters of the input cooling liquid according to the three-dimensional non-isothermal flow numerical simulation model of the fuel cell, and simulating to obtain an actual heat generation model of the fuel cell based on the type of the required cooling liquid and the characteristic parameters of the input cooling liquid;
The geometric and mathematical model construction module is used for constructing a topological optimization geometric model and a mathematical model based on CFD software and the actual heat generation model of the fuel cell;
the solving module is used for iteratively solving the topological optimization geometric model and the mathematical model;
the finite element model construction module is used for obtaining a two-dimensional cold plate channel structure by utilizing topological optimization based on a calculation result when a termination condition is met, stretching the two-dimensional cold plate channel structure to obtain a bipolar plate three-dimensional topological model, coupling the bipolar plate three-dimensional topological model with a fuel cell three-dimensional geometric model, performing simulation pretreatment, and constructing a fuel cell three-dimensional non-isothermal flow finite element model;
The simulation calculation module is used for simulating and calculating heat transfer and electrochemical parameter indexes of the fuel cell based on CFD software and the three-dimensional non-isothermal flow finite element model of the fuel cell;
The judging module is used for judging whether the heat transfer and electrochemical parameter indexes of the fuel cell meet the working requirements, and if so, the design scheme is reasonable; if not, modifying the design parameters of the topology model, and repeating the heat generation model construction module to the judgment module until the design requirements are met.
The above embodiments are merely illustrative of the preferred embodiments of the present invention, and the scope of the present invention is not limited thereto, but various modifications and improvements made by those skilled in the art to which the present invention pertains are made without departing from the spirit of the present invention, and all modifications and improvements fall within the scope of the present invention as defined in the appended claims.
Claims (6)
1. A method for designing a cooling channel for a fuel cell based on topology optimization, comprising:
S1: according to the working parameters and boundary conditions of the fuel cell which are actually designed, a three-dimensional non-isothermal flow numerical simulation model of the fuel cell is established;
S2: determining the type of the required cooling liquid and the characteristic parameters of the input cooling liquid according to the three-dimensional non-isothermal flow numerical simulation model of the fuel cell, and obtaining an actual heat generation model of the fuel cell by simulation based on the type of the required cooling liquid and the characteristic parameters of the input cooling liquid;
s3: constructing a topological optimization geometric model and a mathematical model based on CFD software and the actual heat generation model of the fuel cell;
in the step S3, the method for constructing the topological optimization geometric model and the mathematical model comprises the following steps:
s31: establishing a topology model, and determining the geometric dimension, the calculation domain and the boundary condition of the topology model;
s32: determining thermophysical parameters and interpolation functions of the fluid-solid materials based on the geometric dimensions, the calculation domain and the boundary conditions of the topological model;
S33: coupling an actual heat generation model of the fuel cell with a topology model based on the thermophysical parameters of the fluid-solid material and the interpolation function;
S34: determining an objective function of a topological model based on a coupling result of an actual heat generation model of the fuel cell and the topological model, and using a p-norm function to convert the objective function with the minimum highest temperature into a continuous microform, wherein the continuous microform is as follows: ; wherein T max is the highest temperature in the calculation domain, T is the temperature of the node in the calculation domain,/> Representing a computational domain;
s35: based on a topology optimization method and the continuous micro-form, establishing a topology optimization mathematical model by combining a steady-state conjugate heat transfer and a fluid laminar flow control equation, wherein the expression of the topology optimization mathematical model is as follows:
Wherein/> The value range is 0,1 for the design variable,As an objective function,/>For the density field of the cooling liquid, u is the velocity field, p is the pressure field, T is the temperature field,/>Is the thermal conductivity of the fluid, C p is the specific heat capacity of the fluid,/>Is Hamiltonian operator,/>Is hydrodynamic viscosity,/>For reverse osmosis, Q is the heat source term, V f is the fluid volume fraction;
s36: according to the topological optimization mathematical model, carrying out grid division, and carrying out encryption processing on a fluid-solid coupling area and a boundary to establish a topological optimization geometric model;
s4: iteratively solving the topological optimization geometric model and the mathematical model;
S5: based on the calculation result when the termination condition is met, a two-dimensional cold plate channel structure is obtained through topology optimization, the two-dimensional cold plate channel structure is stretched, a bipolar plate three-dimensional topology model is obtained, the bipolar plate three-dimensional topology model is coupled with a fuel cell three-dimensional geometrical model, simulation pretreatment is carried out, and a fuel cell three-dimensional non-isothermal flow finite element model is constructed;
S6: simulating and calculating heat transfer and electrochemical parameter indexes of the fuel cell based on CFD software and the three-dimensional non-isothermal flow finite element model of the fuel cell;
S7: judging whether the heat transfer and electrochemical parameter indexes of the fuel cell meet the working requirements, and if so, ensuring a reasonable design scheme; and if not, modifying the design parameters of the topology model, and repeating the step S2 to the step S7 until the design requirements are met.
2. The method for designing a cooling channel of a fuel cell based on topology optimization according to claim 1, wherein in S1, the specification, the operation parameters, and the boundary conditions of the three-dimensional non-isothermal flow numerical simulation model of the fuel cell include:
physical parameters of bipolar plates of anode and cathode, anode and cathode gas diffusion layers, anode and cathode catalytic layers, membranes and reaction channels;
Dimensional parameters of the fuel cell geometric model, wherein the dimensional parameters include length, width, height and cell active area of the gas diffusion layer, catalytic layer, membrane, gas channels.
3. The method for designing a cooling channel of a fuel cell based on topology optimization of claim 1, wherein in S2, the required type of coolant and the input coolant characteristic parameters include:
Inlet mass flow of anode and cathode, reactant mass fraction, inlet pressure, inlet gas temperature, and gas reflux temperature;
cathode and anode current density, exchange index, concentration index, diffusivity and contact resistance.
4. The method for designing a cooling channel for a fuel cell based on topology optimization of claim 1, wherein in S2, the actual heat generation model of the fuel cell includes information on distribution, number and form of heat sources of the fuel cell, wherein the heat source form is a heat flux or a heat dissipation rate.
5. The method for designing a cooling channel of a fuel cell based on topology optimization according to claim 1, wherein in S6, CFD software is used to calculate heat transfer and electrochemical parameter indexes of the fuel cell, and temperature distribution inside the fuel cell, temperature distribution inside the membrane and water content distribution inside the membrane are obtained.
6. A topology optimization-based fuel cell cooling channel design system, characterized by being applied to the design method of claim 1, comprising: the system comprises a simulation model construction module, a heat generation model construction module, a geometric and mathematical model construction module, a solving module, a finite element model construction module, a simulation calculation module and a judgment module;
The simulation model construction module is used for building a three-dimensional non-isothermal flow numerical simulation model of the fuel cell according to the working parameters and boundary conditions of the fuel cell which are actually designed;
the heat generation model construction module is used for determining the type of the required cooling liquid and the characteristic parameters of the input cooling liquid according to the three-dimensional non-isothermal flow numerical simulation model of the fuel cell, and simulating to obtain an actual heat generation model of the fuel cell based on the type of the required cooling liquid and the characteristic parameters of the input cooling liquid;
the geometric and mathematical model construction module is used for constructing a topological optimization geometric model and a mathematical model based on CFD software and the actual heat generation model of the fuel cell;
The solving module is used for iteratively solving the topological optimization geometric model and the mathematical model;
the finite element model construction module is used for obtaining a two-dimensional cold plate channel structure by utilizing topology optimization based on a calculation result when a termination condition is met, stretching the two-dimensional cold plate channel structure to obtain a bipolar plate three-dimensional topology model, coupling the bipolar plate three-dimensional topology model with a fuel cell three-dimensional geometric model, and performing simulation pretreatment to construct a fuel cell three-dimensional non-isothermal flow finite element model;
the simulation calculation module is used for simulating and calculating heat transfer and electrochemical parameter indexes of the fuel cell based on CFD software and the three-dimensional non-isothermal flow finite element model of the fuel cell;
The judging module is used for judging whether the heat transfer and electrochemical parameter indexes of the fuel cell meet the working requirements, and if so, the design scheme is reasonable; if not, modifying the design parameters of the topology model, and repeating the heat generation model construction module to the judgment module until the design requirements are met.
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| CN112084591A (en) * | 2020-09-03 | 2020-12-15 | 西安电子科技大学 | Radiator cooling channel design method based on three-dimensional topological optimization |
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| CN116432434A (en) * | 2023-03-28 | 2023-07-14 | 华南理工大学 | Topology optimization design method for battery liquid cooling plate |
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| JP2000090950A (en) * | 1998-09-10 | 2000-03-31 | Fuji Electric Co Ltd | Cooling performance prediction device and method therefor |
| CN112084591A (en) * | 2020-09-03 | 2020-12-15 | 西安电子科技大学 | Radiator cooling channel design method based on three-dimensional topological optimization |
| CN115017639A (en) * | 2022-05-17 | 2022-09-06 | 江苏大学 | Cold plate flow channel topology design method aiming at uneven heat distribution |
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