CN116752024A - Tungsten carbide super wear-resistant hard alloy and preparation method and application thereof - Google Patents

Tungsten carbide super wear-resistant hard alloy and preparation method and application thereof Download PDF

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Publication number
CN116752024A
CN116752024A CN202311052539.7A CN202311052539A CN116752024A CN 116752024 A CN116752024 A CN 116752024A CN 202311052539 A CN202311052539 A CN 202311052539A CN 116752024 A CN116752024 A CN 116752024A
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tungsten carbide
hard alloy
super wear
resistant hard
powder
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曹玉娟
严会芳
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Baotou Xinsheng Powder Metallurgy Products Technology Co ltd
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Baotou Xinsheng Powder Metallurgy Products Technology Co ltd
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    • B24—GRINDING; POLISHING
    • B24D—TOOLS FOR GRINDING, BUFFING OR SHARPENING
    • B24D18/00—Manufacture of grinding tools or other grinding devices, e.g. wheels, not otherwise provided for
    • B24D18/0009—Manufacture of grinding tools or other grinding devices, e.g. wheels, not otherwise provided for using moulds or presses
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
    • B22F3/00—Manufacture of workpieces or articles from metallic powder characterised by the manner of compacting or sintering; Apparatus specially adapted therefor ; Presses and furnaces
    • B22F3/02—Compacting only
    • B22F3/04—Compacting only by applying fluid pressure, e.g. by cold isostatic pressing [CIP]
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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    • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
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    • C22C29/08—Alloys based on carbides, oxides, nitrides, borides, or silicides, e.g. cermets, or other metal compounds, e.g. oxynitrides, sulfides based on carbides or carbonitrides based on carbides, but not containing other metal compounds based on tungsten carbide
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Abstract

The invention discloses a tungsten carbide super wear-resistant hard alloy and a preparation method and application thereof. The tungsten carbide super wear-resistant hard alloy comprises 90-97 wt% of tungsten carbide powder, 0.1-2.3 wt% of limiter, 0.1-1.3 wt% of cobalt and 0.1-1.5 wt% of rare earth metal, wherein the limiter added into the tungsten carbide powder is a mixture of chromium and vanadium, and the mass ratio is 0.5-1.5:1. The preparation method comprises the following steps: (1) Mixing tungsten carbide powder with a limiting agent and rare earth metal, and adding alcohol for grinding; (2) discharging the slurry and then drying in vacuum; (3) sieving with a special contusion sieve to obtain WC alloy powder; (4) Placing WC alloy powder into a mould, and performing compression molding by using a cold isostatic press; (5) Placing the pressed blank into a vacuum sintering furnace for sintering; (6) And naturally cooling the sintered blank to room temperature to obtain the tungsten carbide super wear-resistant hard alloy. The tungsten carbide super wear-resistant hard alloy improves the wear resistance, reduces the production cost and is suitable for large-scale industrial production.

Description

Tungsten carbide super wear-resistant hard alloy and preparation method and application thereof
Technical Field
The invention relates to a tungsten carbide super wear-resistant hard alloy, a preparation method and application thereof.
Background
The hard alloy is an alloy material prepared from hard compounds of refractory metals and binding metals through a powder metallurgy process, and has a series of excellent performances of high hardness, wear resistance, good strength and toughness, heat resistance, corrosion resistance and the like. The cobalt has very important function in hard alloy, stable chemical property, good thermal conductivity and mechanical property, and can improve the strength, hardness and toughness of the alloy. Thus, cobalt is often used as a matrix material in the manufacture of cemented carbides, and other alloying elements are used to enhance the mechanical properties thereof. However, cobalt has a certain harm to human body, and cobalt resources are expensive, so that the problem to be solved is to reduce the cobalt content.
CN 112647006B discloses a cemented carbide based on tungsten carbide and a method for preparing the same, the cemented carbide comprising a tungsten carbide hard phase and a binder phase, the binder phase being a high entropy alloy; the proposal discloses a hard alloy composed of tungsten carbide, yttrium, lanthanum and high-entropy alloy (comprising Co, ni, fe, mn, cr).
CN 109234596A discloses a hard alloy which is obtained by adjusting the proportions of cobalt powder, iron powder, tungsten powder, titanium powder, carbon powder and yttrium, mixing the above raw materials, and performing vacuum high-temperature compression molding and sintering.
CN 103570019B discloses a narrow-particle-size-distribution ultra-coarse-grain tungsten carbide powder and a preparation method thereof, wherein in the tungsten carbide powder, the particle size of 80-90 wt% of the tungsten carbide powder is between 0.5D50-2D50, and D50 is the median diameter; less than 0.5wt% of tungsten carbide powder with the particle size of more than 5D 50; the purity of the tungsten carbide powder is higher than or equal to 99.9wt%; the Fisher size of the tungsten carbide powder is more than or equal to 15 mu m. Performing X-ray diffraction phase analysis after ball milling and crushing treatment, wherein the tungsten carbide powder does not contain W 2 C and other impurity phases.
Disclosure of Invention
In view of the above, a first object of the present invention is to overcome the drawbacks of the prior art and to provide a tungsten carbide super wear resistant cemented carbide with a low cobalt content and a method for preparing the same, wherein the cobalt content is one half of the prior art. The second aim of the invention is to provide a tungsten carbide super wear-resistant hard alloy with small-diameter grains.
In a first aspect, the invention provides a tungsten carbide super wear-resistant hard alloy, which comprises 90-97 wt% of tungsten carbide powder, 0.1-2.3 wt% of limiting agent, 0.1-1.3 wt% of cobalt metal and 0.1-2.5 wt% of rare earth metal, wherein the limiting agent added into the tungsten carbide powder is a mixture of chromium and vanadium, and the mass ratio is 0.5-1.5:1.
In a second aspect, the invention provides a method for preparing a tungsten carbide super wear-resistant hard alloy water jet sand pipe, which comprises the following steps: (1) Mixing tungsten carbide powder with a limiting agent, cobalt and rare earth metal, adding alcohol and grinding; (2) discharging the slurry and then drying in vacuum; (3) sieving with a special contusion sieve to obtain WC alloy powder; (4) Placing WC alloy powder into a mould, and performing compression molding by using a cold isostatic press; (5) Placing the pressed WC alloy blank into a vacuum sintering furnace for sintering; (6) And naturally cooling the sintered blank to room temperature to obtain the tungsten carbide super wear-resistant hard alloy.
According to the preparation method of the invention, preferably, the tungsten carbide powder is 90-97 wt% and the granularity is 100-250 nm.
According to the preparation method of the invention, preferably, the limiting agent added in the tungsten carbide powder is a mixture of chromium and vanadium, and the mass ratio is 0.5-1.5:1.
According to the preparation method of the present invention, preferably, the mass of the limiting agent added to the tungsten carbide powder is 0.1 to 2.3wt%.
According to the preparation method of the present invention, preferably, the mass of cobalt is 0.1 to 1.3wt%.
According to the preparation method of the present invention, preferably, the rare earth metal is one of lanthanum, cerium and yttrium.
According to the preparation method of the present invention, preferably, the mass of the rare earth metal added to the tungsten carbide powder is 0.1 to 1.5wt%.
According to the preparation method of the invention, preferably, the pressure of the cold isostatic press is 100-300 MPa.
According to the preparation method of the invention, preferably, the temperature of the vacuum sintering furnace is 1600-2200 ℃.
In a third aspect, the invention provides a tungsten carbide super wear-resistant hard alloy water jet sand pipe, which comprises the following steps: (1) Grinding the tungsten carbide super wear-resistant hard alloy to be cylindrical through a centerless grinder; (2) And (3) punching one end of the cylindrical super wear-resistant hard alloy by a discharge puncher, punching the other end of the cylindrical super wear-resistant hard alloy by slow wire feeding, and punching holes at two ends to obtain the super wear-resistant hard alloy water jet sand pipe.
According to the preparation method of the invention, preferably, the super wear-resistant hard alloy blank is ground by a centerless grinder, and the outer diameter of the super wear-resistant hard alloy blank is 6.35mm and the length of the super wear-resistant hard alloy blank is 76.2mm.
According to the preparation method of the invention, preferably, one end of the super wear-resistant hard alloy blank is perforated by a discharge perforating machine, the aperture is 0.2mm, the other end is perforated by slow wire feeding, the aperture is 1.02mm, and the two ends Kong Datong are perforated.
The tungsten carbide super wear-resistant hard alloy has a series of excellent performances of high hardness, wear resistance, better strength and toughness, heat resistance, corrosion resistance and the like, the cobalt content of the tungsten carbide super wear-resistant hard alloy is low, adverse effects on human bodies are reduced, meanwhile, the growth of alloy crystals is controlled and the closure degree of the alloy crystals is improved by adding a limiting agent, the wear resistance is improved, the quality of the hard alloy is improved, and meanwhile, the production cost is reduced. The tungsten carbide super wear-resistant hard alloy has fine diameter particles, and the average diameter particles are 100-250 nm. In addition, the method has simple process and easy operation, and is suitable for large-scale industrial production.
Drawings
FIG. 1 shows the microstructure morphology of a tungsten carbide super wear-resistant cemented carbide under SEM
Detailed Description
The present invention will be further described with reference to specific examples, but the scope of the present invention is not limited thereto.
< preparation of tungsten carbide super wear-resistant cemented carbide > the preparation of tungsten carbide super wear-resistant cemented carbide of the present invention comprises: (1) a material mixing step; (2) a drying step; (3) a sieving step; (4) a pressing step; (5) a sintering step; (6) a cooling step and a molding step. The following is a detailed description.
In the step (1), tungsten carbide powder is mixed with a limiting agent and rare earth metal, and alcohol is added for grinding. According to one embodiment of the invention, the tungsten carbide powder is 90-97 wt%, the limiter is 0.1-2.3 wt%, the cobalt is 0.1-1.3 wt% and the rare earth metal is 0.1-2.5 wt%. The weight of the tungsten carbide powder is 90-97 wt%, preferably 93-97 wt%, more preferably 95.5wt%; the mass of the limiting agent is 0.1-3 wt%, preferably 0.2-1.8 wt%, more preferably 1.3wt%; the mass of cobalt is 0.1 to 1.3wt%, preferably 0.3 to 1.3wt%, more preferably 0.7wt%; the rare earth metal is 0.1 to 2.5wt%, preferably 0.3 to 1.2wt%, more preferably 1wt%. The limiting agent is a mixture of chromium and vanadium, so that the growth of alloy crystals is controlled, the closure degree of the alloy crystals is improved, and the wear resistance of the formed hard alloy is enhanced.
In the step (1), tungsten carbide powder, a limiting agent and rare earth metal are mixed, alcohol is added for grinding, the grinding time is 25-35 hours, and the preferable grinding time is 30 hours. Thus being beneficial to the full mixing of tungsten carbide powder, limiting agent and rare earth metal, and forming alloy crystals with uniform size through solid-solid reaction.
In the step (2), the slurry is discharged and then dried in vacuum. According to one embodiment of the invention, a Z-dryer is used for vacuum drying.
In the step (3), sieving by a special contusion sieve to obtain WC alloy powder. According to one embodiment of the invention, the special contusion screening machine works in an anaerobic state, and the diameter grain of WC alloy powder is 100-200 nm. According to one embodiment of the invention, inert gas is filled into a special contusion sifter, and WC alloy powder is sifted in an anaerobic transition state. This is advantageous in preventing the WC alloy powder from undergoing oxidation.
In the step (4), WC alloy powder is placed in a die for compression molding. According to one embodiment of the invention, the pressing is performed using a cold isostatic press at a pressure of 130-200 Mpa, preferably at a pressure of 150Mpa. Thus, the WC alloy powder is favorable for forming a blank with a required shape, and cracks and deformation are not easy to generate.
In the step (5), the pressed blank is placed in a vacuum sintering furnace for sintering. According to one embodiment of the invention, the sintering is between 1800 and 2500 ℃, preferably 2100 ℃. Thus being beneficial to the bonding of powder particles and improving the toughness of the hard alloy.
In step (6), the sintered blank is naturally cooled to room temperature, according to one embodiment of the invention, for a period of 15 to 30 hours, preferably 25 hours.
< preparation of tungsten carbide super wear-resistant carbide Water jet Sand tube >
The tungsten carbide super wear-resistant hard alloy water jet sand pipe preparation of the invention comprises: (1) a profile processing step; (2) a punching step.
In step 1), the super wear-resistant hard alloy blank is ground by a centerless grinder. According to one embodiment of the invention, the outer diameter of the super wear-resistant cemented carbide blank is ground, the outer diameter is 6.35mm, and the length is 76.2mm.
In the step 2), one end of the super wear-resistant hard alloy blank is perforated by a discharge perforating machine, and the other end is perforated by a slow wire. According to one embodiment of the invention, one end is perforated by a discharge perforating machine, the aperture is 0.2mm, and the other end is perforated by slow wire feeding, and the aperture is 1.02mm.
The test methods of the following examples are described below:
relative density: the relative density of the sample is referred to GB/T3850-2015 method for measuring density of compact sintered Metal Material and cemented carbide.
Vickers hardness: the Vickers hardness of the sample is referred to GB/T7997-2014 method for testing Vickers hardness of hard alloy.
Average diameter particle: the average diameter particle of the sample refers to GB/T20307-2006 general rules of scanning electron microscope measurement methods for nanoscale length.
Wear resistance: the wear resistance of the sample is expressed by the abrasion volume, and refer to GB/T34501-2017 method for wear resistance test of cemented carbide.
Example 1
Adding a tungsten carbide material into a ball mill for grinding to obtain tungsten carbide powder, mixing 95wt% of the tungsten carbide powder with 1.3wt% of a limiting agent (0.6 wt% of chromium and 0.7wt% of vanadium), 1wt% of cobalt metal powder and 1.2wt% of rare earth metal yttrium, adding alcohol and grinding for 30 hours; discharging the slurry and then drying in vacuum; sieving with a special contusion sieve to obtain WC alloy powder; placing WC alloy powder into a die, and pressing and forming by using a cold isostatic press at 150 MPa; placing the pressed blank into a vacuum sintering furnace for sintering, wherein the sintering temperature is 2100 ℃; naturally cooling the sintered blank to room temperature to obtain the super wear-resistant hard alloy; the outer diameter of the super wear-resistant hard alloy is ground to 6.35mm by a centerless grinder, the length of the super wear-resistant hard alloy is 76.2mm, one end of the super wear-resistant hard alloy is perforated by a discharge perforating machine, the aperture of the super wear-resistant hard alloy is 0.2mm, the other end of the super wear-resistant hard alloy is perforated by slow wire feeding, the aperture of the super wear-resistant hard alloy is 1.02mm, and the two end holes of the super wear-resistant tungsten carbide water jet mill pipe is obtained.
Example 2
Adding a tungsten carbide material into a ball mill for grinding to obtain tungsten carbide powder, mixing 96wt% of the tungsten carbide powder with 1.1wt% of a limiting agent (0.6 wt% of chromium and 0.5wt% of vanadium), 0.9wt% of cobalt metal powder and 0.8wt% of rare earth metal yttrium, and adding alcohol for grinding for 30 hours; discharging the slurry and then drying in vacuum; sieving with a special contusion sieve to obtain WC alloy powder; placing WC alloy powder into a die, and pressing and forming by using a cold isostatic press at 150 MPa; placing the pressed blank into a vacuum sintering furnace for sintering, wherein the sintering temperature is 2100 ℃; naturally cooling the sintered blank to room temperature to obtain the super wear-resistant hard alloy; the outer diameter of the super wear-resistant hard alloy is ground to 6.35mm by a centerless grinder, the length of the super wear-resistant hard alloy is 76.2mm, one end of the super wear-resistant hard alloy is perforated by a discharge perforating machine, the aperture of the super wear-resistant hard alloy is 0.2mm, the other end of the super wear-resistant hard alloy is perforated by slow wire feeding, the aperture of the super wear-resistant hard alloy is 1.02mm, and the two end holes of the super wear-resistant tungsten carbide water jet mill pipe is obtained.
Example 3
Adding a tungsten carbide material into a ball mill, grinding to obtain tungsten carbide powder, mixing 94wt% of the tungsten carbide powder with 1.9wt% of a limiting agent (0.9 wt% of chromium and 1wt% of vanadium), 1.1wt% of cobalt metal powder and 1.5wt% of rare earth metal yttrium, adding alcohol, and grinding for 30 hours; discharging the slurry and then drying in vacuum; sieving with a special contusion sieve to obtain WC alloy powder; placing WC alloy powder into a die, and pressing and forming by using a cold isostatic press at 150 MPa; placing the pressed blank into a vacuum sintering furnace for sintering, wherein the sintering temperature is 2100 ℃; naturally cooling the sintered blank to room temperature to obtain the super wear-resistant hard alloy; the outer diameter of the super wear-resistant hard alloy is ground to 6.35mm by a centerless grinder, the length of the super wear-resistant hard alloy is 76.2mm, one end of the super wear-resistant hard alloy is perforated by a discharge perforating machine, the aperture of the super wear-resistant hard alloy is 0.2mm, the other end of the super wear-resistant hard alloy is perforated by slow wire feeding, the aperture of the super wear-resistant hard alloy is 1.02mm, and the two end holes of the super wear-resistant tungsten carbide water jet mill pipe is obtained.
Example 4
Adding a tungsten carbide material into a ball mill for grinding to obtain tungsten carbide powder, mixing 95wt% of the tungsten carbide powder with 1.8wt% of a limiting agent (0.85 wt% of chromium and 0.95wt% of vanadium), 0.97wt% of cobalt metal powder and 2.1wt% of rare earth metal lanthanum, and adding alcohol for grinding for 30 hours; discharging the slurry and then drying in vacuum; sieving with a special contusion sieve to obtain WC alloy powder; placing WC alloy powder into a die, and pressing and forming by using a cold isostatic press at 150 MPa; placing the pressed blank into a vacuum sintering furnace for sintering, wherein the sintering temperature is 2100 ℃; naturally cooling the sintered blank to room temperature to obtain the super wear-resistant hard alloy; the outer diameter of the super wear-resistant hard alloy is ground to 6.35mm by a centerless grinder, the length of the super wear-resistant hard alloy is 76.2mm, one end of the super wear-resistant hard alloy is perforated by a discharge perforating machine, the aperture of the super wear-resistant hard alloy is 0.2mm, the other end of the super wear-resistant hard alloy is perforated by slow wire feeding, the aperture of the super wear-resistant hard alloy is 1.02mm, and the two end holes of the super wear-resistant tungsten carbide water jet mill pipe is obtained.
Example 5
Adding a tungsten carbide material into a ball mill, grinding to obtain tungsten carbide powder, mixing 95wt% of the tungsten carbide powder with 2wt% (chromium 1wt% and vanadium 1 wt%) of a limiting agent, 1wt% of cobalt metal powder and 1.8wt% of rare earth metal cerium, adding alcohol, and grinding for 30 hours; discharging the slurry and then drying in vacuum; sieving with a special contusion sieve to obtain WC alloy powder; placing WC alloy powder into a die, and pressing and forming by using a cold isostatic press at 150 MPa; placing the pressed blank into a vacuum sintering furnace for sintering, wherein the sintering temperature is 2100 ℃; naturally cooling the sintered blank to room temperature to obtain the super wear-resistant hard alloy; the outer diameter of the super wear-resistant hard alloy is ground to 6.35mm by a centerless grinder, the length of the super wear-resistant hard alloy is 76.2mm, one end of the super wear-resistant hard alloy is perforated by a discharge perforating machine, the aperture of the super wear-resistant hard alloy is 0.2mm, the other end of the super wear-resistant hard alloy is perforated by slow wire feeding, the aperture of the super wear-resistant hard alloy is 1.02mm, and the two end holes of the super wear-resistant tungsten carbide water jet mill pipe is obtained.
Comparative example 1
The water jet sand pipe is manufactured by selecting the alumina sold in the market through the following method. Placing aluminum oxide into a die, and pressing and forming the aluminum oxide by using a cold isostatic press at 150 MPa; grinding the outer diameter of the pressed alumina to 6.35mm by a centerless grinder, and punching one end of the pressed alumina to be 76.2mm by a discharge puncher, wherein the aperture is 0.2mm, and punching the other end of the pressed alumina by a slow wire feeding puncher, wherein the aperture is 1.02mm, and punching the two end holes to obtain the alumina water jet sand pipe.
Comparative example 2
The water jet sand pipe was made from commercially available WC cemented carbide material using the method described in comparative example 1.
Comparative example 3
And selecting a commercially available abrasion-resistant quartz sand water jet pipe.
The tungsten carbide super wear-resistant cemented carbide water jet sand pipe composition elements and contents obtained in examples 1 to 5 were tested, and the results are shown in the following table 1:
TABLE 1
Numbering device W C O Co Cr Va Y La Ce
Example 1 80.06 14.39 1.35 0.85 0.66 0.52 0.93 0 0
Example 2 81.62 14.01 1.40 0.71 0.56 0.43 0.62 0 0
Example 3 79.29 14.21 1.53 0.91 0.86 0.90 1.23 0 0
Example 4 80.10 14.37 1.38 0.84 0.64 0.55 0 1.18 0
Example 5 80.01 14.32 1.39 0.89 0.66 0.54 0 0 1.31
The performances of the tungsten carbide super wear-resistant cemented carbide water jet sand pipes obtained in examples 1 to 5 and comparative examples 1, 2 and 3 were tested, and the results are shown in the following table 2:
TABLE 2
Numbering device Relative density g/cm 3 Vickers hardness kgf/mm 2 Average diameter nm Wear volume mm 3 Service life h
Example 1 15.35 2470 165 0.073 193
Example 2 15.33 2452 211 0.069 192
Example 3 15.46 2506 197 0.071 193
Example 4 14.13 2401 241 0.082 195
Example 5 14.27 2412 239 0.081 195
Comparative example 1 3.97 1952 983 21 95
Comparative example 2 13.82 2283 685 7.3 121
Comparative example 3 2.65 1765 1146 1.2 135
The experimental result shows that the tungsten carbide super wear-resistant hard alloy has low cobalt content and reduces the production cost; meanwhile, the tungsten carbide super wear-resistant hard alloy has the advantages of high wear resistance, high hardness, fine average diameter particles and the like.
The present invention is not limited to the above-described embodiments, and any modifications, improvements, substitutions, and the like, which may occur to those skilled in the art, fall within the scope of the present invention without departing from the spirit of the invention.

Claims (8)

1. The tungsten carbide super wear-resistant hard alloy is characterized by comprising 90-97 wt% of tungsten carbide powder, 0.1-2.5 wt% of rare earth metal, 0.1-2.3 wt% of limiting agent and 0.1-1.3 wt% of cobalt, wherein the limiting agent is a mixture of chromium and vanadium, and the mass ratio is 0.5-1.5:1.
2. The tungsten carbide super wear-resistant hard alloy according to claim 1, wherein the super wear-resistant hard alloy has an average particle size of 100nm to 250nm.
3. The tungsten carbide super wear-resistant hard alloy according to claim 1, wherein the rare earth metal is one or more of lanthanum, cerium and yttrium.
4. The tungsten carbide super wear-resistant hard alloy according to claim 1, which is obtained by the following preparation method:
(1) Mixing tungsten carbide powder with limiting agent, rare earth metal and cobalt, adding alcohol and grinding;
(2) Discharging the slurry and then drying in vacuum;
(3) Sieving with a special contusion sieve to obtain WC alloy powder;
(4) Placing WC alloy powder into a mould, and performing compression molding by using a cold isostatic press;
(5) Placing the pressed blank into a vacuum sintering furnace for sintering;
(6) And naturally cooling the sintered blank to room temperature to obtain the tungsten carbide super wear-resistant hard alloy.
5. The process according to claim 4, wherein in step (4), the cold isostatic press is operated at a pressure of 100 to 300MPa.
6. The method according to claim 4, wherein in the step (5), the temperature of the vacuum sintering furnace is 1600 to 2200 ℃.
7. The method according to claim 4, wherein in the step (6), the temperature is naturally lowered to room temperature for 15 to 30 hours.
8. The tungsten carbide super wear-resistant hard alloy according to claim 1, which is applied to the preparation of water jet sand pipes.
CN202311052539.7A 2023-08-21 2023-08-21 Tungsten carbide super wear-resistant hard alloy and preparation method and application thereof Pending CN116752024A (en)

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