CN116748531A - Preparation method of M2 high-speed steel cutter with gradient crystal structure - Google Patents
Preparation method of M2 high-speed steel cutter with gradient crystal structure Download PDFInfo
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- CN116748531A CN116748531A CN202310671792.4A CN202310671792A CN116748531A CN 116748531 A CN116748531 A CN 116748531A CN 202310671792 A CN202310671792 A CN 202310671792A CN 116748531 A CN116748531 A CN 116748531A
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- 229910001311 M2 high speed steel Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 86
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 57
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 title abstract description 24
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 84
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 74
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 74
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 50
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 30
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 21
- 238000010894 electron beam technology Methods 0.000 claims description 65
- 229910000997 High-speed steel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 41
- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 claims description 40
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 claims description 31
- 239000002356 single layer Substances 0.000 claims description 29
- 238000005520 cutting process Methods 0.000 claims description 16
- 238000005245 sintering Methods 0.000 claims description 14
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 claims description 11
- 230000001105 regulatory effect Effects 0.000 claims description 9
- 238000007711 solidification Methods 0.000 claims description 7
- 230000008023 solidification Effects 0.000 claims description 7
- 238000011282 treatment Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000011261 inert gas Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 abstract description 3
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 abstract 1
- 238000003723 Smelting Methods 0.000 description 7
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 description 5
- 230000000996 additive effect Effects 0.000 description 5
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 5
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
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- 238000005204 segregation Methods 0.000 description 4
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000012798 spherical particle Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000010935 stainless steel Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910001220 stainless steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 description 3
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000005266 casting Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 2
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- 238000001746 injection moulding Methods 0.000 description 2
- 150000001247 metal acetylides Chemical class 0.000 description 2
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- 229910000851 Alloy steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910000640 Fe alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910000677 High-carbon steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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- 238000009825 accumulation Methods 0.000 description 1
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000001276 controlling effect Effects 0.000 description 1
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- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
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- 238000007712 rapid solidification Methods 0.000 description 1
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Classifications
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F10/00—Additive manufacturing of workpieces or articles from metallic powder
- B22F10/20—Direct sintering or melting
- B22F10/28—Powder bed fusion, e.g. selective laser melting [SLM] or electron beam melting [EBM]
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F10/00—Additive manufacturing of workpieces or articles from metallic powder
- B22F10/80—Data acquisition or data processing
- B22F10/85—Data acquisition or data processing for controlling or regulating additive manufacturing processes
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F12/00—Apparatus or devices specially adapted for additive manufacturing; Auxiliary means for additive manufacturing; Combinations of additive manufacturing apparatus or devices with other processing apparatus or devices
- B22F12/10—Auxiliary heating means
- B22F12/13—Auxiliary heating means to preheat the material
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F12/00—Apparatus or devices specially adapted for additive manufacturing; Auxiliary means for additive manufacturing; Combinations of additive manufacturing apparatus or devices with other processing apparatus or devices
- B22F12/10—Auxiliary heating means
- B22F12/17—Auxiliary heating means to heat the build chamber or platform
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F5/00—Manufacture of workpieces or articles from metallic powder characterised by the special shape of the product
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B33—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY
- B33Y—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING, i.e. MANUFACTURING OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL [3-D] OBJECTS BY ADDITIVE DEPOSITION, ADDITIVE AGGLOMERATION OR ADDITIVE LAYERING, e.g. BY 3-D PRINTING, STEREOLITHOGRAPHY OR SELECTIVE LASER SINTERING
- B33Y10/00—Processes of additive manufacturing
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B33—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY
- B33Y—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING, i.e. MANUFACTURING OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL [3-D] OBJECTS BY ADDITIVE DEPOSITION, ADDITIVE AGGLOMERATION OR ADDITIVE LAYERING, e.g. BY 3-D PRINTING, STEREOLITHOGRAPHY OR SELECTIVE LASER SINTERING
- B33Y30/00—Apparatus for additive manufacturing; Details thereof or accessories therefor
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B33—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY
- B33Y—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING, i.e. MANUFACTURING OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL [3-D] OBJECTS BY ADDITIVE DEPOSITION, ADDITIVE AGGLOMERATION OR ADDITIVE LAYERING, e.g. BY 3-D PRINTING, STEREOLITHOGRAPHY OR SELECTIVE LASER SINTERING
- B33Y40/00—Auxiliary operations or equipment, e.g. for material handling
- B33Y40/10—Pre-treatment
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B33—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY
- B33Y—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING, i.e. MANUFACTURING OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL [3-D] OBJECTS BY ADDITIVE DEPOSITION, ADDITIVE AGGLOMERATION OR ADDITIVE LAYERING, e.g. BY 3-D PRINTING, STEREOLITHOGRAPHY OR SELECTIVE LASER SINTERING
- B33Y50/00—Data acquisition or data processing for additive manufacturing
- B33Y50/02—Data acquisition or data processing for additive manufacturing for controlling or regulating additive manufacturing processes
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B33—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY
- B33Y—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING, i.e. MANUFACTURING OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL [3-D] OBJECTS BY ADDITIVE DEPOSITION, ADDITIVE AGGLOMERATION OR ADDITIVE LAYERING, e.g. BY 3-D PRINTING, STEREOLITHOGRAPHY OR SELECTIVE LASER SINTERING
- B33Y80/00—Products made by additive manufacturing
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F5/00—Manufacture of workpieces or articles from metallic powder characterised by the special shape of the product
- B22F2005/001—Cutting tools, earth boring or grinding tool other than table ware
Abstract
The invention discloses a preparation method of an M2 high-speed steel cutter with a gradient crystal structure, which takes M2 high-speed steel powder as a raw material, and comprises the following preparation processes: 1. after a three-dimensional CAD model of the cutter is established, transverse layering slicing processing is carried out, slice data and slice scanning data are obtained and are imported into equipment; 2. preheating a substrate and paving powder; 3. presintering; 4. one-time melting scanning; 5. secondary melting scanning; 6. repeating the processes in the second, third, fourth, fifth and sixth steps to form a large-grain area structure of the cutter; 7. and sequentially repeating the processes of two, three, four and six on the surface of the large grain area structure of the cutter to obtain the M2 high-speed steel cutter. According to the invention, the secondary melting scanning process is added in the preparation of the lower layer of the cutter, so that the adjustment of the sizes of carbide and crystal grains of the M2 high-speed steel in the cutter forming piece is realized, gradient distribution is formed, and the gradient crystal structure M2 high-speed steel cutter is obtained, so that the comprehensive performance of the cutter is comprehensively improved, the manufacturing period is short, and the cost is low.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of manufacturing of mechanical cutting tools, and particularly relates to a preparation method of a high-speed steel tool with a gradient crystal structure M2.
Background
The M2 high-speed steel is taken as one of Fe alloy steel and occupies an important position in the field of cutting tools. The M2 high-speed steel belongs to a high-carbon high-alloy steel, can obtain extremely high hardness (780 HV-980 HV) through special heat treatment, and can still keep high hardness (more than 700 HV) and high wear resistance at 550-600 ℃. When the traditional process is adopted for production, because of high content of carbon and alloy elements, complex chemical components, slow cooling speed and the like, coarse primary eutectic carbide structures and component segregation are inevitably formed during solidification, so that the process window of M2 high-speed steel such as forging, rolling and the like is narrow, the forming is difficult, various performances of the steel are damaged, and the application range of the steel is limited. At present, an injection molding method with high cooling rate is often adopted to prepare M2 high-speed steel, so that the problem of coarse primary carbide is solved. However, iterative upgrading of equipment places higher demands on tools that are complex and profiled and have conformal cooling runners, which techniques have failed to meet the conditions due to limitations of the injection molding process.
In recent years, additive manufacturing is paid attention to by vast researchers as a novel manufacturing technology of anisotropic parts. Compared with the traditional preparation technology, firstly, the complex parts prepared by the additive manufacturing technology can be integrally formed, so that the complexity of the internal structure of the part is improved; secondly, the additive manufacturing technology has the characteristic of rapid solidification, and can refine the sizes of carbide and crystal grains and inhibit the segregation of alloy components. Thus, additive manufacturing techniques are potentially effective means of preparing M2 high speed steel cutting tools.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to solve the technical problem of providing a preparation method of a high-speed steel cutter with a gradient crystal structure M2 aiming at the defects in the prior art. According to the invention, an electron beam selective smelting preparation process is adopted, a melting scanning process of the cutter is divided into an upper layer and a lower layer, and a secondary melting scanning process is added in the printing process of the lower layer cutter, so that the size of carbide and crystal grain of M2 high-speed steel in a cutter forming piece is regulated, gradient distribution is formed, a gradient crystal structure M2 high-speed steel cutter is obtained, the comprehensive performance of the cutter is comprehensively improved, and the problems of damaged performance and limited structure of the M2 high-speed steel cutter caused by carbide tissue and component segregation in the prior art are solved.
In order to solve the technical problems, the invention adopts the following technical scheme: a method for preparing a high-speed steel cutter with a gradient crystal structure M2, which is characterized by comprising the following steps:
firstly, establishing a three-dimensional CAD model of a target product cutter by using three-dimensional drawing software, then performing equal-thickness transverse layering slicing treatment on the three-dimensional CAD model by using layering software to obtain slicing data comprising cross section profile information of each slice, designing a scanning processing path of each slice to obtain slicing scanning data, and introducing the slicing data and the slicing scanning data into electron beam selective rapid forming equipment by using layering software;
preheating a substrate in electron beam selective rapid forming equipment, and paving M2 high-speed steel powder on the preheated substrate; the paving thickness of the M2 high-speed steel powder is the same as the thickness of each sheet in the first step;
step three, presintering the M2 high-speed steel powder paved in the step two;
step four, according to the slice cutting data and slice cutting scanning data which are imported into the electron beam selective rapid forming equipment in the step one, carrying out one-time melting scanning on the M2 high-speed steel powder pre-sintered in the step three by using an electron beam, and solidifying to form an M2 high-speed steel sheet layer;
step five, adopting electron beams to carry out secondary melting scanning on the M2 high-speed steel sheet layer in the step four, and forming a single-layer solid sheet layer through solidification; the path of the secondary melting scanning is the same as that of the primary melting scanning in the step four;
step six, regulating the substrate to descend, and sequentially repeating the process of paving the M2 high-speed steel powder in the step two, the pre-sintering process in the step three, the primary melting scanning process in the step four, the secondary melting scanning process in the step five and the substrate descending process in the step six on the surface of the single-layer solid sheet layer in the step five until all the single-layer solid sheet layers are piled up to form a cutter large-grain area structure; the descending height of the substrate is the same as the paving thickness of the M2 high-speed steel powder in the second step;
and step seven, sequentially repeating the process of paving the M2 high-speed steel powder in the step two, the pre-sintering process in the step three, the one-time melting scanning process in the step four and the substrate descending process in the step six on the surface of the large-grain area tissue of the cutter in the step six until each single-layer solid sheet layer stacks the small-grain area tissue on the large-grain area tissue of the cutter to form a cutter forming piece, and obtaining the M2 high-speed steel cutter with the gradient crystal structure.
The preparation method of the high-speed steel cutter with the gradient crystal structure M2 is characterized in that the thickness of each sheet layer in the first step is 50-150 mu M.
The preparation method of the high-speed steel cutter with the gradient crystal structure M2 is characterized in that the preheating temperature of the substrate in the second step is 500-800 ℃, the electron beam scanning current used for the pre-sintering in the preheating and the third step is 30-50 mA, and the scanning speed is 8000-10000 mm/s.
The preparation method of the M2 high-speed steel cutter with the gradient crystal structure is characterized in that in the second step, the M2 high-speed steel powder is spherical or nearly spherical, and the grain size is smaller than 150 mu M.
The preparation method of the high-speed steel cutter with the gradient crystal structure M2 is characterized in that the line energy density of the primary melting scanning in the fourth step is 160J/M-220J/M, and the line energy density of the secondary melting scanning in the fifth step is 100J/M-170J/M. The energy density of the line of the primary melting scanning is controlled to be larger, so that the molten crystal grains in the M2 high-speed steel sheet layer after the primary melting scanning are finer, the energy density of the line of the secondary melting scanning is controlled to be smaller, and the crystal grains in the single-layer solid sheet layer after the secondary melting scanning grow up, so that the size of the crystal grains is regulated and controlled.
The preparation method of the high-speed steel cutter with the gradient crystal structure M2 is characterized in that the diameters of electron beam spots adopted in the step four and the step five are all 0.1mm.
The preparation method of the high-speed steel cutter with the gradient crystal structure M2 is characterized in that the two-time melting scanning paths of the single-layer solid sheet layers in the step six form an included angle of 0-90 degrees with the two-time melting scanning paths of the single-layer solid sheet layer.
The preparation method of the high-speed steel cutter with the gradient crystal structure M2 is characterized in that the height of the large-grain area tissue of the cutter in the step six is 10-90% of the height of the high-speed steel cutter with the gradient crystal structure M2 in the step seven. The height ratio of the large grain area structure of the cutter is controlled, and the ratio of the two part structure in the gradient crystal structure is regulated so as to meet different application requirements.
The preparation method of the high-speed steel cutter with the gradient crystal structure M2 is characterized in that in the process of preparing the high-speed steel cutter with the gradient crystal structure M2 in the steps two to seven, the accelerating voltage of the electron beam is maintained at 60kV, and the vacuum degree of the electron beam selective rapid forming equipment is maintained at 5 multiplied by 10 -2 Pa or below.
The preparation method of the high-speed steel cutter with the gradient crystal structure M2 is characterized in that in the seventh step, after the stacking process is completed, inert gas is filled into a forming area of electron beam selective rapid forming equipment to rapidly cool to below 60 ℃, and a cutter forming part is taken out to continue cooling to room temperature.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the following advantages:
1. the invention adopts electron beam selective smelting preparation process, realizes the layer-by-layer preparation of the cutter by alternately carrying out powder paving, powder presintering and melting scanning processes in sequence, adopts a special melting scanning strategy in the preparation process, and divides the melting scanning process of the cutter into two parts: the method comprises the steps of firstly adopting the processes of sequentially paving powder, pre-sintering powder, primary melting scanning and secondary melting scanning to prepare a large-grain area structure of the cutter, then adopting the processes of sequentially paving powder, pre-sintering powder and primary melting scanning to accumulate small-grain area structure to obtain a cutter forming piece, changing the process parameters such as the size of energy output of an electron beam, the melting times and the like by adding the secondary melting scanning process, effectively regulating the size of carbide and grain of M2 high-speed steel in the cutter forming piece and forming gradient distribution, thereby obtaining the gradient crystal structure M2 high-speed steel cutter, and comprehensively improving the comprehensive performance of the cutter.
2. The gradient crystal structure M2 high-speed steel cutter prepared by the method comprises fine grains obtained by primary melting scanning and coarse grains obtained by secondary melting scanning, the strength of the M2 high-speed steel cutter is increased by utilizing the fine grains, the toughness of the M2 high-speed steel cutter is increased by utilizing the coarse grains, the performance of the M2 high-speed steel cutter is improved by utilizing the cooperative increase of the strength and the toughness, meanwhile, cooling holes integrally formed in the electron beam selective smelting preparation process are uniformly distributed in the M2 high-speed steel cutter, the cutter temperature can be uniformly reduced, and the excessive local temperature of the cutter is avoided, so that the service life of the M2 high-speed steel cutter is effectively prolonged under the combined action of the gradient crystal structure and the conformal cooling holes in the subsequent cutting processing process of the M2 high-speed steel cutter.
3. According to the invention, an electron beam selective smelting method is adopted, the preset M2 high-speed steel powder is melted layer by using an electron beam, and the three-dimensional cutting tool part is formed by solidification and accumulation, so that the integral forming of the cutting tool with a complex structure is realized, and the complexity of the internal structure of the M2 high-speed steel tool is improved.
4. In the electron beam selective smelting preparation process adopted by the invention, the size of a molten pool is very small when powder is melted, so that the solidification time is very short, the high-speed steel is highly unbalanced and solidified, the high-speed steel has the characteristic of quick solidification, the sizes of carbide and crystal grains in the M2 high-speed steel can be effectively refined, and the micro segregation of alloy components is inhibited, so that the M2 high-speed steel has high density and fine and uniform carbide structure, and the mechanical property of the M2 high-speed steel cutter is further improved.
5. The electron beam selective smelting method adopted by the invention is hardly limited by the shape of the M2 high-speed steel tool product, parts with complex shapes can be directly prepared, near-net forming is not required or only requires little post-treatment, forging, casting and dies are not required in the forming process, alloy pollution is avoided, the manufacturing period is obviously shortened, and the manufacturing cost is reduced; meanwhile, the unprocessed and redundant M2 high-speed steel powder can be recycled, and the material utilization rate is high.
6. The invention is carried out in a high vacuum environment by controlling the electron beam selective smelting preparation process, has better protection effect on the M2 high-speed steel in a high temperature state, and can effectively avoid the oxidation of the M2 high-speed steel, thereby avoiding the increase of the oxygen content in the M2 high-speed steel to reduce the carbide content in the cutter and affecting the performance of the cutter.
7. The mass content of carbon in the M2 high-speed steel is 0.9%, which belongs to one of high-carbon steel, and under the slow cooling state of the traditional casting technology, a large amount of carbide in the cooled M2 high-speed steel is precipitated at the grain boundary, so that a large amount of internal stress is generated; by adopting the additive manufacturing process with the rapid cooling characteristic, the sizes of crystal grains and carbide are greatly reduced, but the internal stress of the cooled M2 high-speed steel is also improved, so that the tiny crack initiation is increased. In contrast, the presintering process after powder laying not only increases the stability of the powder bed, but also has an annealing-like effect on the solidified metal in the presintering process, thereby greatly reducing the internal stress in the M2 high-speed steel cutter.
The technical scheme of the invention is further described in detail through the drawings and the embodiments.
Drawings
Fig. 1 is a physical diagram of a high-speed steel tool with a gradient crystal structure M2 prepared in example 1 of the present invention.
Fig. 2 is a micrograph of a high-speed steel tool with a gradient crystal structure M2 prepared in example 1 of the present invention.
Fig. 3 is a diagram of a high-speed steel tool with a gradient crystal structure M2 prepared in example 2 of the present invention.
Fig. 4 is a micrograph of a high-speed steel tool with a gradient crystal structure M2 prepared in example 2 of the present invention.
Detailed Description
Example 1
The embodiment comprises the following steps:
firstly, establishing a three-dimensional CAD model of a target product cutter by using three-dimensional drawing software SolidWorks, then performing equal-thickness transverse layering slicing treatment on the three-dimensional CAD model by using layering software Magics, wherein the thickness of each slice is 150 mu m to obtain slicing data comprising cross section profile information of each slice, designing a scanning processing path of each slice to obtain slicing scanning data, and introducing the slicing data and the slicing scanning data into electron beam selective rapid forming equipment by using layering software Magics;
step two, loading M2 high-speed steel powder with spherical or nearly spherical particle size smaller than 150 mu M into a powder box of electron beam selective rapid forming equipment, and vacuumizing the electron beam selective rapid forming equipment to 5 multiplied by 10 -2 Under Pa, using an electron gun to emit electron beam current, adopting electron beam spot diameter of 0.1mm, preheating a stainless steel substrate in electron beam selective rapid forming equipment to 800 ℃ under the action of a focusing coil and a deflection coil, adopting electron beam scanning current of 30mA and scanning speed of 10000mm/s for preheating, and paving M2 high-speed steel powder with thickness of 150 mu M on the preheated substrate;
step three, presintering the M2 high-speed steel powder paved in the step two; the electron beam scanning current adopted by the presintering is 40mA, the scanning speed is 10000mm/s, and the presintering time is 20s;
step four, according to the slice cutting data and slice cutting scanning data of the electron beam selective rapid forming equipment imported in the step one, carrying out one-time melting scanning on the M2 high-speed steel powder pre-sintered in the step three by adopting an electron beam with the beam spot diameter of 0.1mm, and solidifying to form an M2 high-speed steel sheet layer; the line energy density of the one-time melting scanning is 220J/m;
step five, adopting electron beams with beam spot diameters of 0.1mm to carry out secondary melting scanning on the M2 high-speed steel sheet layer in the step four, and solidifying to form a single-layer solid sheet layer; the path of the secondary melting scanning is the same as that of the primary melting scanning in the step four; the line energy density of the secondary melting scanning is 110J/m;
step six, regulating the substrate to descend by 150 mu M, and sequentially repeating the process of paving M2 high-speed steel powder in the step two, the pre-sintering process in the step three, the primary melting scanning process in the step four, the secondary melting scanning process in the step five and the substrate descending process in the step six on the surface of the single-layer solid sheets in the step five until all the single-layer solid sheets are piled up to form a cutter large-grain area structure; the two-time melting scanning paths of each single-layer solid sheet layer form an included angle of 90 degrees with the two-time melting scanning paths of the last single-layer solid sheet layer; the height of the large grain area structure of the cutter is 90% of the height of the high-speed steel cutter with the gradient crystal structure M2 in the step seven;
and step seven, sequentially repeating the process of paving the M2 high-speed steel powder in the step two, the pre-sintering process in the step three, the one-time melting scanning process in the step four and the substrate descending process in the step six on the surface of the large-grain area tissue of the cutter in the step six until each single-layer solid sheet layer is piled up with the small-grain area tissue on the large-grain area tissue of the cutter to form a cutter forming piece, filling inert gas into a forming area of the electron beam selective rapid forming equipment to rapidly cool to below 60 ℃, taking out the cutter forming piece, and continuously cooling to room temperature to obtain the high-speed steel cutter with the gradient crystal structure M2, as shown in figure 1.
Fig. 2 is a microscopic view of the high-speed steel tool with the gradient crystal structure M2 prepared in this example, and it can be seen from fig. 2 that the sizes of grains and carbides in the high-speed steel tool gradually decrease with the forming stack building direction.
Example 2
The embodiment comprises the following steps:
firstly, establishing a three-dimensional CAD model of a target product cutter by using three-dimensional drawing software SolidWorks, then performing equal-thickness transverse layering slicing treatment on the three-dimensional CAD model by using layering software Magics, obtaining slicing data comprising cross section profile information of each slice, designing a scanning processing path of each slice to obtain slicing scanning data, and introducing the slicing data and the slicing scanning data into electron beam selective rapid forming equipment by using layering software Magics;
step two, loading M2 high-speed steel powder with spherical or nearly spherical particle size smaller than 150 mu M into a powder box of electron beam selective rapid forming equipment, and vacuumizing the electron beam selective rapid forming equipment to 5 multiplied by 10 -2 Under Pa, emitting electron beam current by using an electron gun, preheating a stainless steel substrate in electron beam selective rapid forming equipment to 500 ℃ under the action of a focusing coil and a deflection coil, adopting electron beam scanning current for preheating to be 30mA, scanning at 10000mm/s, and paving M2 high-speed steel powder with the thickness of 50 mu M on the preheated substrate;
step three, presintering the M2 high-speed steel powder paved in the step two; the electron beam scanning current adopted by the presintering is 50mA, the scanning speed is 9000mm/s, and the presintering time is 20s;
step four, according to the slice cutting data and slice cutting scanning data which are imported into the electron beam selective rapid forming equipment in the step one, carrying out one-time melting scanning on the M2 high-speed steel powder pre-sintered in the step three by using an electron beam, and solidifying to form an M2 high-speed steel sheet layer; the line energy density of the one-time melting scanning is 200J/m;
step five, adopting electron beams to carry out secondary melting scanning on the M2 high-speed steel sheet layer in the step four, and forming a single-layer solid sheet layer through solidification; the path of the secondary melting scanning is the same as that of the primary melting scanning in the step four; the line energy density of the secondary melting scanning is 120J/m;
step six, regulating the substrate to descend by 50 mu M, and sequentially repeating the process of paving M2 high-speed steel powder in the step two, the pre-sintering process in the step three, the primary melting scanning process in the step four, the secondary melting scanning process in the step five and the substrate descending process in the step six on the surface of the single-layer solid sheets in the step five until all the single-layer solid sheets are piled up to form a cutter large-grain area structure; the two-time melting scanning paths of each single-layer solid sheet layer form an included angle of 90 degrees with the two-time melting scanning paths of the last single-layer solid sheet layer; the height of the large grain area tissue of the cutter is 30% of the height of the high-speed steel cutter with the gradient crystal structure M2 in the step seven;
and step seven, sequentially repeating the process of paving the M2 high-speed steel powder in the step two, the pre-sintering process in the step three, the one-time melting scanning process in the step four and the substrate descending process in the step six on the surface of the large-grain area tissue of the cutter in the step six until each single-layer solid sheet layer is piled up with the small-grain area tissue on the large-grain area tissue of the cutter to form a cutter forming piece, filling inert gas into a forming area of the electron beam selective rapid forming equipment to rapidly cool to below 60 ℃, taking out the cutter forming piece, and continuously cooling to room temperature to obtain the high-speed steel cutter with the gradient crystal structure M2, as shown in fig. 3.
Fig. 4 is a microscopic view of the high-speed steel tool with the gradient crystal structure M2 prepared in this example, and it can be seen from fig. 4 that the sizes of grains and carbides in the high-speed steel tool are gradually reduced with the forming stack building direction.
Example 3
The embodiment comprises the following steps:
firstly, establishing a three-dimensional CAD model of a target product cutter by using three-dimensional drawing software SolidWorks, then performing equal-thickness transverse layering slicing treatment on the three-dimensional CAD model by using layering software Magics, obtaining slicing data comprising cross section profile information of each slice, designing a scanning processing path of each slice to obtain slicing scanning data, and introducing the slicing data and the slicing scanning data into electron beam selective rapid forming equipment by using layering software Magics;
step two, loading M2 high-speed steel powder with spherical or nearly spherical particle size smaller than 150 mu M into a powder box of electron beam selective rapid forming equipment, and vacuumizing the electron beam selective rapid forming equipment to 5 multiplied by 10 -2 Pa or less, and maintaining electron beam acceleration voltage at 60kV, emitting electron beam current by electron gun, and adopting electron beam spot diameter of 0.1mmUnder the action of a focusing coil and a deflection coil, preheating a stainless steel substrate in electron beam selective rapid forming equipment to 800 ℃, adopting electron beam scanning current of 50mA and scanning speed of 8000mm/s, and paving M2 high-speed steel powder with thickness of 150 mu M on the preheated substrate;
step three, presintering the M2 high-speed steel powder paved in the step two; the electron beam scanning current adopted by the presintering is 40mA, the scanning speed is 10000mm/s, and the presintering time is 20s;
step four, according to the slice cutting data and slice cutting scanning data of the electron beam selective rapid forming equipment imported in the step one, carrying out one-time melting scanning on the M2 high-speed steel powder pre-sintered in the step three by adopting an electron beam with the beam spot diameter of 0.1mm, and solidifying to form an M2 high-speed steel sheet layer; the line energy density of the one-time melting scanning is 160J/m;
step five, adopting electron beams with beam spot diameters of 0.1mm to carry out secondary melting scanning on the M2 high-speed steel sheet layer in the step four, and solidifying to form a single-layer solid sheet layer; the path of the secondary melting scanning is the same as that of the primary melting scanning in the step four; the line energy density of the secondary melting scan is 170J/m;
step six, regulating the substrate to descend by 150 mu M, and sequentially repeating the process of paving M2 high-speed steel powder in the step two, the pre-sintering process in the step three, the primary melting scanning process in the step four, the secondary melting scanning process in the step five and the substrate descending process in the step six on the surface of the single-layer solid sheets in the step five until all the single-layer solid sheets are piled up to form a cutter large-grain area structure; the two-time melting scanning paths of each single-layer solid slice form an included angle of 0 DEG with the two-time melting scanning path of the last single-layer solid slice; the height of the large grain area structure of the cutter is 10% of the height of the high-speed steel cutter with the gradient crystal structure M2 in the step seven;
and step seven, sequentially repeating the process of paving the M2 high-speed steel powder in the step two, the pre-sintering process in the step three, the one-time melting scanning process in the step four and the substrate descending process in the step six on the surface of the large-grain area tissue of the cutter in the step six until each single-layer solid sheet layer is piled up with the small-grain area tissue on the large-grain area tissue of the cutter to form a cutter forming piece, filling inert gas into a forming area of the electron beam selective area rapid forming equipment to rapidly cool to below 60 ℃, taking out the cutter forming piece, and continuously cooling to room temperature to obtain the M2 high-speed steel cutter with the gradient crystal structure.
The above description is only of the preferred embodiments of the present invention, and is not intended to limit the present invention. Any simple modification, variation and equivalent variation of the above embodiments according to the technical substance of the invention still fall within the scope of the technical solution of the invention.
Claims (10)
1. A method for preparing a high-speed steel cutter with a gradient crystal structure M2, which is characterized by comprising the following steps:
firstly, establishing a three-dimensional CAD model of a target product cutter by using three-dimensional drawing software, then performing equal-thickness transverse layering slicing treatment on the three-dimensional CAD model by using layering software to obtain slicing data comprising cross section profile information of each slice, designing a scanning processing path of each slice to obtain slicing scanning data, and introducing the slicing data and the slicing scanning data into electron beam selective rapid forming equipment by using layering software;
preheating a substrate in electron beam selective rapid forming equipment, and paving M2 high-speed steel powder on the preheated substrate; the paving thickness of the M2 high-speed steel powder is the same as the thickness of each sheet in the first step;
step three, presintering the M2 high-speed steel powder paved in the step two;
step four, according to the slice cutting data and slice cutting scanning data which are imported into the electron beam selective rapid forming equipment in the step one, carrying out one-time melting scanning on the M2 high-speed steel powder pre-sintered in the step three by using an electron beam, and solidifying to form an M2 high-speed steel sheet layer;
step five, adopting electron beams to carry out secondary melting scanning on the M2 high-speed steel sheet layer in the step four, and forming a single-layer solid sheet layer through solidification; the path of the secondary melting scanning is the same as that of the primary melting scanning in the step four;
step six, regulating the substrate to descend, and sequentially repeating the process of paving the M2 high-speed steel powder in the step two, the pre-sintering process in the step three, the primary melting scanning process in the step four, the secondary melting scanning process in the step five and the substrate descending process in the step six on the surface of the single-layer solid sheet layer in the step five until all the single-layer solid sheet layers are piled up to form a cutter large-grain area structure; the descending height of the substrate is the same as the paving thickness of the M2 high-speed steel powder in the second step;
and step seven, sequentially repeating the process of paving the M2 high-speed steel powder in the step two, the pre-sintering process in the step three, the one-time melting scanning process in the step four and the substrate descending process in the step six on the surface of the large-grain area tissue of the cutter in the step six until each single-layer solid sheet layer stacks the small-grain area tissue on the large-grain area tissue of the cutter to form a cutter forming piece, and obtaining the M2 high-speed steel cutter with the gradient crystal structure.
2. The method for manufacturing a high-speed steel tool having a gradient crystal structure M2 as set forth in claim 1, wherein the thickness of each of the sheets in the first step is 50 μm to 150 μm.
3. The method for manufacturing a high-speed steel tool with a gradient crystal structure M2 according to claim 1, wherein the temperature of the substrate preheating in the second step is 500-800 ℃, the electron beam scanning current used for the pre-sintering in the preheating and the third step is 30-50 mA, and the scanning speed is 8000-10000 mm/s.
4. The method for manufacturing a high-speed steel tool with a gradient crystal structure M2 according to claim 1, wherein in the second step, the high-speed steel powder M2 is spherical or nearly spherical, and the particle size is smaller than 150 μm.
5. The method for manufacturing a high-speed steel tool with a gradient crystal structure M2 according to claim 1, wherein the line energy density of the primary melting scan in the fourth step is 160J/M to 220J/M, and the line energy density of the secondary melting scan in the fifth step is 100J/M to 170J/M.
6. The method for manufacturing a high-speed steel tool having a gradient crystal structure M2 according to claim 1, wherein the electron beam spot diameters used in the fourth and fifth steps are each 0.1mm.
7. The method for manufacturing a high-speed steel tool with a gradient crystal structure M2 according to claim 1, wherein the two melting scan paths of each single solid sheet layer in the sixth step form an included angle of 0 ° to 90 ° with the two melting scan paths of the last single solid sheet layer.
8. The method for manufacturing a high-speed steel tool with a gradient crystal structure M2 according to claim 1, wherein the height of the large grain area structure of the tool in the sixth step is 10% -90% of the height of the high-speed steel tool with the gradient crystal structure M2 in the seventh step.
9. The method for manufacturing a high-speed steel tool with a gradient crystal structure M2 according to claim 1, wherein in the process of manufacturing the high-speed steel tool with the gradient crystal structure M2 in the second to seventh steps, the accelerating voltage of the electron beam is maintained at 60kV, and the vacuum degree of the electron beam selective rapid prototyping equipment is maintained at 5X 10 -2 Pa or below.
10. The method for manufacturing a high-speed steel tool with a gradient crystal structure M2 according to claim 1, wherein in the seventh step, after the stacking process is completed, inert gas is filled into a forming area of the electron beam selective area rapid forming equipment for rapid cooling to below 60 ℃, and the tool forming part is taken out for continuous cooling to room temperature.
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