CN116698794A - Device and method for detecting transparency of water body by utilizing multi-parameter water quality sensor - Google Patents
Device and method for detecting transparency of water body by utilizing multi-parameter water quality sensor Download PDFInfo
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- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 259
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- 229910019142 PO4 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 29
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- ATNHDLDRLWWWCB-AENOIHSZSA-M chlorophyll a Chemical compound C1([C@@H](C(=O)OC)C(=O)C2=C3C)=C2N2C3=CC(C(CC)=C3C)=[N+]4C3=CC3=C(C=C)C(C)=C5N3[Mg-2]42[N+]2=C1[C@@H](CCC(=O)OC\C=C(/C)CCC[C@H](C)CCC[C@H](C)CCCC(C)C)[C@H](C)C2=C5 ATNHDLDRLWWWCB-AENOIHSZSA-M 0.000 claims description 29
- NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-K phosphate Chemical compound [O-]P([O-])([O-])=O NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 claims description 29
- 239000010452 phosphate Substances 0.000 claims description 29
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Abstract
The invention provides a device and a method for detecting the transparency of a water body by utilizing a multi-parameter water quality sensor, wherein the device comprises a shell, a plurality of water quality sensors, a photoelectric conversion and data processing module and a transparency numerical display storage module, wherein the water quality sensors are arranged on the shell and used for detecting various parameters in water quality; the water quality sensors are in communication connection with the photoelectric conversion and data processing modules; the photoelectric conversion and data processing module is in communication connection with the transparency numerical value display storage module, and the transparency numerical value display storage module is arranged on the outer peripheral surface of the shell. According to the method, a water transparency calculation model is built, the water transparency is rapidly checked, the measurement result is objective, and the detection method is accurate and rapid; compared with the prior art, the method has the advantages that the method effectively avoids measurement result errors caused by subjective consciousness of a measurer, weather conditions, high-flow-rate water body, poor light and the like, and provides technical support for aquatic ecological restoration engineering.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of water environment monitoring equipment, in particular to a device and a method for detecting water transparency by utilizing a multi-parameter water quality sensor.
Background
The transparency of the water body is a comprehensive index capable of reflecting the physical, chemical and biological processes of the water body and measuring the water quality, and is also one of limiting factors of the growth and distribution of submerged plant communities, and is often used as a key index for judging whether aquatic vegetation can be recovered or not and measuring the ecological restoration effect. Meanwhile, the transparency of the water body also influences the look and feel of the water body, so that the improvement of the transparency of the water body is an important work in the ecological restoration engineering of the water body.
At present, the water transparency is measured by a traditional Sai-disc method. The Sai-shi disc is a round iron disc with two black and white colors, a scale is penetrated through the center hole of the disc during measurement, the Sai-shi disc is firstly placed at a position tangential to the water surface, and the scale of the scale at the moment is recorded; and immersing the Sai disc in the water until the black-white boundary on the disc is just invisible, and then recording the scales of the staff gauge, wherein the difference value of the two scales is the transparency of the water. However, this method has the following problems in the practical application process: firstly, the influence of wind and waves is large during measurement, so that the Saiki disk cannot vertically drop below the water surface, but a certain included angle is often formed between the Saiki disk and the water surface, and the accuracy of a measurement result is low; secondly, the black and white limitation on the disc is difficult to grasp in the measurement process, and the determination standard of different measurement personnel for the limitation is different, so that the subjectivity of a tested result is stronger.
In the research of the literature and the actual monitoring work, the transparency of the water body is greatly influenced by suspended substances and floating algae in the water body, in the water quality monitoring, the concentration and turbidity of the suspended substances and the turbidity of the suspended substances can be used for representing the condition of suspended substances in the water body, chlorophyll a is often used for representing the quantity of the floating algae, phosphate is an important nutrient salt component for limiting the growth of the floating algae, and many researches show that a good correlation exists between the transparency of the water body and the concentration, turbidity, chlorophyll a and phosphate concentration of the suspended substances. In order to solve the problems of low accuracy of the measurement result and high technical requirements of the measurement result on personnel by adopting the Sai disc, a device and a method for detecting the transparency of the water body by utilizing the multi-parameter water quality sensor are urgently needed to be designed.
Disclosure of Invention
In view of the above-mentioned drawbacks of the prior art, the present invention aims to provide a device and a method for detecting transparency of a water body by using a multi-parameter water quality sensor, which are used for solving the problems of high technical requirements on operators and low accuracy of measurement results in a measurement process by using a sai pan in the prior art.
In order to achieve the above and other related objects, the present invention provides a device for detecting transparency of a water body by using a multi-parameter water quality sensor, comprising a housing, a plurality of water quality sensors, a photoelectric conversion and data processing module, and a transparency value display and storage module, wherein the plurality of water quality sensors are arranged on the housing and are used for detecting various parameters in water quality; the water quality sensors are in communication connection with the photoelectric conversion and data processing modules; the photoelectric conversion and data processing module is in communication connection with the transparency numerical value display storage module, and the transparency numerical value display storage module is arranged on the outer peripheral surface of the shell.
Preferably, the water quality sensors are connected with the photoelectric conversion and data processing modules through data transmission lines; the photoelectric conversion and data processing module is connected with the transparency numerical display storage module through a data transmission line.
Preferably, the plurality of water quality sensors include a suspended matter sensor, a chlorophyll a sensor, a turbidity sensor, and a phosphate sensor, wherein the suspended matter sensor is used for detecting suspended matter concentration in a water body; the chlorophyll-a sensor is used for detecting the concentration of chlorophyll-a in the water body; the turbidity sensor is used for detecting the turbidity of the water body; the phosphate sensor is used for detecting the phosphate concentration in the water body.
In order to achieve the above object or other objects, the present invention also discloses a method for detecting transparency of a water body by using a multi-parameter water quality sensor, and the method for detecting transparency of a water body by using the multi-parameter water quality sensor comprises the following steps:
s1: collecting water quality data of an application basin; selecting a plurality of points with different water quality differences in a river basin where the device for detecting the water transparency by using the multi-parameter water quality sensor is applied, and collecting various water parameters and water transparency values of the points; wherein, each water parameter of each point location comprises suspended matter concentration, chlorophyll a concentration, phosphate concentration and turbidity;
s2: establishing a transparency value calculation model; substituting the suspended matter concentration, chlorophyll a concentration, phosphate concentration, turbidity and water transparency values detected in the step S1 into a data model: sd=a·ln (ss+b) +c·chla+d·tub+e·po 4 - +f; the values of the parameters a-f are obtained through fitting of a data model; (SS represents the concentration of suspended substances; chla represents the concentration of chlorophyll a; PO) 4 - Representing phosphate concentration; TUB represents the turbidity of the water body; SD represents a water transparency value
S3: inputting a transparency value calculation model into the photoelectric conversion and data processing module;
s4: performing large-scale water quality monitoring work of the river basin; immersing a plurality of water quality sensors in the device for detecting the water body transparency by using the multi-parameter water quality sensors, which is input into the transparency value calculation model in the step S3, into the water body, collecting various parameters in the water body by the plurality of water quality sensors, and calculating the water body transparency value by using the transparency value calculation model established in the step S3; the transparency value display and storage module is used for displaying the calculated transparency value of the water body and storing the related information of each parameter in the water quality.
Preferably, in step S2, the formula sd=a·ln (ss+b) +c·chla+d·tub+e·po 4 - The range of the parameter a in +f is-16.ltoreq.a.ltoreq.8, the range of b is-6.ltoreq.b.ltoreq.2, the range of c is-0.16.ltoreq.c.ltoreq.0.34, the range of d is-0.25.ltoreq.d.ltoreq.0.01, the range of e is 30.ltoreq.e.ltoreq.40, and the range of f is 55.ltoreq.f.ltoreq.77.
Preferably, in the step S4, a plurality of water quality sensors are immersed in the water body, and the device for detecting the transparency of the water body by using the multi-parameter water quality sensors can be fixed in a handheld manner; or fixed on the ship body, the installation position is positioned at the position 10-20cm below the water surface of the ship body, so that each water quality sensor is ensured to be fully immersed below the water surface; or the device for detecting the transparency of the water body by utilizing the multi-parameter water quality sensor is fixed at a certain fixed point position in the water body, and the change condition of the transparency of the water body with time at the fixed point position is detected.
Preferably, the method can be applied to transparency detection of river channels, lakes, reservoirs and inland water bodies.
As described above, the device and method for detecting the transparency of a water body by using the multi-parameter water quality sensor according to the present invention have the following advantages:
the device and the method for detecting the transparency of the water body by utilizing the multi-parameter water quality sensor have the following beneficial effects:
the invention relates to a device and a method for detecting water transparency by a multiparameter water quality sensor, which are characterized in that a water transparency calculation model is established by utilizing the correlation between the water transparency and suspended matter, chlorophyll a and phosphate concentration and turbidity, when the water transparency of a certain watershed is monitored in a large scale and rapidly, the suspended matter concentration, the chlorophyll a concentration, the turbidity and the phosphate concentration in the water are adopted by a plurality of water quality sensors, and then the water transparency is directly obtained according to the water transparency calculation model, so that the rapid inspection of the water transparency is realized, the measurement result is objective, and the detection method is accurate and rapid; compared with the prior art, the method has the advantages that the conditions of measurement result errors and the like caused by subjective consciousness of a measurer, weather conditions, high-flow-rate water body, poor light and the like can be effectively avoided, and technical support is provided for aquatic ecology restoration engineering.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a front view of an apparatus for detecting the transparency of a body of water by a multi-parameter water quality sensor according to the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a top view of the apparatus for detecting the transparency of a body of water of the multi-parameter water quality sensor of the present invention;
FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of the installation position of the device for detecting the transparency of a water body by the multi-parameter water quality sensor;
FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram of a method for detecting the transparency of a water body by using the multi-parameter water quality sensor.
Reference numerals illustrate:
1. a housing; 2. a suspended matter sensor; 3. chlorophyll a sensors; 4. a turbidity sensor; 5. a phosphate sensor; 6. a data transmission line; 7. a photoelectric conversion and data processing module; 8. a transparency numerical value display storage module; 9. a hull; 10. the water surface.
Detailed Description
Further advantages and effects of the present invention will become apparent to those skilled in the art from the disclosure of the present invention, which is described by the following specific examples.
It should be understood that the structures, proportions, sizes, etc. shown in the drawings are for illustration purposes only and should not be construed as limiting the invention to the extent that it can be practiced, since modifications, changes in the proportions, or otherwise, used in the practice of the invention, are not intended to be critical to the essential characteristics of the invention, but are otherwise, required to achieve the objective and effect taught by the invention. Also, the terms such as "upper," "lower," "left," "right," "middle," and "a" and the like recited in the present specification are merely for descriptive purposes and are not intended to limit the scope of the invention, but are intended to provide relative positional changes or modifications without materially altering the technical context in which the invention may be practiced.
As shown in fig. 1-3, the present invention provides a device for detecting transparency of a water body by using a multi-parameter water quality sensor (hereinafter referred to as the device for detecting transparency of a water body), which comprises a housing 1, a plurality of water quality sensors, a photoelectric conversion and data processing module 7, and a transparency value display and storage module 8, wherein the plurality of water quality sensors are arranged at the bottom end surface of the housing 1 and are used for detecting various parameters in water quality; the water quality sensors are in communication connection with the photoelectric conversion and data processing module 7; the photoelectric conversion and data processing module 7 is in communication connection with a transparency value display storage module 8, and the transparency value display storage module 8 is arranged on the outer peripheral surface of the shell 1.
The invention relates to a device for detecting the transparency of a water body by utilizing a multi-parameter water quality sensor, which adopts a plurality of water quality sensors to collect various parameters in the water body, establishes a calculation model between the various parameters and the transparency of the water body, and leads the calculation model into a photoelectric conversion and data processing module 7. In the subsequent water transparency detection process, the water transparency is directly measured by means of parameters in the water acquired by a plurality of water quality sensors and a water transparency calculation model, and the problems that the measuring process adopted by the Sai-on-disc method in the prior art has high technical requirements on operators and low accuracy of measuring results are solved.
Further, as shown in fig. 1-3, the casing 1 is cylindrical, a plurality of water quality sensors are arranged on the bottom end surface of the casing 1, the photoelectric conversion and data processing module 7 is arranged inside the cylindrical casing 1, and the transparency value display storage module 8 is arranged on the top end surface of the cylindrical casing 1, so that operators can observe the transparency value of water conveniently.
Preferably, as shown in fig. 1, a plurality of water quality sensors are connected with the photoelectric conversion and data processing module 7 through a data transmission line 6; the photoelectric conversion and data processing module 7 is connected with the transparency value display storage module 8 through a data transmission line 6.
Preferably, as shown in fig. 1, the plurality of water quality sensors include a suspended matter sensor 2, a chlorophyll a sensor 3, a turbidity sensor 4, and a phosphate sensor 5, wherein the suspended matter sensor 2 is used for detecting suspended matter concentration in a water body; the chlorophyll-a sensor 3 is used for detecting the concentration of chlorophyll-a in the water body; the turbidity sensor 4 is used for detecting the turbidity of the water body; the phosphate sensor 5 is used to detect the phosphate concentration in the body of water.
The device for detecting the transparency of the water body by utilizing the multi-parameter water quality sensor is provided with a suspended matter sensor 2, a chlorophyll a sensor 3, a turbidity sensor 4 and a phosphate sensor 5, wherein the four sensors are immersed in the water body to respectively detect the suspended matter concentration, the chlorophyll a concentration, the turbidity of the water body and the phosphate concentration in the water body, and each detected parameter of the water body is transmitted to a data calculation model preset in a photoelectric conversion and data processing module 7 so as to directly obtain the transparency value of the water body; the photoelectric conversion and data processing module 7 transmits the calculated transparency value of the water body to the transparency value display and storage module 8 for display and storage.
In order to achieve the above object or other objects, the present invention further discloses a method for detecting transparency of a water body by using the multi-parameter water quality sensor, and the method for detecting transparency of a water body by using the multi-parameter water quality sensor, as shown in fig. 4, comprises the following steps:
a1: water quality data for the application basin is collected. Selecting a plurality of points with larger water quality difference in a river basin applied by the device for detecting the water transparency, and collecting various water parameters and water transparency values at each point; wherein, each water parameter at each point comprises suspended matter concentration, chlorophyll a concentration, phosphate concentration and turbidity; (SS represents the concentration of suspended substances; chla represents the concentration of chlorophyll a; PO) 4 - Representing phosphate concentration; TUB represents the turbidity of the water body; SD represents the water transparency value). In this embodiment, the suspended matter concentration, chlorophyll a concentration, phosphate concentration, turbidity are directly detected by the suspended matter sensor 2, chlorophyll a sensor 3, turbidity sensor 4, and phosphate sensor 5, which are the conventional techniques. The water transparency value is obtained by detection through a Sai-disc method. Further, in this embodiment, the number of selected points with large water quality difference is 30-60.
A2: and establishing a transparency value calculation model. SS, chla, TUB, PO measured in step S1 4 - Substituting the SD value into the model SD=a·ln (SS+b) +c·chla+d·TUB+e·PO 4 - And (4) fitting the +f to obtain the parameters. In this example, the parameter a is in the range of-16.ltoreq.a.ltoreq.8, b is in the range of-6.ltoreq.b.ltoreq.2, c is in the range of-0.16.ltoreq.c.ltoreq.0.34, d is in the range of-0.25.ltoreq.d.ltoreq.0.01, e is in the range of 30.ltoreq.e.ltoreq.40, and f is in the range of 55.ltoreq.f.ltoreq.77. In one embodiment, the parameters a are fitted to be-12.21, b is-4.17, c is 0.09, d is-0.11, e is-34.54, and f is 65.85.
A3: and inputting a transparency value calculation model into the device for detecting the transparency of the water body. The formula of the calculation model is as follows: SD= -12.21 Xln (SS-4.17) +0.09 XChla-0.11 XTUB-34.54 XPO 4 - +65.85; wherein the goodness of fit of the calculation model formula is R 2 =0.86 (goodness of fit R 2 The closer to 1, the better the fitting effect is indicated).
A4: the device for detecting the transparency of the water body is used for large-scale water quality monitoring work of the river basin. The device for detecting the transparency of the water body is arranged on the ship body 9, and the installation position is positioned at the position 10-20cm below the water surface 10 of the ship body 9; or an operator holds the device for detecting the transparency of the water body by hand, so that each water quality sensor is immersed in the water surface 10; or fixing the device for detecting the transparency of the water body in the water body. And B, quickly acquiring water quality index parameters by utilizing each water quality sensor, transmitting the water quality index parameters to a photoelectric conversion and data processing module 7, calculating to obtain a water transparency value by utilizing a calculation model formula in the step A3, transmitting the water transparency value to a transparency value display and storage module 8, displaying the water transparency value, and simultaneously storing related information of water quality data. Taking a certain water body as an example, each parameter in the water body is respectively as follows: ss=20 mg/L, chla=10 ug/L, tub=20ntu, po 4 - =0.5 mg/L; substituting the four water quality index parameters into a calculation model formula, and calculating to obtain sd=22cm). Therefore, the transparency value of the water body can be detected rapidly.
Furthermore, the device and the method for detecting the transparency of the water body can be applied to the transparency detection of inland water bodies such as river channels, lakes, reservoirs and the like.
In the present embodiment, the suspended matter sensor 2, the chlorophyll-a sensor 3, the turbidity sensor 4, and the phosphate sensor 5 can all be detected by the principle of an optical sensor.
The device and the method for detecting the transparency of the water body by utilizing the multi-parameter water quality sensor have the following beneficial effects:
1. according to the invention, the rapid detection of the transparency of the water body is realized by establishing the correlation between the transparency of the water body and the concentration of suspended matters, the concentration of chlorophyll a and the concentration of phosphate and turbidity. Compared with the traditional Saiki disk method, the device and the method provided by the invention have the advantages that the measurement result errors caused by subjective consciousness of a measurer, weather conditions, high-flow-rate water body, poor light and other conditions are effectively avoided, the measurement operation is simple, the operation is fast, and the working efficiency of basin water quality monitoring can be effectively improved.
2. The invention is more suitable for the condition that the water transparency of the watershed is required to be monitored on a large scale, and when the traditional Saikovia disk is used for monitoring the water transparency, the time consumption of a single measuring point is long, and the error of the measuring result is large. According to the invention, the suspended matter sensor 2, the chlorophyll a sensor 3, the turbidity sensor 4 and the phosphate sensor 5 are utilized to realize real-time monitoring of the water quality condition, the transparency condition of the water body can be rapidly reflected, the labor and time cost for monitoring the transparency of the water body in the river basin are greatly saved, the monitoring result of the transparency is more objective, and the influence of human factors and environmental factors is effectively avoided.
3. According to the method, manual operation is reduced, after the water transparency value calculation model is input, the method does not need manual operation, and the method can be fixed at a certain fixed point in the flow field to realize condition monitoring of water transparency changing along with time.
4. The invention solves the problem that the traditional Sai-pan method is easily influenced by human and environmental factors when measuring the transparency of the water body, can realize the real-time monitoring of the transparency of the water body, has simple device and high detection efficiency, and is suitable for large-scale monitoring and fixed-point long-term monitoring of the transparency of the water body in a river basin so as to master the space-time change condition of the transparency of the water body in the river basin.
Therefore, the invention effectively overcomes various defects in the prior art and has high industrial utilization value.
The above embodiments are merely illustrative of the principles of the present invention and its effectiveness, and are not intended to limit the invention. Modifications and variations may be made to the above-described embodiments by those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. Accordingly, it is intended that all equivalent modifications and variations of the invention be covered by the claims, which are within the ordinary skill of the art, be within the spirit and scope of the present disclosure.
Claims (8)
1. A device for detecting transparency of water body by utilizing a multiparameter water quality sensor is characterized in that: the device comprises a shell (1), a plurality of water quality sensors, a photoelectric conversion and data processing module (7) and a transparency numerical value display and storage module (8), wherein the water quality sensors are arranged on the shell (1) and are used for detecting various parameters in water quality; the water quality sensors are in communication connection with the photoelectric conversion and data processing module (7); the photoelectric conversion and data processing module (7) is in communication connection with the transparency numerical value display storage module (8), and the transparency numerical value display storage module (8) is arranged on the outer peripheral surface of the shell (1).
2. The apparatus for detecting transparency of a body of water using a multiparameter water quality sensor according to claim 1, wherein: the water quality sensors are connected with the photoelectric conversion and data processing modules (7) through data transmission lines (6); the photoelectric conversion and data processing module (7) is connected with the transparency numerical display storage module (8) through a data transmission line (6).
3. The apparatus for detecting transparency of a body of water using a multiparameter water quality sensor according to claim 2, wherein: the water quality sensors comprise a suspended matter sensor (2), a chlorophyll a sensor (3), a turbidity sensor (4) and a phosphate sensor (5), wherein the suspended matter sensor (2) is used for detecting the concentration of suspended matters in a water body; the chlorophyll-a sensor (3) is used for detecting the concentration of chlorophyll-a in the water body; the turbidity sensor (4) is used for detecting the turbidity of the water body; the phosphate sensor (5) is used for detecting the phosphate concentration in the water body.
4. A method for detecting transparency of a water body by using a multiparameter water quality sensor, which adopts the device for detecting transparency of a water body by using a multiparameter water quality sensor according to any one of claims 1 to 3, and is characterized in that: the method comprises the following steps:
s1: collecting water quality data of an application basin; selecting a plurality of points with different water quality differences in a river basin where the device for detecting the water transparency by using the multi-parameter water quality sensor is applied, and collecting various water parameters and water transparency values of the points; wherein, each water parameter of each point location comprises suspended matter concentration, chlorophyll a concentration, phosphate concentration and turbidity;
s2: establishing a transparency value calculation model; substituting the values of suspended matter concentration, chlorophyll a concentration, phosphate concentration, turbidity and water transparency detected in step S1 into a data model sd=a·ln (ss+b) +c·chla+d·tub+e·po 4 - In +f, obtaining the values of the parameters a-f through fitting of a data model; (SS represents the concentration of suspended substances; chla represents the concentration of chlorophyll a; PO) 4 - Representing phosphate concentration; TUB represents the turbidity of the water body; SD represents a water transparency value
S3: inputting a transparency value calculation model into the photoelectric conversion and data processing module (7);
s4: performing large-scale water quality monitoring work of the river basin; immersing a plurality of water quality sensors in the device for detecting the water body transparency by using the multi-parameter water quality sensors, which is input into the transparency value calculation model in the step S3, into the water body, collecting various parameters in the water body by the plurality of water quality sensors, and calculating the water body transparency value by using the transparency value calculation model established in the step S3; the transparency value display and storage module (8) is used for displaying the calculated transparency value of the water body and storing the related information of each parameter in the water quality.
5. The method for detecting transparency of a body of water using a multiparameter water quality sensor according to claim 4, wherein: the number of different points of the water quality difference in the step S1 is 30-60; and (3) determining the transparency value of each point water body in the step S1 by a Seiki disk method.
6. The method for detecting transparency of a body of water using a multiparameter water quality sensor according to claim 4, wherein: in step S2, the formula sd=a·ln (SS+b)+c·Chla+d·TUB+e·PO 4 - The range of the parameter a in +f is-16.ltoreq.a.ltoreq.8, the range of b is-6.ltoreq.b.ltoreq.2, the range of c is-0.16.ltoreq.c.ltoreq.0.34, the range of d is-0.25.ltoreq.d.ltoreq.0.01, the range of e is 30.ltoreq.e.ltoreq.40, and the range of f is 55.ltoreq.f.ltoreq.77.
7. The method for detecting transparency of a body of water using a multiparameter water quality sensor according to claim 4, wherein: s4, immersing a plurality of water quality sensors in the water body, wherein the device for detecting the transparency of the water body by utilizing the multi-parameter water quality sensors can be fixed in a handheld manner; or fixed on the ship body (9), the installation position is positioned at the position 10-20cm below the water surface (10) of the ship body (9), so that each water quality sensor is ensured to be fully immersed below the water surface (10); or the device for detecting the transparency of the water body by utilizing the multi-parameter water quality sensor is fixed at a certain fixed point position in the water body, and the change condition of the transparency of the water body with time at the fixed point position is detected.
8. The method for detecting transparency of a body of water using a multiparameter water quality sensor according to claim 4, wherein: the method can be applied to transparency detection of river channels, lakes, reservoirs and inland water bodies.
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