CN116669564A - Composition for reducing methane emissions, method for improving the metabolic efficiency of ruminants and method for administration of methanogenesis inhibitors - Google Patents
Composition for reducing methane emissions, method for improving the metabolic efficiency of ruminants and method for administration of methanogenesis inhibitors Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CN116669564A CN116669564A CN202180090172.0A CN202180090172A CN116669564A CN 116669564 A CN116669564 A CN 116669564A CN 202180090172 A CN202180090172 A CN 202180090172A CN 116669564 A CN116669564 A CN 116669564A
- Authority
- CN
- China
- Prior art keywords
- compound
- composition
- animal
- organosulfur
- compounds
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Pending
Links
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 155
- VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane Chemical compound C VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 136
- 241000282849 Ruminantia Species 0.000 title claims description 89
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims description 79
- 230000002503 metabolic effect Effects 0.000 title claims description 27
- 239000003112 inhibitor Substances 0.000 title description 38
- 241001465754 Metazoa Species 0.000 claims abstract description 168
- DIKBFYAXUHHXCS-UHFFFAOYSA-N bromoform Chemical compound BrC(Br)Br DIKBFYAXUHHXCS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 114
- 150000002898 organic sulfur compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 114
- -1 polyphenol compound Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 69
- 235000013824 polyphenols Nutrition 0.000 claims abstract description 67
- JDLKFOPOAOFWQN-VIFPVBQESA-N Allicin Natural products C=CCS[S@](=O)CC=C JDLKFOPOAOFWQN-VIFPVBQESA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 63
- JDLKFOPOAOFWQN-UHFFFAOYSA-N allicin Chemical compound C=CCSS(=O)CC=C JDLKFOPOAOFWQN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 63
- 235000010081 allicin Nutrition 0.000 claims abstract description 63
- 150000002896 organic halogen compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 63
- 229950005228 bromoform Drugs 0.000 claims abstract description 57
- 230000002401 inhibitory effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- 150000008442 polyphenolic compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 109
- 241000894007 species Species 0.000 claims description 80
- 241000196324 Embryophyta Species 0.000 claims description 68
- 241000234282 Allium Species 0.000 claims description 39
- IKGXIBQEEMLURG-NVPNHPEKSA-N rutin Chemical compound O[C@@H]1[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](C)O[C@H]1OC[C@@H]1[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](OC=2C(C3=C(O)C=C(O)C=C3OC=2C=2C=C(O)C(O)=CC=2)=O)O1 IKGXIBQEEMLURG-NVPNHPEKSA-N 0.000 claims description 27
- 239000001606 7-[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-4,5-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-3-[(2S,3R,4R,5R,6S)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-methyloxan-2-yl]oxyoxan-2-yl]oxy-5-hydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)chroman-4-one Substances 0.000 claims description 25
- DFPMSGMNTNDNHN-ZPHOTFPESA-N naringin Chemical compound O[C@@H]1[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](C)O[C@H]1O[C@H]1[C@H](OC=2C=C3O[C@@H](CC(=O)C3=C(O)C=2)C=2C=CC(O)=CC=2)O[C@H](CO)[C@@H](O)[C@@H]1O DFPMSGMNTNDNHN-ZPHOTFPESA-N 0.000 claims description 25
- 229930019673 naringin Natural products 0.000 claims description 25
- 229940052490 naringin Drugs 0.000 claims description 25
- ARGKVCXINMKCAZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N neohesperidine Natural products C1=C(O)C(OC)=CC=C1C1OC2=CC(OC3C(C(O)C(O)C(CO)O3)OC3C(C(O)C(O)C(C)O3)O)=CC(O)=C2C(=O)C1 ARGKVCXINMKCAZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 25
- PFRGXCVKLLPLIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N diallyl disulfide Chemical compound C=CCSSCC=C PFRGXCVKLLPLIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 23
- ARGKVCXINMKCAZ-UZRWAPQLSA-N neohesperidin Chemical compound C1=C(O)C(OC)=CC=C1[C@H]1OC2=CC(O[C@H]3[C@@H]([C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O3)O[C@H]3[C@@H]([C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](C)O3)O)=CC(O)=C2C(=O)C1 ARGKVCXINMKCAZ-UZRWAPQLSA-N 0.000 claims description 20
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 16
- UBJVUCKUDDKUJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Diallyl sulfide Chemical compound C=CCSCC=C UBJVUCKUDDKUJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 14
- 241001494479 Pecora Species 0.000 claims description 14
- 241000283707 Capra Species 0.000 claims description 13
- 238000011282 treatment Methods 0.000 claims description 12
- ULIKDJVNUXNQHS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-Propene-1-thiol Chemical compound SCC=C ULIKDJVNUXNQHS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 84
- 229940093797 bioflavonoids Drugs 0.000 description 71
- 241000202974 Methanobacterium Species 0.000 description 70
- IAZDPXIOMUYVGZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dimethylsulphoxide Chemical compound CS(C)=O IAZDPXIOMUYVGZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 60
- XMOCLSLCDHWDHP-IUODEOHRSA-N epi-Gallocatechin Chemical compound C1([C@H]2OC3=CC(O)=CC(O)=C3C[C@H]2O)=CC(O)=C(O)C(O)=C1 XMOCLSLCDHWDHP-IUODEOHRSA-N 0.000 description 56
- 239000006052 feed supplement Substances 0.000 description 56
- 240000001548 Camellia japonica Species 0.000 description 44
- 240000002234 Allium sativum Species 0.000 description 43
- 235000004611 garlic Nutrition 0.000 description 43
- 235000018597 common camellia Nutrition 0.000 description 42
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 42
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 41
- 241001474374 Blennius Species 0.000 description 38
- IYRMWMYZSQPJKC-UHFFFAOYSA-N kaempferol Chemical compound C1=CC(O)=CC=C1C1=C(O)C(=O)C2=C(O)C=C(O)C=C2O1 IYRMWMYZSQPJKC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 38
- XMOCLSLCDHWDHP-UHFFFAOYSA-N L-Epigallocatechin Natural products OC1CC2=C(O)C=C(O)C=C2OC1C1=CC(O)=C(O)C(O)=C1 XMOCLSLCDHWDHP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 36
- DZYNKLUGCOSVKS-UHFFFAOYSA-N epigallocatechin Natural products OC1Cc2cc(O)cc(O)c2OC1c3cc(O)c(O)c(O)c3 DZYNKLUGCOSVKS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 36
- MWDZOUNAPSSOEL-UHFFFAOYSA-N kaempferol Natural products OC1=C(C(=O)c2cc(O)cc(O)c2O1)c3ccc(O)cc3 MWDZOUNAPSSOEL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 35
- REFJWTPEDVJJIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Quercetin Chemical compound C=1C(O)=CC(O)=C(C(C=2O)=O)C=1OC=2C1=CC=C(O)C(O)=C1 REFJWTPEDVJJIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 32
- 241000207199 Citrus Species 0.000 description 31
- 235000020971 citrus fruits Nutrition 0.000 description 31
- 244000269722 Thea sinensis Species 0.000 description 29
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 29
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 26
- 235000013336 milk Nutrition 0.000 description 24
- 239000008267 milk Substances 0.000 description 24
- 210000004080 milk Anatomy 0.000 description 24
- 241000283690 Bos taurus Species 0.000 description 22
- PFTAWBLQPZVEMU-ZFWWWQNUSA-N (+)-epicatechin Natural products C1([C@@H]2OC3=CC(O)=CC(O)=C3C[C@@H]2O)=CC=C(O)C(O)=C1 PFTAWBLQPZVEMU-ZFWWWQNUSA-N 0.000 description 21
- PFTAWBLQPZVEMU-UKRRQHHQSA-N (-)-epicatechin Chemical compound C1([C@H]2OC3=CC(O)=CC(O)=C3C[C@H]2O)=CC=C(O)C(O)=C1 PFTAWBLQPZVEMU-UKRRQHHQSA-N 0.000 description 21
- 235000012734 epicatechin Nutrition 0.000 description 21
- LPTRNLNOHUVQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-N epicatechin Natural products Cc1cc(O)cc2OC(C(O)Cc12)c1ccc(O)c(O)c1 LPTRNLNOHUVQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 21
- 239000003925 fat Substances 0.000 description 21
- 235000019197 fats Nutrition 0.000 description 21
- 235000013399 edible fruits Nutrition 0.000 description 20
- LVJJFMLUMNSUFN-UHFFFAOYSA-N gallocatechin gallate Natural products C1=C(O)C=C2OC(C=3C=C(O)C(O)=CC=3)C(O)CC2=C1OC(=O)C1=CC(O)=C(O)C(O)=C1 LVJJFMLUMNSUFN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 20
- UBSCDKPKWHYZNX-UHFFFAOYSA-N Demethoxycapillarisin Natural products C1=CC(O)=CC=C1OC1=CC(=O)C2=C(O)C=C(O)C=C2O1 UBSCDKPKWHYZNX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 19
- 235000008777 kaempferol Nutrition 0.000 description 19
- 235000013372 meat Nutrition 0.000 description 19
- UXOUKMQIEVGVLY-UHFFFAOYSA-N morin Natural products OC1=CC(O)=CC(C2=C(C(=O)C3=C(O)C=C(O)C=C3O2)O)=C1 UXOUKMQIEVGVLY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 19
- 241001083505 Punica Species 0.000 description 18
- 229930003949 flavanone Natural products 0.000 description 18
- 235000011981 flavanones Nutrition 0.000 description 18
- 239000000460 chlorine Substances 0.000 description 17
- XMOCLSLCDHWDHP-SWLSCSKDSA-N (+)-Epigallocatechin Natural products C1([C@H]2OC3=CC(O)=CC(O)=C3C[C@@H]2O)=CC(O)=C(O)C(O)=C1 XMOCLSLCDHWDHP-SWLSCSKDSA-N 0.000 description 16
- LSHVYAFMTMFKBA-TZIWHRDSSA-N (-)-epicatechin-3-O-gallate Chemical compound O([C@@H]1CC2=C(O)C=C(C=C2O[C@@H]1C=1C=C(O)C(O)=CC=1)O)C(=O)C1=CC(O)=C(O)C(O)=C1 LSHVYAFMTMFKBA-TZIWHRDSSA-N 0.000 description 16
- 241000117443 Camellia crapnelliana Species 0.000 description 16
- LSHVYAFMTMFKBA-UHFFFAOYSA-N ECG Natural products C=1C=C(O)C(O)=CC=1C1OC2=CC(O)=CC(O)=C2CC1OC(=O)C1=CC(O)=C(O)C(O)=C1 LSHVYAFMTMFKBA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 16
- ZVOLCUVKHLEPEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Quercetagetin Natural products C1=C(O)C(O)=CC=C1C1=C(O)C(=O)C2=C(O)C(O)=C(O)C=C2O1 ZVOLCUVKHLEPEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 16
- HWTZYBCRDDUBJY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Rhynchosin Natural products C1=C(O)C(O)=CC=C1C1=C(O)C(=O)C2=CC(O)=C(O)C=C2O1 HWTZYBCRDDUBJY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 16
- 235000005875 quercetin Nutrition 0.000 description 16
- 229960001285 quercetin Drugs 0.000 description 16
- WMBWREPUVVBILR-UHFFFAOYSA-N GCG Natural products C=1C(O)=C(O)C(O)=CC=1C1OC2=CC(O)=CC(O)=C2CC1OC(=O)C1=CC(O)=C(O)C(O)=C1 WMBWREPUVVBILR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 15
- 210000004209 hair Anatomy 0.000 description 15
- 230000000696 methanogenic effect Effects 0.000 description 15
- 235000013616 tea Nutrition 0.000 description 15
- 230000005764 inhibitory process Effects 0.000 description 14
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 13
- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 description 13
- 229930003944 flavone Natural products 0.000 description 13
- 235000011949 flavones Nutrition 0.000 description 13
- PFTAWBLQPZVEMU-DZGCQCFKSA-N (+)-catechin Chemical compound C1([C@H]2OC3=CC(O)=CC(O)=C3C[C@@H]2O)=CC=C(O)C(O)=C1 PFTAWBLQPZVEMU-DZGCQCFKSA-N 0.000 description 12
- LSHVYAFMTMFKBA-PZJWPPBQSA-N (+)-catechin-3-O-gallate Chemical compound O([C@H]1CC2=C(O)C=C(C=C2O[C@@H]1C=1C=C(O)C(O)=CC=1)O)C(=O)C1=CC(O)=C(O)C(O)=C1 LSHVYAFMTMFKBA-PZJWPPBQSA-N 0.000 description 12
- 241001478778 Cladophora Species 0.000 description 12
- 241000199924 Dictyota Species 0.000 description 12
- 241000196252 Ulva Species 0.000 description 12
- ADRVNXBAWSRFAJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N catechin Natural products OC1Cc2cc(O)cc(O)c2OC1c3ccc(O)c(O)c3 ADRVNXBAWSRFAJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 12
- 235000005487 catechin Nutrition 0.000 description 12
- 229950001002 cianidanol Drugs 0.000 description 12
- 150000002208 flavanones Chemical class 0.000 description 12
- 235000006468 Thea sinensis Nutrition 0.000 description 11
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 11
- 230000029142 excretion Effects 0.000 description 11
- 229930182470 glycoside Natural products 0.000 description 11
- 230000002829 reductive effect Effects 0.000 description 11
- 239000001100 (2S)-5,7-dihydroxy-2-(3-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)chroman-4-one Substances 0.000 description 10
- 241000205276 Methanosarcina Species 0.000 description 10
- GQPLMRYTRLFLPF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nitrous Oxide Chemical compound [O-][N+]#N GQPLMRYTRLFLPF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 10
- 244000294611 Punica granatum Species 0.000 description 10
- 235000014360 Punica granatum Nutrition 0.000 description 10
- CKUAXEQHGKSLHN-UHFFFAOYSA-N [C].[N] Chemical compound [C].[N] CKUAXEQHGKSLHN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 10
- 235000010208 anthocyanin Nutrition 0.000 description 10
- 239000004410 anthocyanin Substances 0.000 description 10
- 229930002877 anthocyanin Natural products 0.000 description 10
- 150000004636 anthocyanins Chemical class 0.000 description 10
- 230000012010 growth Effects 0.000 description 10
- 235000015097 nutrients Nutrition 0.000 description 10
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 10
- VHBFFQKBGNRLFZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N vitamin p Natural products O1C2=CC=CC=C2C(=O)C=C1C1=CC=CC=C1 VHBFFQKBGNRLFZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 10
- JMGZEFIQIZZSBH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Bioquercetin Natural products CC1OC(OCC(O)C2OC(OC3=C(Oc4cc(O)cc(O)c4C3=O)c5ccc(O)c(O)c5)C(O)C2O)C(O)C(O)C1O JMGZEFIQIZZSBH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- 235000002566 Capsicum Nutrition 0.000 description 9
- 239000001390 capsicum minimum Substances 0.000 description 9
- IVTMALDHFAHOGL-UHFFFAOYSA-N eriodictyol 7-O-rutinoside Natural products OC1C(O)C(O)C(C)OC1OCC1C(O)C(O)C(O)C(OC=2C=C3C(C(C(O)=C(O3)C=3C=C(O)C(O)=CC=3)=O)=C(O)C=2)O1 IVTMALDHFAHOGL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- 239000000284 extract Substances 0.000 description 9
- 235000006539 genistein Nutrition 0.000 description 9
- 229940045109 genistein Drugs 0.000 description 9
- TZBJGXHYKVUXJN-UHFFFAOYSA-N genistein Natural products C1=CC(O)=CC=C1C1=COC2=CC(O)=CC(O)=C2C1=O TZBJGXHYKVUXJN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- ZCOLJUOHXJRHDI-CMWLGVBASA-N genistein 7-O-beta-D-glucoside Chemical compound O[C@@H]1[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O[C@H]1OC1=CC(O)=C2C(=O)C(C=3C=CC(O)=CC=3)=COC2=C1 ZCOLJUOHXJRHDI-CMWLGVBASA-N 0.000 description 9
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 9
- 235000018102 proteins Nutrition 0.000 description 9
- 102000004169 proteins and genes Human genes 0.000 description 9
- 108090000623 proteins and genes Proteins 0.000 description 9
- FDRQPMVGJOQVTL-UHFFFAOYSA-N quercetin rutinoside Natural products OC1C(O)C(O)C(CO)OC1OCC1C(O)C(O)C(O)C(OC=2C(C3=C(O)C=C(O)C=C3OC=2C=2C=C(O)C(O)=CC=2)=O)O1 FDRQPMVGJOQVTL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- 235000005493 rutin Nutrition 0.000 description 9
- ALABRVAAKCSLSC-UHFFFAOYSA-N rutin Natural products CC1OC(OCC2OC(O)C(O)C(O)C2O)C(O)C(O)C1OC3=C(Oc4cc(O)cc(O)c4C3=O)c5ccc(O)c(O)c5 ALABRVAAKCSLSC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- 229960004555 rutoside Drugs 0.000 description 9
- WMBWREPUVVBILR-GHTZIAJQSA-N (+)-gallocatechin gallate Chemical compound O([C@H]1CC2=C(O)C=C(C=C2O[C@@H]1C=1C=C(O)C(O)=C(O)C=1)O)C(=O)C1=CC(O)=C(O)C(O)=C1 WMBWREPUVVBILR-GHTZIAJQSA-N 0.000 description 8
- YQUVCSBJEUQKSH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C1=CC=C(O)C(O)=C1 YQUVCSBJEUQKSH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 241000020870 Asparagopsis taxiformis Species 0.000 description 8
- 235000011331 Brassica Nutrition 0.000 description 8
- 241000219198 Brassica Species 0.000 description 8
- 241000208293 Capsicum Species 0.000 description 8
- CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon dioxide Chemical compound O=C=O CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 241000220225 Malus Species 0.000 description 8
- 241000203353 Methanococcus Species 0.000 description 8
- 241001649095 Methanoculleus bourgensis Species 0.000 description 8
- 241000234295 Musa Species 0.000 description 8
- 241000219833 Phaseolus Species 0.000 description 8
- 241000220324 Pyrus Species 0.000 description 8
- ZONYXWQDUYMKFB-UHFFFAOYSA-N SJ000286395 Natural products O1C2=CC=CC=C2C(=O)CC1C1=CC=CC=C1 ZONYXWQDUYMKFB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 241000207763 Solanum Species 0.000 description 8
- 235000002634 Solanum Nutrition 0.000 description 8
- ZYGHJZDHTFUPRJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N coumarin Chemical compound C1=CC=C2OC(=O)C=CC2=C1 ZYGHJZDHTFUPRJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- QOLIPNRNLBQTAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N flavan Chemical compound C1CC2=CC=CC=C2OC1C1=CC=CC=C1 QOLIPNRNLBQTAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- HVQAJTFOCKOKIN-UHFFFAOYSA-N flavonol Natural products O1C2=CC=CC=C2C(=O)C(O)=C1C1=CC=CC=C1 HVQAJTFOCKOKIN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 150000002216 flavonol derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 8
- 235000011957 flavonols Nutrition 0.000 description 8
- LNTHITQWFMADLM-UHFFFAOYSA-N gallic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C1=CC(O)=C(O)C(O)=C1 LNTHITQWFMADLM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 125000001741 organic sulfur group Chemical group 0.000 description 8
- 230000000750 progressive effect Effects 0.000 description 8
- 210000004767 rumen Anatomy 0.000 description 8
- QAIPRVGONGVQAS-DUXPYHPUSA-N trans-caffeic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)\C=C\C1=CC=C(O)C(O)=C1 QAIPRVGONGVQAS-DUXPYHPUSA-N 0.000 description 8
- WMBWREPUVVBILR-WIYYLYMNSA-N (-)-Epigallocatechin-3-o-gallate Chemical compound O([C@@H]1CC2=C(O)C=C(C=C2O[C@@H]1C=1C=C(O)C(O)=C(O)C=1)O)C(=O)C1=CC(O)=C(O)C(O)=C1 WMBWREPUVVBILR-WIYYLYMNSA-N 0.000 description 7
- 241001428387 Asparagopsis armata Species 0.000 description 7
- 241001529871 Methanococcus maripaludis Species 0.000 description 7
- 239000012141 concentrate Substances 0.000 description 7
- 235000013325 dietary fiber Nutrition 0.000 description 7
- 229940030275 epigallocatechin gallate Drugs 0.000 description 7
- 229930003939 flavanonol Natural products 0.000 description 7
- 150000002213 flavones Chemical class 0.000 description 7
- 229930003935 flavonoid Natural products 0.000 description 7
- 235000017173 flavonoids Nutrition 0.000 description 7
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 7
- 230000000670 limiting effect Effects 0.000 description 7
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 7
- 235000018553 tannin Nutrition 0.000 description 7
- 229920001864 tannin Polymers 0.000 description 7
- 239000001648 tannin Substances 0.000 description 7
- WWUZIQQURGPMPG-UHFFFAOYSA-N (-)-D-erythro-Sphingosine Natural products CCCCCCCCCCCCCC=CC(O)C(N)CO WWUZIQQURGPMPG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 235000002732 Allium cepa var. cepa Nutrition 0.000 description 6
- AUNGANRZJHBGPY-SCRDCRAPSA-N Riboflavin Chemical compound OC[C@@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H](O)CN1C=2C=C(C)C(C)=CC=2N=C2C1=NC(=O)NC2=O AUNGANRZJHBGPY-SCRDCRAPSA-N 0.000 description 6
- GAMYVSCDDLXAQW-AOIWZFSPSA-N Thermopsosid Natural products O(C)c1c(O)ccc(C=2Oc3c(c(O)cc(O[C@H]4[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H](CO)O4)c3)C(=O)C=2)c1 GAMYVSCDDLXAQW-AOIWZFSPSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 6
- 150000004056 anthraquinones Chemical class 0.000 description 6
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 6
- 150000002215 flavonoids Chemical class 0.000 description 6
- 230000006872 improvement Effects 0.000 description 6
- GOMNOOKGLZYEJT-UHFFFAOYSA-N isoflavone Chemical compound C=1OC2=CC=CC=C2C(=O)C=1C1=CC=CC=C1 GOMNOOKGLZYEJT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 229930013686 lignan Natural products 0.000 description 6
- 150000005692 lignans Chemical class 0.000 description 6
- 235000009408 lignans Nutrition 0.000 description 6
- 235000021232 nutrient availability Nutrition 0.000 description 6
- WWUZIQQURGPMPG-KRWOKUGFSA-N sphingosine Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCC\C=C\[C@@H](O)[C@@H](N)CO WWUZIQQURGPMPG-KRWOKUGFSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 239000011550 stock solution Substances 0.000 description 6
- 229940088594 vitamin Drugs 0.000 description 6
- 229930003231 vitamin Natural products 0.000 description 6
- 235000013343 vitamin Nutrition 0.000 description 6
- 239000011782 vitamin Substances 0.000 description 6
- NLAWPKPYBMEWIR-SKYQDXIQSA-N (2S)-poncirin Chemical compound C1=CC(OC)=CC=C1[C@H]1OC2=CC(O[C@H]3[C@@H]([C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O3)O[C@H]3[C@@H]([C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](C)O3)O)=CC(O)=C2C(=O)C1 NLAWPKPYBMEWIR-SKYQDXIQSA-N 0.000 description 5
- GVNVAWHJIKLAGL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(cyclohexen-1-yl)cyclohexan-1-one Chemical compound O=C1CCCCC1C1=CCCCC1 GVNVAWHJIKLAGL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- ZCYVEMRRCGMTRW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 7553-56-2 Chemical compound [I] ZCYVEMRRCGMTRW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 241001428388 Asparagopsis Species 0.000 description 5
- 241000894006 Bacteria Species 0.000 description 5
- 235000009024 Ceanothus sanguineus Nutrition 0.000 description 5
- 241000282994 Cervidae Species 0.000 description 5
- 101150065749 Churc1 gene Proteins 0.000 description 5
- 229910020314 ClBr Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 108090000790 Enzymes Proteins 0.000 description 5
- 102000004190 Enzymes Human genes 0.000 description 5
- HDOMLWFFJSLFBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Eriocitrin Natural products CC1OC(OCC2OC(Oc3cc(O)c4C(=O)CC(Oc4c3)c5ccc(OC6OC(COC7OC(C)C(O)C(O)C7O)C(O)C(O)C6O)c(O)c5)C(O)C(O)C2O)C(O)C(O)C1O HDOMLWFFJSLFBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- OMQADRGFMLGFJF-MNPJBKLOSA-N Eriodictioside Chemical compound O[C@@H]1[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](C)O[C@H]1OC[C@@H]1[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](OC=2C=C3O[C@@H](CC(=O)C3=C(O)C=2)C=2C=C(O)C(O)=CC=2)O1 OMQADRGFMLGFJF-MNPJBKLOSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 241000233866 Fungi Species 0.000 description 5
- QUQPHWDTPGMPEX-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hesperidine Natural products C1=C(O)C(OC)=CC=C1C1OC2=CC(OC3C(C(O)C(O)C(COC4C(C(O)C(O)C(C)O4)O)O3)O)=CC(O)=C2C(=O)C1 QUQPHWDTPGMPEX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 240000003553 Leptospermum scoparium Species 0.000 description 5
- 235000015459 Lycium barbarum Nutrition 0.000 description 5
- NLAWPKPYBMEWIR-VGQRFNKBSA-N Poncirin Natural products O([C@H]1[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H](CO)O[C@H]1Oc1cc(O)c2C(=O)C[C@@H](c3ccc(OC)cc3)Oc2c1)[C@H]1[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](C)O1 NLAWPKPYBMEWIR-VGQRFNKBSA-N 0.000 description 5
- CWEZAWNPTYBADX-UHFFFAOYSA-N Procyanidin Natural products OC1C(OC2C(O)C(Oc3c2c(O)cc(O)c3C4C(O)C(Oc5cc(O)cc(O)c45)c6ccc(O)c(O)c6)c7ccc(O)c(O)c7)c8c(O)cc(O)cc8OC1c9ccc(O)c(O)c9 CWEZAWNPTYBADX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 102100038239 Protein Churchill Human genes 0.000 description 5
- PYKYMHQGRFAEBM-UHFFFAOYSA-N anthraquinone Natural products CCC(=O)c1c(O)c2C(=O)C3C(C=CC=C3O)C(=O)c2cc1CC(=O)OC PYKYMHQGRFAEBM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- QUQPHWDTPGMPEX-UTWYECKDSA-N aurantiamarin Natural products COc1ccc(cc1O)[C@H]1CC(=O)c2c(O)cc(O[C@@H]3O[C@H](CO[C@@H]4O[C@@H](C)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H]4O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H]3O)cc2O1 QUQPHWDTPGMPEX-UTWYECKDSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 5
- APSNPMVGBGZYAJ-GLOOOPAXSA-N clematine Natural products COc1cc(ccc1O)[C@@H]2CC(=O)c3c(O)cc(O[C@@H]4O[C@H](CO[C@H]5O[C@@H](C)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H]5O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H]4O)cc3O2 APSNPMVGBGZYAJ-GLOOOPAXSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 5
- 150000002212 flavone derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 5
- 230000037406 food intake Effects 0.000 description 5
- 229930182478 glucoside Natural products 0.000 description 5
- 150000008131 glucosides Chemical class 0.000 description 5
- 239000005431 greenhouse gas Substances 0.000 description 5
- 229910052736 halogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 150000002367 halogens Chemical class 0.000 description 5
- AIONOLUJZLIMTK-AWEZNQCLSA-N hesperetin Chemical compound C1=C(O)C(OC)=CC=C1[C@H]1OC2=CC(O)=CC(O)=C2C(=O)C1 AIONOLUJZLIMTK-AWEZNQCLSA-N 0.000 description 5
- AIONOLUJZLIMTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N hesperetin Natural products C1=C(O)C(OC)=CC=C1C1OC2=CC(O)=CC(O)=C2C(=O)C1 AIONOLUJZLIMTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 235000010209 hesperetin Nutrition 0.000 description 5
- 229960001587 hesperetin Drugs 0.000 description 5
- 229940025878 hesperidin Drugs 0.000 description 5
- QUQPHWDTPGMPEX-QJBIFVCTSA-N hesperidin Chemical compound C1=C(O)C(OC)=CC=C1[C@H]1OC2=CC(O[C@H]3[C@@H]([C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](CO[C@H]4[C@@H]([C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](C)O4)O)O3)O)=CC(O)=C2C(=O)C1 QUQPHWDTPGMPEX-QJBIFVCTSA-N 0.000 description 5
- VUYDGVRIQRPHFX-UHFFFAOYSA-N hesperidin Natural products COc1cc(ccc1O)C2CC(=O)c3c(O)cc(OC4OC(COC5OC(O)C(O)C(O)C5O)C(O)C(O)C4O)cc3O2 VUYDGVRIQRPHFX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- FTODBIPDTXRIGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N homoeriodictyol Natural products C1=C(O)C(OC)=CC(C2OC3=CC(O)=CC(O)=C3C(=O)C2)=C1 FTODBIPDTXRIGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 239000011630 iodine Substances 0.000 description 5
- 229910052740 iodine Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- NNQSGBRGJHSRFN-UHFFFAOYSA-N isoflavan Chemical compound C1OC2=CC=CC=C2CC1C1=CC=CC=C1 NNQSGBRGJHSRFN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- CJWQYWQDLBZGPD-UHFFFAOYSA-N isoflavone Natural products C1=C(OC)C(OC)=CC(OC)=C1C1=COC2=C(C=CC(C)(C)O3)C3=C(OC)C=C2C1=O CJWQYWQDLBZGPD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 235000008696 isoflavones Nutrition 0.000 description 5
- 229920005610 lignin Polymers 0.000 description 5
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 5
- 229960001730 nitrous oxide Drugs 0.000 description 5
- 239000008188 pellet Substances 0.000 description 5
- 150000007965 phenolic acids Chemical class 0.000 description 5
- 229920002414 procyanidin Polymers 0.000 description 5
- 150000001629 stilbenes Chemical class 0.000 description 5
- 235000021286 stilbenes Nutrition 0.000 description 5
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 5
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 5
- 230000002485 urinary effect Effects 0.000 description 5
- 210000002700 urine Anatomy 0.000 description 5
- ACEAELOMUCBPJP-UHFFFAOYSA-N (E)-3,4,5-trihydroxycinnamic acid Natural products OC(=O)C=CC1=CC(O)=C(O)C(O)=C1 ACEAELOMUCBPJP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- KSEBMYQBYZTDHS-HWKANZROSA-M (E)-Ferulic acid Natural products COC1=CC(\C=C\C([O-])=O)=CC=C1O KSEBMYQBYZTDHS-HWKANZROSA-M 0.000 description 4
- FTVWIRXFELQLPI-ZDUSSCGKSA-N (S)-naringenin Chemical compound C1=CC(O)=CC=C1[C@H]1OC2=CC(O)=CC(O)=C2C(=O)C1 FTVWIRXFELQLPI-ZDUSSCGKSA-N 0.000 description 4
- WBYWAXJHAXSJNI-VOTSOKGWSA-M .beta-Phenylacrylic acid Natural products [O-]C(=O)\C=C\C1=CC=CC=C1 WBYWAXJHAXSJNI-VOTSOKGWSA-M 0.000 description 4
- YEDFEBOUHSBQBT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,3-dihydroflavon-3-ol Chemical compound O1C2=CC=CC=C2C(=O)C(O)C1C1=CC=CC=C1 YEDFEBOUHSBQBT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- CWVRJTMFETXNAD-FWCWNIRPSA-N 3-O-Caffeoylquinic acid Natural products O[C@H]1[C@@H](O)C[C@@](O)(C(O)=O)C[C@H]1OC(=O)\C=C\C1=CC=C(O)C(O)=C1 CWVRJTMFETXNAD-FWCWNIRPSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 240000006108 Allium ampeloprasum Species 0.000 description 4
- 235000005254 Allium ampeloprasum Nutrition 0.000 description 4
- 244000291564 Allium cepa Species 0.000 description 4
- 235000005255 Allium cepa Nutrition 0.000 description 4
- QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonia Chemical compound N QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- PZIRUHCJZBGLDY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Caffeoylquinic acid Natural products CC(CCC(=O)C(C)C1C(=O)CC2C3CC(O)C4CC(O)CCC4(C)C3CCC12C)C(=O)O PZIRUHCJZBGLDY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- WBYWAXJHAXSJNI-SREVYHEPSA-N Cinnamic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)\C=C/C1=CC=CC=C1 WBYWAXJHAXSJNI-SREVYHEPSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 235000007716 Citrus aurantium Nutrition 0.000 description 4
- 240000003791 Citrus myrtifolia Species 0.000 description 4
- 235000000228 Citrus myrtifolia Nutrition 0.000 description 4
- 235000016646 Citrus taiwanica Nutrition 0.000 description 4
- 241000195493 Cryptophyta Species 0.000 description 4
- 241000219112 Cucumis Species 0.000 description 4
- 235000010071 Cucumis prophetarum Nutrition 0.000 description 4
- 240000008067 Cucumis sativus Species 0.000 description 4
- 235000010799 Cucumis sativus var sativus Nutrition 0.000 description 4
- 229920002079 Ellagic acid Polymers 0.000 description 4
- AFSDNFLWKVMVRB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ellagic acid Chemical compound OC1=C(O)C(OC2=O)=C3C4=C2C=C(O)C(O)=C4OC(=O)C3=C1 AFSDNFLWKVMVRB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- ATJXMQHAMYVHRX-CPCISQLKSA-N Ellagic acid Natural products OC1=C(O)[C@H]2OC(=O)c3cc(O)c(O)c4OC(=O)C(=C1)[C@H]2c34 ATJXMQHAMYVHRX-CPCISQLKSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 241000987890 Methanobacterium beijingense Species 0.000 description 4
- 241000202972 Methanobacterium bryantii Species 0.000 description 4
- 241000202970 Methanobacterium formicicum Species 0.000 description 4
- 241000502791 Methanobrevibacter boviskoreani Species 0.000 description 4
- 241001407720 Methanobrevibacter gottschalkii Species 0.000 description 4
- 241000586182 Methanobrevibacter millerae Species 0.000 description 4
- 241001160906 Methanobrevibacter olleyae Species 0.000 description 4
- 241001648836 Methanobrevibacter ruminantium Species 0.000 description 4
- 241000202985 Methanobrevibacter smithii Species 0.000 description 4
- 241001407721 Methanobrevibacter thaueri Species 0.000 description 4
- 241001407718 Methanobrevibacter woesei Species 0.000 description 4
- 241001407719 Methanobrevibacter wolinii Species 0.000 description 4
- 241000203422 Methanoculleus marisnigri Species 0.000 description 4
- 241000205278 Methanomicrobium mobile Species 0.000 description 4
- 241000205275 Methanosarcina barkeri Species 0.000 description 4
- 241000205274 Methanosarcina mazei Species 0.000 description 4
- 241000204676 Methanosphaera stadtmanae Species 0.000 description 4
- CWVRJTMFETXNAD-KLZCAUPSSA-N Neochlorogenin-saeure Natural products O[C@H]1C[C@@](O)(C[C@@H](OC(=O)C=Cc2ccc(O)c(O)c2)[C@@H]1O)C(=O)O CWVRJTMFETXNAD-KLZCAUPSSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 229920000241 Punicalagin Polymers 0.000 description 4
- 235000014443 Pyrus communis Nutrition 0.000 description 4
- 241001493421 Robinia <trematode> Species 0.000 description 4
- 244000044283 Toxicodendron succedaneum Species 0.000 description 4
- 239000006286 aqueous extract Substances 0.000 description 4
- 235000004883 caffeic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 4
- 229940074360 caffeic acid Drugs 0.000 description 4
- 229910002092 carbon dioxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 239000001569 carbon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 4
- 235000013339 cereals Nutrition 0.000 description 4
- 235000001368 chlorogenic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 4
- 229940074393 chlorogenic acid Drugs 0.000 description 4
- CWVRJTMFETXNAD-JUHZACGLSA-N chlorogenic acid Chemical compound O[C@@H]1[C@H](O)C[C@@](O)(C(O)=O)C[C@H]1OC(=O)\C=C\C1=CC=C(O)C(O)=C1 CWVRJTMFETXNAD-JUHZACGLSA-N 0.000 description 4
- FFQSDFBBSXGVKF-KHSQJDLVSA-N chlorogenic acid Natural products O[C@@H]1C[C@](O)(C[C@@H](CC(=O)C=Cc2ccc(O)c(O)c2)[C@@H]1O)C(=O)O FFQSDFBBSXGVKF-KHSQJDLVSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 235000013985 cinnamic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 4
- 229930016911 cinnamic acid Natural products 0.000 description 4
- BMRSEYFENKXDIS-KLZCAUPSSA-N cis-3-O-p-coumaroylquinic acid Natural products O[C@H]1C[C@@](O)(C[C@@H](OC(=O)C=Cc2ccc(O)cc2)[C@@H]1O)C(=O)O BMRSEYFENKXDIS-KLZCAUPSSA-N 0.000 description 4
- QAIPRVGONGVQAS-UHFFFAOYSA-N cis-caffeic acid Natural products OC(=O)C=CC1=CC=C(O)C(O)=C1 QAIPRVGONGVQAS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 238000002591 computed tomography Methods 0.000 description 4
- 235000001671 coumarin Nutrition 0.000 description 4
- 229960000956 coumarin Drugs 0.000 description 4
- 239000006071 cream Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229960002852 ellagic acid Drugs 0.000 description 4
- 235000004132 ellagic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 4
- 235000001785 ferulic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 4
- KSEBMYQBYZTDHS-HWKANZROSA-N ferulic acid Chemical compound COC1=CC(\C=C\C(O)=O)=CC=C1O KSEBMYQBYZTDHS-HWKANZROSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 229940114124 ferulic acid Drugs 0.000 description 4
- KSEBMYQBYZTDHS-UHFFFAOYSA-N ferulic acid Natural products COC1=CC(C=CC(O)=O)=CC=C1O KSEBMYQBYZTDHS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 235000004515 gallic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 4
- 229940074391 gallic acid Drugs 0.000 description 4
- 150000002338 glycosides Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- 229930005346 hydroxycinnamic acid Natural products 0.000 description 4
- 235000010359 hydroxycinnamic acids Nutrition 0.000 description 4
- 230000000968 intestinal effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 4
- WBYWAXJHAXSJNI-UHFFFAOYSA-N methyl p-hydroxycinnamate Natural products OC(=O)C=CC1=CC=CC=C1 WBYWAXJHAXSJNI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- FAARLWTXUUQFSN-UHFFFAOYSA-N methylellagic acid Natural products O1C(=O)C2=CC(O)=C(O)C3=C2C2=C1C(OC)=C(O)C=C2C(=O)O3 FAARLWTXUUQFSN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 4
- WGEYAGZBLYNDFV-UHFFFAOYSA-N naringenin Natural products C1(=O)C2=C(O)C=C(O)C=C2OC(C1)C1=CC=C(CC1)O WGEYAGZBLYNDFV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 235000007625 naringenin Nutrition 0.000 description 4
- 229940117954 naringenin Drugs 0.000 description 4
- 239000005077 polysulfide Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229920001021 polysulfide Polymers 0.000 description 4
- 150000008117 polysulfides Polymers 0.000 description 4
- ZJVUMAFASBFUBG-OGJBWQGYSA-N punicalagin Chemical compound C([C@H]1O[C@@H]([C@@H]2OC(=O)C3=CC(O)=C(O)C(O)=C3C3=C(O)C(O)=C(O)C=C3C(=O)O[C@H]2[C@@H]1OC(=O)C1=CC(O)=C(O)C(O)=C11)O)OC(=O)C2=CC(O)=C(O)C(O)=C2C2=C(O)C(O)=C(OC3=O)C4=C2C(=O)OC2=C4C3=C1C(O)=C2O ZJVUMAFASBFUBG-OGJBWQGYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- LMIBIMUSUFYFJN-RSVYENFWSA-N punicalagin Natural products O[C@@H]1O[C@@H]2COC(=O)c3cc(O)c(O)c(O)c3c4c(O)cc5OC(=O)c6c(c(O)c(O)c7OC(=O)c4c5c67)c8c(O)c(O)c(O)cc8C(=O)O[C@H]2[C@@H]9OC(=O)c%10cc(O)c(O)c(O)c%10c%11c(O)c(O)c(O)cc%11C(=O)O[C@@H]19 LMIBIMUSUFYFJN-RSVYENFWSA-N 0.000 description 4
- ZRKSVMFLACVUIU-UHFFFAOYSA-N punicalagin isomer Natural products OC1=C(O)C(=C2C3=4)OC(=O)C=4C4=C(O)C(O)=C3OC(=O)C2=C1C1=C(O)C(O)=C(O)C=C1C(=O)OC1C2OC(=O)C3=CC(O)=C(O)C(O)=C3C3=C(O)C(O)=C(O)C=C3C(=O)OC2C(O)OC1COC(=O)C1=CC4=C(O)C(O)=C1O ZRKSVMFLACVUIU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 229930000044 secondary metabolite Natural products 0.000 description 4
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 4
- 150000003573 thiols Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- NGSWKAQJJWESNS-ZZXKWVIFSA-N trans-4-coumaric acid Chemical compound OC(=O)\C=C\C1=CC=C(O)C=C1 NGSWKAQJJWESNS-ZZXKWVIFSA-N 0.000 description 4
- QURCVMIEKCOAJU-UHFFFAOYSA-N trans-isoferulic acid Natural products COC1=CC=C(C=CC(O)=O)C=C1O QURCVMIEKCOAJU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 238000012546 transfer Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000010792 warming Methods 0.000 description 4
- 108010092760 Alliin lyase Proteins 0.000 description 3
- 241000282817 Bovidae Species 0.000 description 3
- WKBOTKDWSSQWDR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Bromine atom Chemical compound [Br] WKBOTKDWSSQWDR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 244000025254 Cannabis sativa Species 0.000 description 3
- BWGNESOTFCXPMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dihydrogen disulfide Chemical compound SS BWGNESOTFCXPMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- RWSOTUBLDIXVET-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dihydrogen sulfide Chemical class S RWSOTUBLDIXVET-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 235000007297 Gaultheria procumbens Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 240000001238 Gaultheria procumbens Species 0.000 description 3
- 235000010394 Solidago odora Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 240000006394 Sorghum bicolor Species 0.000 description 3
- 235000011684 Sorghum saccharatum Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 244000186561 Swietenia macrophylla Species 0.000 description 3
- 241000736767 Vaccinium Species 0.000 description 3
- GDTBXPJZTBHREO-UHFFFAOYSA-N bromine Substances BrBr GDTBXPJZTBHREO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229910052794 bromium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 235000019577 caloric intake Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 235000005911 diet Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 230000037213 diet Effects 0.000 description 3
- 150000002019 disulfides Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 3
- 150000002210 flavanonols Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 239000004459 forage Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000009472 formulation Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000008187 granular material Substances 0.000 description 3
- 235000009569 green tea Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 238000011534 incubation Methods 0.000 description 3
- 229910052500 inorganic mineral Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 235000002324 isoflavanes Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 230000002147 killing effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000002386 leaching Methods 0.000 description 3
- 235000021374 legumes Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 239000011707 mineral Substances 0.000 description 3
- 235000010755 mineral Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 239000001272 nitrous oxide Substances 0.000 description 3
- 235000019645 odor Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 230000001590 oxidative effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 150000002989 phenols Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 150000003462 sulfoxides Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 150000007970 thio esters Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 150000003568 thioethers Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- YBJHBAHKTGYVGT-ZKWXMUAHSA-N (+)-Biotin Chemical compound N1C(=O)N[C@@H]2[C@H](CCCCC(=O)O)SC[C@@H]21 YBJHBAHKTGYVGT-ZKWXMUAHSA-N 0.000 description 2
- GHOKWGTUZJEAQD-ZETCQYMHSA-N (D)-(+)-Pantothenic acid Chemical compound OCC(C)(C)[C@@H](O)C(=O)NCCC(O)=O GHOKWGTUZJEAQD-ZETCQYMHSA-N 0.000 description 2
- GVJHHUAWPYXKBD-UHFFFAOYSA-N (±)-α-Tocopherol Chemical compound OC1=C(C)C(C)=C2OC(CCCC(C)CCCC(C)CCCC(C)C)(C)CCC2=C1C GVJHHUAWPYXKBD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- XUKBDTUPIIADOP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-vinyl-4h-1,3-dithiine Chemical class C=CC1SCC=CS1 XUKBDTUPIIADOP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- SAZHWFFOFMSQPA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-phenylcoumarin Chemical compound C12=CC=CC=C2OC(=O)C=C1C1=CC=CC=C1 SAZHWFFOFMSQPA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- XUHLIQGRKRUKPH-GCXOYZPQSA-N Alliin Natural products N[C@H](C[S@@](=O)CC=C)C(O)=O XUHLIQGRKRUKPH-GCXOYZPQSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 235000016790 Allium chinense Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 244000295724 Allium chinense Species 0.000 description 2
- 235000008553 Allium fistulosum Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 244000257727 Allium fistulosum Species 0.000 description 2
- 235000005336 Allium ursinum Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 244000003363 Allium ursinum Species 0.000 description 2
- 241000203069 Archaea Species 0.000 description 2
- CIWBSHSKHKDKBQ-JLAZNSOCSA-N Ascorbic acid Chemical compound OC[C@H](O)[C@H]1OC(=O)C(O)=C1O CIWBSHSKHKDKBQ-JLAZNSOCSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 208000035143 Bacterial infection Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 235000009590 Calophyllum inophyllum Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 240000005589 Calophyllum inophyllum Species 0.000 description 2
- 241001343488 Camellia caudata Species 0.000 description 2
- 241000526900 Camellia oleifera Species 0.000 description 2
- 241001657422 Camellia petelotii Species 0.000 description 2
- 235000002537 Camellia sasanqua Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 240000006833 Camellia sasanqua Species 0.000 description 2
- ZAMOUSCENKQFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chlorine atom Chemical compound [Cl] ZAMOUSCENKQFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 241000223782 Ciliophora Species 0.000 description 2
- 241000192700 Cyanobacteria Species 0.000 description 2
- BDAGIHXWWSANSR-UHFFFAOYSA-M Formate Chemical compound [O-]C=O BDAGIHXWWSANSR-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- 235000016623 Fragaria vesca Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 240000009088 Fragaria x ananassa Species 0.000 description 2
- 235000011363 Fragaria x ananassa Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 102000004286 Hydroxymethylglutaryl CoA Reductases Human genes 0.000 description 2
- 108090000895 Hydroxymethylglutaryl CoA Reductases Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 206010020649 Hyperkeratosis Diseases 0.000 description 2
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229920000161 Locust bean gum Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 241001330975 Magnaporthe oryzae Species 0.000 description 2
- XUMBMVFBXHLACL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Melanin Chemical compound O=C1C(=O)C(C2=CNC3=C(C(C(=O)C4=C32)=O)C)=C2C4=CNC2=C1C XUMBMVFBXHLACL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 241001074903 Methanobacteria Species 0.000 description 2
- 241000204677 Methanosphaera Species 0.000 description 2
- 102000016397 Methyltransferase Human genes 0.000 description 2
- 108060004795 Methyltransferase Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 241000736262 Microbiota Species 0.000 description 2
- NHNBFGGVMKEFGY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nitrate Chemical compound [O-][N+]([O-])=O NHNBFGGVMKEFGY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- ISWSIDIOOBJBQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phenol Chemical compound OC1=CC=CC=C1 ISWSIDIOOBJBQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- XUHLIQGRKRUKPH-UHFFFAOYSA-N S-allyl-L-cysteine sulfoxide Natural products OC(=O)C(N)CS(=O)CC=C XUHLIQGRKRUKPH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- ZFAHNWWNDFHPOH-YFKPBYRVSA-N S-allylcysteine Chemical compound OC(=O)[C@@H](N)CSCC=C ZFAHNWWNDFHPOH-YFKPBYRVSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 241000192023 Sarcina Species 0.000 description 2
- BUGBHKTXTAQXES-UHFFFAOYSA-N Selenium Chemical compound [Se] BUGBHKTXTAQXES-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 241000282830 Tylopoda Species 0.000 description 2
- 235000017537 Vaccinium myrtillus Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 244000078534 Vaccinium myrtillus Species 0.000 description 2
- 229930003779 Vitamin B12 Natural products 0.000 description 2
- 240000008042 Zea mays Species 0.000 description 2
- 235000005824 Zea mays ssp. parviglumis Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 235000002017 Zea mays subsp mays Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000012675 alcoholic extract Substances 0.000 description 2
- XUHLIQGRKRUKPH-DYEAUMGKSA-N alliin Chemical compound OC(=O)[C@@H](N)C[S@@](=O)CC=C XUHLIQGRKRUKPH-DYEAUMGKSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 235000015295 alliin Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 229910021529 ammonia Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 230000001195 anabolic effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000000507 anthelmentic effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229930014669 anthocyanidin Natural products 0.000 description 2
- 235000008758 anthocyanidins Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 230000000844 anti-bacterial effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 125000002029 aromatic hydrocarbon group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 208000022362 bacterial infectious disease Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 235000015278 beef Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- GXJABQQUPOEUTA-RDJZCZTQSA-N bortezomib Chemical compound C([C@@H](C(=O)N[C@@H](CC(C)C)B(O)O)NC(=O)C=1N=CC=NC=1)C1=CC=CC=C1 GXJABQQUPOEUTA-RDJZCZTQSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229960001467 bortezomib Drugs 0.000 description 2
- 235000020299 breve Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 239000006227 byproduct Substances 0.000 description 2
- 235000014633 carbohydrates Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 150000001720 carbohydrates Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 229910002091 carbon monoxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- YCIMNLLNPGFGHC-UHFFFAOYSA-N catechol Chemical compound OC1=CC=CC=C1O YCIMNLLNPGFGHC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 235000013351 cheese Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 229910052801 chlorine Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- AGVAZMGAQJOSFJ-WZHZPDAFSA-M cobalt(2+);[(2r,3s,4r,5s)-5-(5,6-dimethylbenzimidazol-1-yl)-4-hydroxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)oxolan-3-yl] [(2r)-1-[3-[(1r,2r,3r,4z,7s,9z,12s,13s,14z,17s,18s,19r)-2,13,18-tris(2-amino-2-oxoethyl)-7,12,17-tris(3-amino-3-oxopropyl)-3,5,8,8,13,15,18,19-octamethyl-2 Chemical compound [Co+2].N#[C-].[N-]([C@@H]1[C@H](CC(N)=O)[C@@]2(C)CCC(=O)NC[C@@H](C)OP(O)(=O)O[C@H]3[C@H]([C@H](O[C@@H]3CO)N3C4=CC(C)=C(C)C=C4N=C3)O)\C2=C(C)/C([C@H](C\2(C)C)CCC(N)=O)=N/C/2=C\C([C@H]([C@@]/2(CC(N)=O)C)CCC(N)=O)=N\C\2=C(C)/C2=N[C@]1(C)[C@@](C)(CC(N)=O)[C@@H]2CCC(N)=O AGVAZMGAQJOSFJ-WZHZPDAFSA-M 0.000 description 2
- 235000005822 corn Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- UBAXRAHSPKWNCX-UHFFFAOYSA-N diallyl trisulfide Chemical compound C=CCSSSCC=C UBAXRAHSPKWNCX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000029087 digestion Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000003651 drinking water Substances 0.000 description 2
- 235000020188 drinking water Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 239000000839 emulsion Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000012851 eutrophication Methods 0.000 description 2
- 235000021050 feed intake Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 239000012467 final product Substances 0.000 description 2
- NWKFECICNXDNOQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N flavylium Chemical compound C1=CC=CC=C1C1=CC=C(C=CC=C2)C2=[O+]1 NWKFECICNXDNOQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- OVBPIULPVIDEAO-LBPRGKRZSA-N folic acid Chemical compound C=1N=C2NC(N)=NC(=O)C2=NC=1CNC1=CC=C(C(=O)N[C@@H](CCC(O)=O)C(O)=O)C=C1 OVBPIULPVIDEAO-LBPRGKRZSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229930000226 fungal secondary metabolite Natural products 0.000 description 2
- 235000020706 garlic extract Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 229940029982 garlic powder Drugs 0.000 description 2
- 210000003736 gastrointestinal content Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- 244000000050 gastrointestinal parasite Species 0.000 description 2
- 239000000499 gel Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000003673 groundwater Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000007407 health benefit Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 2
- 125000000623 heterocyclic group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910000037 hydrogen sulfide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 125000002887 hydroxy group Chemical group [H]O* 0.000 description 2
- 235000015243 ice cream Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 238000010348 incorporation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000001802 infusion Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000004615 ingredient Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000003993 interaction Effects 0.000 description 2
- PNDPGZBMCMUPRI-UHFFFAOYSA-N iodine Chemical compound II PNDPGZBMCMUPRI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 210000002429 large intestine Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- 239000010985 leather Substances 0.000 description 2
- 210000004185 liver Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- 239000000711 locust bean gum Substances 0.000 description 2
- 235000010420 locust bean gum Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 239000004579 marble Substances 0.000 description 2
- 208000004396 mastitis Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 244000005700 microbiome Species 0.000 description 2
- 244000005706 microflora Species 0.000 description 2
- 230000027939 micturition Effects 0.000 description 2
- 235000013842 nitrous oxide Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 239000003921 oil Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000002674 ointment Substances 0.000 description 2
- 210000000056 organ Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- 150000002894 organic compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 235000019629 palatability Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 239000006072 paste Substances 0.000 description 2
- 125000001997 phenyl group Chemical group [H]C1=C([H])C([H])=C(*)C([H])=C1[H] 0.000 description 2
- 229930000223 plant secondary metabolite Natural products 0.000 description 2
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000035755 proliferation Effects 0.000 description 2
- LXNHXLLTXMVWPM-UHFFFAOYSA-N pyridoxine Chemical compound CC1=NC=C(CO)C(CO)=C1O LXNHXLLTXMVWPM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- RPMNUQRUHXIGHK-SBDOOABHSA-N rhoifolin Natural products O([C@@H]1[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H](CO)O[C@H]1Oc1cc(O)c2C(=O)C=C(c3ccc(O)cc3)Oc2c1)[C@H]1[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](C)O1 RPMNUQRUHXIGHK-SBDOOABHSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000028327 secretion Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229910052711 selenium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000011669 selenium Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000007493 shaping process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000004088 simulation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000007921 spray Substances 0.000 description 2
- 210000002784 stomach Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- 150000003457 sulfones Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000013589 supplement Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000000153 supplemental effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000000725 suspension Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000002195 synergetic effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 231100000331 toxic Toxicity 0.000 description 2
- 230000002588 toxic effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000011573 trace mineral Substances 0.000 description 2
- 235000013619 trace mineral Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- KBPHJBAIARWVSC-XQIHNALSSA-N trans-lutein Natural products CC(=C/C=C/C=C(C)/C=C/C=C(C)/C=C/C1=C(C)CC(O)CC1(C)C)C=CC=C(/C)C=CC2C(=CC(O)CC2(C)C)C KBPHJBAIARWVSC-XQIHNALSSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000004222 uncontrolled growth Effects 0.000 description 2
- 210000001835 viscera Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- 235000019163 vitamin B12 Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 239000011715 vitamin B12 Substances 0.000 description 2
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000005303 weighing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 235000008939 whole milk Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 210000002268 wool Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- 235000013618 yogurt Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- JKQXZKUSFCKOGQ-JLGXGRJMSA-N (3R,3'R)-beta,beta-carotene-3,3'-diol Chemical compound C([C@H](O)CC=1C)C(C)(C)C=1/C=C/C(/C)=C/C=C/C(/C)=C/C=C/C=C(C)C=CC=C(C)C=CC1=C(C)C[C@@H](O)CC1(C)C JKQXZKUSFCKOGQ-JLGXGRJMSA-N 0.000 description 1
- FPIPGXGPPPQFEQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 13-cis retinol Natural products OCC=C(C)C=CC=C(C)C=CC1=C(C)CCCC1(C)C FPIPGXGPPPQFEQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NLHCAGKOLUBCBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-ethenyl-3,4-dihydrodithiine Chemical class C=CC1CC=CSS1 NLHCAGKOLUBCBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- LMWHRTZSJLYLAJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-ethenyldithiine Chemical class C=CC1=CC=CSS1 LMWHRTZSJLYLAJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 241000007910 Acaryochloris marina Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000383638 Allium nigrum Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000006905 Allium tricoccum Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 240000000966 Allium tricoccum Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000580491 Alternaria didymospora Species 0.000 description 1
- 244000144725 Amygdalus communis Species 0.000 description 1
- 244000144730 Amygdalus persica Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000007319 Avena orientalis Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 244000075850 Avena orientalis Species 0.000 description 1
- LSNNMFCWUKXFEE-UHFFFAOYSA-M Bisulfite Chemical compound OS([O-])=O LSNNMFCWUKXFEE-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- ZOXJGFHDIHLPTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Boron Chemical compound [B] ZOXJGFHDIHLPTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 241001416153 Bos grunniens Species 0.000 description 1
- OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Calcium Chemical compound [Ca] OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 241001426184 Callia Species 0.000 description 1
- 241001161070 Calomela Species 0.000 description 1
- 241001449796 Camellia azalea Species 0.000 description 1
- 241001179661 Camellia brevistyla Species 0.000 description 1
- 241001328796 Camellia chrysanthoides Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000464189 Camellia flava Species 0.000 description 1
- 241001328766 Camellia indochinensis var. tunghinensis Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000001278 Camellia japonica subsp rusticana Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000018596 Camellia japonica var rusticana Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 244000192967 Camellia japonica var. rusticana Species 0.000 description 1
- 241001343472 Camellia pitardii Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000772934 Camellia polyodonta Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000000658 Camellia reticulata Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 240000006846 Camellia reticulata Species 0.000 description 1
- 241001552456 Camellia salicifolia Species 0.000 description 1
- 241001343471 Camellia saluenensis Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000772925 Camellia semiserrata Species 0.000 description 1
- 241001062822 Camellia taliensis Species 0.000 description 1
- 241001343463 Camellia tsaii Species 0.000 description 1
- 241001097651 Camellia vietnamensis Species 0.000 description 1
- 241001466828 Camellia yunnanensis Species 0.000 description 1
- 240000008574 Capsicum frutescens Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000003255 Carthamus tinctorius Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 244000020518 Carthamus tinctorius Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000018893 Cercis canadensis var canadensis Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 240000000024 Cercis siliquastrum Species 0.000 description 1
- GHOKWGTUZJEAQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chick antidermatitis factor Natural products OCC(C)(C)C(O)C(=O)NCCC(O)=O GHOKWGTUZJEAQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chromium Chemical compound [Cr] VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 244000241235 Citrullus lanatus Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000012828 Citrullus lanatus var citroides Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000008733 Citrus aurantifolia Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000005979 Citrus limon Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 244000131522 Citrus pyriformis Species 0.000 description 1
- 240000000560 Citrus x paradisi Species 0.000 description 1
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 241000223208 Curvularia Species 0.000 description 1
- 241001537312 Curvularia inaequalis Species 0.000 description 1
- 244000019459 Cynara cardunculus Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000019106 Cynara scolymus Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- AUNGANRZJHBGPY-UHFFFAOYSA-N D-Lyxoflavin Natural products OCC(O)C(O)C(O)CN1C=2C=C(C)C(C)=CC=2N=C2C1=NC(=O)NC2=O AUNGANRZJHBGPY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ZZZCUOFIHGPKAK-UHFFFAOYSA-N D-erythro-ascorbic acid Natural products OCC1OC(=O)C(O)=C1O ZZZCUOFIHGPKAK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 241000589565 Flavobacterium Species 0.000 description 1
- PXGOKWXKJXAPGV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Fluorine Chemical compound FF PXGOKWXKJXAPGV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000006000 Garlic extract Substances 0.000 description 1
- SQUHHTBVTRBESD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hexa-Ac-myo-Inositol Natural products CC(=O)OC1C(OC(C)=O)C(OC(C)=O)C(OC(C)=O)C(OC(C)=O)C1OC(C)=O SQUHHTBVTRBESD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 240000005979 Hordeum vulgare Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000007340 Hordeum vulgare Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M Ilexoside XXIX Chemical compound C[C@@H]1CC[C@@]2(CC[C@@]3(C(=CC[C@H]4[C@]3(CC[C@@H]5[C@@]4(CC[C@@H](C5(C)C)OS(=O)(=O)[O-])C)C)[C@@H]2[C@]1(C)O)C)C(=O)O[C@H]6[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O6)CO)O)O)O.[Na+] DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M 0.000 description 1
- UPYKUZBSLRQECL-UKMVMLAPSA-N Lycopene Natural products CC(=C/C=C/C=C(C)/C=C/C=C(C)/C=C/C1C(=C)CCCC1(C)C)C=CC=C(/C)C=CC2C(=C)CCCC2(C)C UPYKUZBSLRQECL-UKMVMLAPSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000007688 Lycopersicon esculentum Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- JEVVKJMRZMXFBT-XWDZUXABSA-N Lycophyll Natural products OC/C(=C/CC/C(=C\C=C\C(=C/C=C/C(=C\C=C\C=C(/C=C/C=C(\C=C\C=C(/CC/C=C(/CO)\C)\C)/C)\C)/C)\C)/C)/C JEVVKJMRZMXFBT-XWDZUXABSA-N 0.000 description 1
- FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Magnesium Chemical compound [Mg] FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 240000004658 Medicago sativa Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000017587 Medicago sativa ssp. sativa Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 240000000233 Melia azedarach Species 0.000 description 1
- 241001621918 Methanofollis Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000204675 Methanopyrus Species 0.000 description 1
- 208000019695 Migraine disease Diseases 0.000 description 1
- ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Molybdenum Chemical compound [Mo] ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 240000005561 Musa balbisiana Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000018290 Musa x paradisiaca Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- OVBPIULPVIDEAO-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-Pteroyl-L-glutaminsaeure Natural products C=1N=C2NC(N)=NC(=O)C2=NC=1CNC1=CC=C(C(=O)NC(CCC(O)=O)C(O)=O)C=C1 OVBPIULPVIDEAO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- PVNIIMVLHYAWGP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Niacin Chemical compound OC(=O)C1=CC=CN=C1 PVNIIMVLHYAWGP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000010676 Ocimum basilicum Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 240000007926 Ocimum gratissimum Species 0.000 description 1
- 244000062780 Petroselinum sativum Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000010627 Phaseolus vulgaris Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 244000046052 Phaseolus vulgaris Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000984986 Philippia Species 0.000 description 1
- OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphorus Chemical compound [P] OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 241000209504 Poaceae Species 0.000 description 1
- ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Potassium Chemical compound [K] ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000006040 Prunus persica var persica Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 241001671261 Punica protopunica Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000228453 Pyrenophora Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000190117 Pyrenophora tritici-repentis Species 0.000 description 1
- 244000088415 Raphanus sativus Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000006140 Raphanus sativus var sativus Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- ZFAHNWWNDFHPOH-UHFFFAOYSA-N S-Allyl-L-cystein Natural products OC(=O)C(N)CSCC=C ZFAHNWWNDFHPOH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 240000004808 Saccharomyces cerevisiae Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000124033 Salix Species 0.000 description 1
- BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silver Chemical compound [Ag] BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 240000003768 Solanum lycopersicum Species 0.000 description 1
- 244000041790 Spanish garlic Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000009337 Spinacia oleracea Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 244000300264 Spinacia oleracea Species 0.000 description 1
- 229920002472 Starch Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 241000187747 Streptomyces Species 0.000 description 1
- NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfur Chemical compound [S] NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 241000192560 Synechococcus sp. Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000016639 Syzygium aromaticum Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 244000223014 Syzygium aromaticum Species 0.000 description 1
- 241001116500 Taxus Species 0.000 description 1
- 241001149649 Taxus wallichiana var. chinensis Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000009430 Thespesia populnea Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- JZRWCGZRTZMZEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Thiamine Natural products CC1=C(CCO)SC=[N+]1CC1=CN=C(C)N=C1N JZRWCGZRTZMZEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000011941 Tilia x europaea Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 240000006909 Tilia x europaea Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000192117 Trichodesmium erythraeum Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000021307 Triticum Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 244000098338 Triticum aestivum Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000003095 Vaccinium corymbosum Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 240000001717 Vaccinium macrocarpon Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000012545 Vaccinium macrocarpon Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000002118 Vaccinium oxycoccus Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- FPIPGXGPPPQFEQ-BOOMUCAASA-N Vitamin A Natural products OC/C=C(/C)\C=C\C=C(\C)/C=C/C1=C(C)CCCC1(C)C FPIPGXGPPPQFEQ-BOOMUCAASA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229930003268 Vitamin C Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 229930003316 Vitamin D Natural products 0.000 description 1
- QYSXJUFSXHHAJI-XFEUOLMDSA-N Vitamin D3 Natural products C1(/[C@@H]2CC[C@@H]([C@]2(CCC1)C)[C@H](C)CCCC(C)C)=C/C=C1\C[C@@H](O)CCC1=C QYSXJUFSXHHAJI-XFEUOLMDSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229930003427 Vitamin E Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 229930003448 Vitamin K Natural products 0.000 description 1
- JKQXZKUSFCKOGQ-LQFQNGICSA-N Z-zeaxanthin Natural products C([C@H](O)CC=1C)C(C)(C)C=1C=CC(C)=CC=CC(C)=CC=CC=C(C)C=CC=C(C)C=CC1=C(C)C[C@@H](O)CC1(C)C JKQXZKUSFCKOGQ-LQFQNGICSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QOPRSMDTRDMBNK-RNUUUQFGSA-N Zeaxanthin Natural products CC(=C/C=C/C=C(C)/C=C/C=C(C)/C=C/C1=C(C)CCC(O)C1(C)C)C=CC=C(/C)C=CC2=C(C)CC(O)CC2(C)C QOPRSMDTRDMBNK-RNUUUQFGSA-N 0.000 description 1
- HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc Chemical compound [Zn] HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 241000893379 Zobellia galactanivorans Species 0.000 description 1
- 150000007513 acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000009471 action Effects 0.000 description 1
- OENHQHLEOONYIE-UKMVMLAPSA-N all-trans beta-carotene Natural products CC=1CCCC(C)(C)C=1/C=C/C(/C)=C/C=C/C(/C)=C/C=C/C=C(C)C=CC=C(C)C=CC1=C(C)CCCC1(C)C OENHQHLEOONYIE-UKMVMLAPSA-N 0.000 description 1
- JKQXZKUSFCKOGQ-LOFNIBRQSA-N all-trans-Zeaxanthin Natural products CC(=C/C=C/C=C(C)/C=C/C=C(C)/C=C/C1=C(C)CC(O)CC1(C)C)C=CC=C(/C)C=CC2=C(C)CC(O)CC2(C)C JKQXZKUSFCKOGQ-LOFNIBRQSA-N 0.000 description 1
- FPIPGXGPPPQFEQ-OVSJKPMPSA-N all-trans-retinol Chemical compound OC\C=C(/C)\C=C\C=C(/C)\C=C\C1=C(C)CCCC1(C)C FPIPGXGPPPQFEQ-OVSJKPMPSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ZOJBYZNEUISWFT-UHFFFAOYSA-N allyl isothiocyanate Chemical compound C=CCN=C=S ZOJBYZNEUISWFT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000020224 almond Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000001014 amino acid Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 150000001413 amino acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229930002878 anthoxanthin Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 150000004637 anthoxanthins Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000003242 anti bacterial agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229940088710 antibiotic agent Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000003963 antioxidant agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000006708 antioxidants Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 210000003056 antler Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- RPMNUQRUHXIGHK-PYXJVEIZSA-N apigenin 7-O-neohesperidoside Chemical compound O[C@@H]1[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](C)O[C@H]1O[C@@H]1[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O[C@H]1OC1=CC(O)=C2C(=O)C=C(C=3C=CC(O)=CC=3)OC2=C1 RPMNUQRUHXIGHK-PYXJVEIZSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229930034861 apigenin-7-O-neohesperidoside Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 235000016520 artichoke thistle Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000015241 bacon Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000013734 beta-carotene Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000011648 beta-carotene Substances 0.000 description 1
- TUPZEYHYWIEDIH-WAIFQNFQSA-N beta-carotene Natural products CC(=C/C=C/C=C(C)/C=C/C=C(C)/C=C/C1=C(C)CCCC1(C)C)C=CC=C(/C)C=CC2=CCCCC2(C)C TUPZEYHYWIEDIH-WAIFQNFQSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229960002747 betacarotene Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 230000000975 bioactive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000008827 biological function Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000031018 biological processes and functions Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229960002685 biotin Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 235000020958 biotin Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000011616 biotin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000008280 blood Substances 0.000 description 1
- 210000004369 blood Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 235000021014 blueberries Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229910052796 boron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000000872 buffer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052791 calcium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011575 calcium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010495 camellia oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- JHRWWRDRBPCWTF-OLQVQODUSA-N captafol Chemical compound C1C=CC[C@H]2C(=O)N(SC(Cl)(Cl)C(Cl)Cl)C(=O)[C@H]21 JHRWWRDRBPCWTF-OLQVQODUSA-N 0.000 description 1
- SKOLWUPSYHWYAM-UHFFFAOYSA-N carbonodithioic O,S-acid Chemical compound SC(S)=O SKOLWUPSYHWYAM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000021466 carotenoid Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 150000001747 carotenoids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000001913 cellulose Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920002678 cellulose Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004464 cereal grain Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 1
- OEYIOHPDSNJKLS-UHFFFAOYSA-N choline Chemical compound C[N+](C)(C)CCO OEYIOHPDSNJKLS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229960001231 choline Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229910052804 chromium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011651 chromium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000010941 cobalt Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910017052 cobalt Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt atom Chemical compound [Co] GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000003086 colorant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000004634 cranberry Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- RMRCNWBMXRMIRW-BYFNXCQMSA-M cyanocobalamin Chemical compound N#C[Co+]N([C@]1([H])[C@H](CC(N)=O)[C@]\2(CCC(=O)NC[C@H](C)OP(O)(=O)OC3[C@H]([C@H](O[C@@H]3CO)N3C4=CC(C)=C(C)C=C4N=C3)O)C)C/2=C(C)\C([C@H](C/2(C)C)CCC(N)=O)=N\C\2=C\C([C@H]([C@@]/2(CC(N)=O)C)CCC(N)=O)=N\C\2=C(C)/C2=N[C@]1(C)[C@@](C)(CC(N)=O)[C@@H]2CCC(N)=O RMRCNWBMXRMIRW-BYFNXCQMSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 235000000639 cyanocobalamin Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000011666 cyanocobalamin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000013365 dairy product Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 description 1
- RAABOESOVLLHRU-UHFFFAOYSA-N diazene Chemical compound N=N RAABOESOVLLHRU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910000071 diazene Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000014113 dietary fatty acids Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000002270 dispersing agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000002023 dithiocarboxylic acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003995 emulsifying agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005538 encapsulation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007613 environmental effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000194 fatty acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229930195729 fatty acid Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 150000004665 fatty acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000002550 fecal effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229930182497 flavan-3-ol Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 150000002206 flavan-3-ols Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000000796 flavoring agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011737 fluorine Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052731 fluorine Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229960000304 folic acid Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 235000019152 folic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000011724 folic acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000013355 food flavoring agent Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000012055 fruits and vegetables Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- WIGCFUFOHFEKBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N gamma-tocopherol Natural products CC(C)CCCC(C)CCCC(C)CCCC1CCC2C(C)C(O)C(C)C(C)C2O1 WIGCFUFOHFEKBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000003324 growth hormone secretagogue Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010903 husk Substances 0.000 description 1
- DOUHZFSGSXMPIE-UHFFFAOYSA-N hydroxidooxidosulfur(.) Chemical compound [O]SO DOUHZFSGSXMPIE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- CDAISMWEOUEBRE-GPIVLXJGSA-N inositol Chemical compound O[C@H]1[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H]1O CDAISMWEOUEBRE-GPIVLXJGSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229960000367 inositol Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000002515 isoflavone derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000004571 lime Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000002632 lipids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 244000144972 livestock Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000012680 lutein Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000001656 lutein Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229960005375 lutein Drugs 0.000 description 1
- KBPHJBAIARWVSC-RGZFRNHPSA-N lutein Chemical compound C([C@H](O)CC=1C)C(C)(C)C=1\C=C\C(\C)=C\C=C\C(\C)=C\C=C\C=C(/C)\C=C\C=C(/C)\C=C\[C@H]1C(C)=C[C@H](O)CC1(C)C KBPHJBAIARWVSC-RGZFRNHPSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ORAKUVXRZWMARG-WZLJTJAWSA-N lutein Natural products CC(=C/C=C/C=C(C)/C=C/C=C(C)/C=C/C1=C(C)CCCC1(C)C)C=CC=C(/C)C=CC2C(=CC(O)CC2(C)C)C ORAKUVXRZWMARG-WZLJTJAWSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000012661 lycopene Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000001751 lycopene Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229960004999 lycopene Drugs 0.000 description 1
- OAIJSZIZWZSQBC-GYZMGTAESA-N lycopene Chemical compound CC(C)=CCC\C(C)=C\C=C\C(\C)=C\C=C\C(\C)=C\C=C\C=C(/C)\C=C\C=C(/C)\C=C\C=C(/C)CCC=C(C)C OAIJSZIZWZSQBC-GYZMGTAESA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000011777 magnesium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052749 magnesium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- WPBNNNQJVZRUHP-UHFFFAOYSA-L manganese(2+);methyl n-[[2-(methoxycarbonylcarbamothioylamino)phenyl]carbamothioyl]carbamate;n-[2-(sulfidocarbothioylamino)ethyl]carbamodithioate Chemical compound [Mn+2].[S-]C(=S)NCCNC([S-])=S.COC(=O)NC(=S)NC1=CC=CC=C1NC(=S)NC(=O)OC WPBNNNQJVZRUHP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 230000000873 masking effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000007102 metabolic function Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011785 micronutrient Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000013369 micronutrients Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 235000013379 molasses Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229910052750 molybdenum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011733 molybdenum Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000001968 nicotinic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229960003512 nicotinic acid Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000011664 nicotinic acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000007523 nucleic acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 102000039446 nucleic acids Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108020004707 nucleic acids Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 239000002773 nucleotide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000003729 nucleotide group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 229940055726 pantothenic acid Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 235000019161 pantothenic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000011713 pantothenic acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000011197 perejil Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- JRKICGRDRMAZLK-UHFFFAOYSA-L peroxydisulfate Chemical compound [O-]S(=O)(=O)OOS([O-])(=O)=O JRKICGRDRMAZLK-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 235000009048 phenolic acids Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000011574 phosphorus Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052698 phosphorus Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- SHUZOJHMOBOZST-UHFFFAOYSA-N phylloquinone Natural products CC(C)CCCCC(C)CCC(C)CCCC(=CCC1=C(C)C(=O)c2ccccc2C1=O)C SHUZOJHMOBOZST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000000419 plant extract Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229910052573 porcelain Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011591 potassium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052700 potassium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000008160 pyridoxine Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000011677 pyridoxine Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002151 riboflavin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000019192 riboflavin Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229960002477 riboflavin Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 238000005096 rolling process Methods 0.000 description 1
- CDAISMWEOUEBRE-UHFFFAOYSA-N scyllo-inosotol Natural products OC1C(O)C(O)C(O)C(O)C1O CDAISMWEOUEBRE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004460 silage Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052709 silver Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000004332 silver Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052708 sodium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002689 soil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003381 stabilizer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000019698 starch Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000008107 starch Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010025 steaming Methods 0.000 description 1
- PJANXHGTPQOBST-UHFFFAOYSA-N stilbene Chemical class C=1C=CC=CC=1C=CC1=CC=CC=C1 PJANXHGTPQOBST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000010902 straw Substances 0.000 description 1
- QAZLUNIWYYOJPC-UHFFFAOYSA-M sulfenamide Chemical compound [Cl-].COC1=C(C)C=[N+]2C3=NC4=CC=C(OC)C=C4N3SCC2=C1C QAZLUNIWYYOJPC-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- BUUPQKDIAURBJP-UHFFFAOYSA-N sulfinic acid Chemical compound OS=O BUUPQKDIAURBJP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000001010 sulfinic acid amide group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 229940124530 sulfonamide Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 150000003456 sulfonamides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- BDHFUVZGWQCTTF-UHFFFAOYSA-M sulfonate Chemical compound [O-]S(=O)=O BDHFUVZGWQCTTF-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- RWSOTUBLDIXVET-UHFFFAOYSA-O sulfonium Chemical compound [SH3+] RWSOTUBLDIXVET-UHFFFAOYSA-O 0.000 description 1
- 239000011593 sulfur Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011885 synergistic combination Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001225 therapeutic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- KYMBYSLLVAOCFI-UHFFFAOYSA-N thiamine Chemical compound CC1=C(CCO)SCN1CC1=CN=C(C)N=C1N KYMBYSLLVAOCFI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000019157 thiamine Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229960003495 thiamine Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000011721 thiamine Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002562 thickening agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000003555 thioacetals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000002813 thiocarbonyl group Chemical group *C(*)=S 0.000 description 1
- 150000003566 thiocarboxylic acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000008111 thiosulfinates Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- ZCIHMQAPACOQHT-ZGMPDRQDSA-N trans-isorenieratene Natural products CC(=C/C=C/C=C(C)/C=C/C=C(C)/C=C/c1c(C)ccc(C)c1C)C=CC=C(/C)C=Cc2c(C)ccc(C)c2C ZCIHMQAPACOQHT-ZGMPDRQDSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000013311 vegetables Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000019155 vitamin A Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000011719 vitamin A Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000019154 vitamin C Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000011718 vitamin C Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000019166 vitamin D Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000011710 vitamin D Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000003710 vitamin D derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 235000019165 vitamin E Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229940046009 vitamin E Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000011709 vitamin E Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000019168 vitamin K Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000011712 vitamin K Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000003721 vitamin K derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229940045997 vitamin a Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229940011671 vitamin b6 Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229940046008 vitamin d Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 150000003722 vitamin derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229940046010 vitamin k Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 238000004804 winding Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002023 wood Substances 0.000 description 1
- FJHBOVDFOQMZRV-XQIHNALSSA-N xanthophyll Natural products CC(=C/C=C/C=C(C)/C=C/C=C(C)/C=C/C1=C(C)CC(O)CC1(C)C)C=CC=C(/C)C=CC2C=C(C)C(O)CC2(C)C FJHBOVDFOQMZRV-XQIHNALSSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000010930 zeaxanthin Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000001775 zeaxanthin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229940043269 zeaxanthin Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000011701 zinc Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- OENHQHLEOONYIE-JLTXGRSLSA-N β-Carotene Chemical compound CC=1CCCC(C)(C)C=1\C=C\C(\C)=C\C=C\C(\C)=C\C=C\C=C(/C)\C=C\C=C(/C)\C=C\C1=C(C)CCCC1(C)C OENHQHLEOONYIE-JLTXGRSLSA-N 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P60/00—Technologies relating to agriculture, livestock or agroalimentary industries
- Y02P60/20—Reduction of greenhouse gas [GHG] emissions in agriculture, e.g. CO2
- Y02P60/22—Methane [CH4], e.g. from rice paddies
Landscapes
- Fodder In General (AREA)
- Feed For Specific Animals (AREA)
Abstract
Compositions for reducing methane emissions and/or inhibiting one or more methanogens are provided. The composition comprises an organohalogen compound and an organosulfur compound, preferably bromoform and allicin. The composition may further comprise a polyphenol compound. Animal feeds comprising the composition are also described.
Description
Technical Field
The present invention relates to compositions for reducing methane emissions and/or for inhibiting one or more methanogenic organisms (i.e., methanogens). The invention also relates to methods for improving the metabolic efficiency of ruminants and methods for administering methanogenesis inhibitors to ruminants, particularly agricultural ruminants.
Background
Ruminants consume feeds containing carbon and nitrogen, which are converted to a variety of substances, including carbon-rich lipids, fats, fatty acids and carbohydrates, as well as nitrogen-rich proteins, nucleic acids, amino acids and nucleotides.
The feeds converted to these substances assist in animal growth and are the major component of a variety of valuable animal products.
Ruminants, such as cattle, sheep and goats, however, are inefficient users of carbon and nitrogen. Methane production from carbon ruminants represents an energy loss, accounting for 2% to 12% of the total energy intake from the feed.
Additionally, ruminants may excrete more than 50% of their nitrogen from the feed, primarily in the form of urinary nitrogen and fecal nitrogen.
Carbon and nitrogen losses from ruminants are both valuable animal growth losses and have significant environmental impact, including nitrogen leaching that allows the strong greenhouse gases methane and nitrous oxide to enter the atmosphere and soil. Feed supplements administered to ruminants to improve animal growth and reduce carbon and nitrogen emissions into the environment are expensive and difficult to administer in an optimal and economical manner.
One of the known methods for reducing methane production in ruminants is by using seaweed. However, feeding animals with large amounts of seaweed may have potential risk factors. One of the risk factors is a decrease in feed intake and performance. Feeding seaweed at higher levels in the diet has resulted in reduced intake of dry matter in beef cattle (Roque et al, 2021) and dairy cows (Roque et al, 2019, stefenoni et al, 2021, muizer et al, 2021). It has been observed that cows often reject or choose to be resistant to seaweed when mixed with their fresh feed, indicating poor palatability of seaweed (muizelar et al 2021). Lower feed intake can also result in lower performance when cows are fed high dose levels of seaweed, as shown by reduced milk production (Roque et al 2019, stefenoni et al 2021, muizer et al 2021). Seaweed is also known to contain high levels of iodine (Makkar et al 2016) and its transfer to livestock products has been studied. Algae (Taxus bacon (Asparagopsis taxiformis)) were fed to beef cattle in diets at content levels of 0.25% and 0.5% resulting in iodine intake of 106 to 225 mg/day per day (Roque et al 2021). This exceeded the recommended daily iodine intake level of about 5 mg/day based on 0.5mg/kg DMI (NRC, 2006) and 10kg DM intake in this study. Iodine transfer into milk is a greater problem. According to Lean et al (2021), feeding Taxus chinensis (Asparagopsis taxiformis) at 0.5% in the diet increased the iodine level 5-fold to 3mg/L.
There is clearly a need to develop improved compositions for reducing methane emissions, in particular wherein the above-mentioned risk factors are reduced and/or wherein the compositions have improved palatability compared to seaweed.
There is also a clear need to improve the metabolic efficiency of ruminants to reduce methane emissions to the environment and nitrogen excretion to the environment, and to improve animal growth levels and increase the amount of valuable animal products.
The present invention addresses this need by providing a feed supplement that improves the metabolic efficiency of ruminants. The feed supplement reduces methane emissions into the environment and nitrogen excretion into the environment and converts energy that would otherwise be converted to emitted methane and otherwise excreted nitrogen into valuable animal products and thus improves the metabolic efficiency of ruminants.
There is clearly a need to improve the administration of feed supplements to ruminants to improve animal growth and reduce carbon and nitrogen losses to the environment.
The present invention addresses this need by providing a composition and methanogenesis inhibitor feed supplement administration that optimally and economically reduces methane emissions and nitrogen excretion and converts energy that would otherwise be converted to emitted methane and otherwise excreted nitrogen into valuable animal products.
Statement of invention
According to the present invention, in a first aspect, there is provided a composition for reducing methane emissions comprising an organohalogen compound and an organosulfur compound.
In some embodiments, the organohalogen compound is an organobromine compound. In a preferred embodiment, the organohalogen compound is bromoform (CHBr 3 )。
In some embodiments, the organosulfur compound is from a plant of the Allium (Allium) species. In some embodiments, the organosulfur compound is selected from allicin (C 6 H 10 S 2 O); diallyl sulfide (C) 6 H 10 S) S; diallyl disulfide (C) 6 H 10 S 2 ) The method comprises the steps of carrying out a first treatment on the surface of the And allyl mercaptan (C) 3 H 6 S). In a preferred embodiment, the organosulfur compound is allicin.
In some embodiments, the ratio of organohalogen compound to organosulfur compound is from 1:10 to 1:3500, more preferably from 1:1000 to 1:2500.
In some embodiments, the composition further comprises a polyphenol compound. In some embodiments, the polyphenolic compound comprises or is a bioflavonoid. In some embodiments, the polyphenolic compound comprises naringin, neohesperidin, or a combination thereof.
In some embodiments, the composition is for inhibiting one or more methanogens. In some embodiments, the composition is used to improve the metabolic efficiency of an animal, more particularly a ruminant, such as a cow, goat or sheep.
The inventors have found that the compositions of the present invention exhibit high% inhibition of methanogens when an organohalogen compound (e.g. bromoform) is combined with an organosulfur compound (e.g. allicin).
In particular, it has been shown that organohalogen compounds and organosulfur compounds can act synergistically to reduce methane production. Synergistic combinations provide effects greater than the sum of the individual components. The inventors have additionally found that compositions comprising an organohalogen compound (e.g. bromoform) and a powder mixture comprising an organosulfur compound and a polyphenol compound (e.g. NXRH214 powder) also lead to effective inhibition of methanogens.
Also according to the invention, in a second aspect, is an animal feed comprising the composition of the invention or as otherwise disclosed herein.
Also according to the invention, in a third aspect, is the use of the composition of the invention or the animal feed of the invention for reducing methane emissions and/or for inhibiting methanogens and/or improving the metabolic efficiency of an animal.
Also according to the invention in a fourth aspect is a method of reducing methane emissions, the method comprising administering to an animal, more particularly a ruminant, a composition or animal feed of the invention. In some examples, the ruminant is a cow, goat or sheep.
Also according to the invention, in a fifth aspect, is a method of inhibiting one or more methanogens, the method comprising administering to an animal, more particularly a ruminant, a composition or animal feed of the invention. In some examples, the ruminant is a cow, goat or sheep.
Also according to the invention, in a sixth aspect, is a method of improving the metabolic efficiency of an animal, the method comprising administering to the animal, more particularly a ruminant, a composition or animal feed of the invention. In some examples, the ruminant is a cow, goat or sheep.
Also disclosed herein are compositions for inhibiting one or more methanogens comprising an organohalogen compound and an organosulfur compound. The organohalogen compound and the organosulfur compound are as further described herein.
Also disclosed herein are compositions for improving metabolic efficiency in an animal, the compositions comprising an organohalogen compound and an organosulfur compound. The organohalogen compound and the organosulfur compound are as further described herein.
Also disclosed herein are methods of reducing nitrogen excretion by a ruminant and/or reducing methane emissions by a ruminant and/or increasing nitrogen-rich and carbon-rich materials in a ruminant, the method comprising the step of administering to the ruminant an effective amount of at least one type of methanogenesis inhibitor. In one embodiment, the method comprises administering any of the compositions disclosed herein to the ruminant.
In one embodiment, the methanogenesis inhibitor is selected from the group consisting of: an organohalogen compound; marine macroalgae enriched in organic halogen; an organic sulfur compound; plants rich in organic sulfur; a polyphenol compound; and polyphenol-enriched plants.
In one embodiment, the organohalogen compound is selected from: CH (CH) 3 Cl;CH 3 Br;CH 3 I;CH 2 Cl 2 ;CH 2 Br 2 ;CH 2 I 2 ;CHCl 3 ;CHBr 3 ;CHI 3 ;CCl 4 ;CBr 4 ;CH 2 ClBr;CH 2 ClI;CH 2 BrI;CHBr 2 Cl;CHBrI 2 ;CHBrClI;CHBr 2 I;CHBrCl 2 ;CH 3 CH 2 Br;CH 3 CH 2 I;CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 I;CH 3 (CH 2 ) 3 I;CH 3 (CH 2 ) 4 Br;CH 3 (CH 2 ) 4 I;(CH3) 2 CHI;CH 3 CH 2 CH(CH 3 )I;(CH 3 ) 2 CHCH 2 I;BrCH 2 CH 2 Br;ClCH=CCl 2 The method comprises the steps of carrying out a first treatment on the surface of the And CH (CH) 3 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 I。
In one embodiment, the organohalogen-rich marine macroalgae is selected from the group consisting of: radix seu radix Ophiopogonii (Asparagopsis armata); taxus-like sea-door winter (Asparagopsis taxiformis); a Dictyota (Dictyota) species; a sphingosine (oendonium) species; ulva (Ulva) species; and cladophora (Cladophora patentiramea).
In one embodiment, the organosulfur compound is selected from: organic sulfur secondary metabolites; allicin (C) 6 H 10 S 2 O); diallyl sulfide (C) 6 H 10 S) S; diallyl disulfide (C) 6 H 10 S 2 ) The method comprises the steps of carrying out a first treatment on the surface of the And allyl mercaptan (C) 3 H 6 S)。
In one embodiment, the organosulfur-rich plant is selected from the Allium species: garlic (Allium sativum); green Chinese onion (Allium ampeloprasum); and onion (Allium cepa).
In one embodiment, the polyphenolic compound is selected from the group consisting of: flavonoids; bioflavonoids; non-bioflavonoids. The at least one polyphenolic compound may, for example, comprise at least one bioflavonoid; -a flower flavin; flavone; flavonols; flavanones; a flavanonol; a flavan; anthocyanin; isoflavane; new flavanthamine; isoflavone; procyanidins; phenolic acid; hydroxycinnamic acid; coumarin; stilbenes; anthraquinone; lignans; lignin; tannin; a polyphenol protein; catechin; rutin; robinia pseudoacacia; genistein; kaempferol; gallocatechin; catechin gallate; epicatechin; epigallocatechin; epicatechin gallate; quercetin; epicatechin (allocalin); gallocatechin gallate; epicatechin; epigallocatechin; epicatechin gallate; epigallocatechin gallate; kaempferol; quercetin; naringin; neohesperidin; eriocitrin; naringin; naringenin; hesperidin; rhus verniciflua fordii glycoside (roifolin); myrosin; melissa glucoside; hesperetin; poncirin; epicatechin; gallocatechin; epigallocatechin; coumaric acid; cinnamic acid; gallic acid; ellagic acid; protocatechuic acid; chlorogenic acid; caffeic acid; ferulic acid; punicalagin; pomegranate rind tannagin.
In one embodiment, the polyphenol-enriched plant is selected from the group consisting of: allium species; a Brassica (Brassica) species; a camellia (Camelia) species; a Capsicum (Capsicum) species; citrus (Citrus) species; citrus aurantium (Citrus aurantium); cucumber (Cucumis) species; malus (Malus) species; a Musa (Musa) species; a Phaseolus (Phaseolus) species; a prune (prune) species; a Punica (Punica) species; pear (Pyrus) species; solanum (Solanum) species; and Vaccinium species.
In another aspect, the present invention provides a method for reducing nitrogen and carbon emissions excreted by a ruminant and increasing valuable nitrogen-and carbon-rich materials in a ruminant, the method comprising the step of administering to the animal a feed supplement as described herein or a feed as described herein.
Also disclosed herein are methods of reducing nitrogen excretion by a ruminant and/or reducing methane emissions by a ruminant and/or increasing nitrogen-and carbon-rich materials in a ruminant, the methods comprising progressively administering to the ruminant an effective amount of at least one type of methanogenesis inhibitor. In one embodiment, the method comprises administering to the ruminant a composition as disclosed herein.
In one embodiment, the methanogenesis inhibitor is administered stepwise with at least one dose, the percentage of which on the ruminant weight is selected from the group consisting of: 0.1%;0.2%;0.3%;0.4%;0.5%;0.6%;0.7%;0.8%;0.9%;1.0%;1.1%;1.2%;1.3%;1.4%;1.5%;2.0%;2.5%;3.0%;3.5%;4.0%;4.5%;5.0%; and 10%.
In one embodiment, the step-wise administration of the methanogenesis inhibitor is with at least one dose, the percentage of which in the feed weight of the ruminant is selected from: 0.1%;0.2%;0.3%;0.4%;0.5%;0.6%;0.7%;0.8%;0.9%;1.0%;1.1%;1.2%;1.3%;1.4%;1.5%;2.0%;2.5%;3.0%;3.5%;4.0%;4.5%;5.0%; and 10%.
In one embodiment, the stepwise administration has at least one interval between successive doses, the interval selected from the group consisting of: 1 minute; 1 hour; 1 day; for 2 days; 3 days; 4 days; for 5 days; for 6 days; 7 days; for 10 days; 2 weeks; 3 weeks; 4 weeks; for 6 weeks; 2 months; 3 months; 4 months; 6 months; 9 months; and 12 months.
Brief Description of Drawings
Figures 1 and 2 show the% methane inhibition of various compositions of the invention after incubation with a culture of methanococcus maritimus (Methanococcus maripaludis).
Detailed Description
According to the present invention there is provided a composition for reducing methane emissions comprising an organohalogen compound and an organosulfur compound. The compositions may also be used to inhibit one or more methanogens. Any "composition" referred to herein may also be referred to as an "animal feed supplement".
In some embodiments, the one or more methanogens have methanobacteria (methanobacteria), methanosarcina (Methanosarcina), methanobrevibacteria (methanobrevulbater), methanosarcina (Methanosarcina), methanobagrus (methanocullus), methanosphaera (Methanosphaera), methanogranella (methanonocorkulum), methanovesiculus (Methanofollis), methanogenelium (methanogenelium), methanomicrobacteria (methanomicrobacteria), methanofire (Methanopyrus), methanobreguella, methanomans (methanomergua), methanothermophilus (methanothermophilic bacteria), or Methanococcus (methanonococcus). In some embodiments, the one or more methanogens are selected from the group consisting of methanobacterium formate (Methanobacterium formicicum), methanobacterium buchneri (Methanobacterium bryantii), methanobacterium rumen (Methanobrevibacter ruminantium), methanobacterium migrainae (Methanobrevibacter millerae), methanobacterium australis (Methanobrevibacter olleyae), methanobacterium moti (Methanomicrobium mobile), methanobacterium australis (Methanoculleus olentangyi), methanobacterium sarcina bararyophyllum (Methanosarcina barkeri), methanobacterium borgpi (Methanobrevibacter boviskoreani), methanobacterium beijing (Methanobacterium beijingense), methanobacterium jersey (Methanoculleus marisnigri), methanobacterium breveticus (Methanoculleus bourgensis), methanosarcina mahogany (Methanosarcina mazei), methanobacterium gossypii (Methanobrevibacter gottschalkii), methanobacterium (Methanobrevibacter thaueri), methanobacterium smithii (Methanobrevibacter smithii), methanobacterium stevens (Methanosphaera stadtmanae), methanobacterium Wo Sishi (Methanobrevibacter woesei), methanobacterium wovens (Methanobrevibacter wolinii). In some examples, the one or more methanogens is methanococcus maritimus (Methanococcus maripaludis).
Hereinafter, the present invention will be described according to preferred embodiments thereof with reference to the accompanying description. It should be understood, however, that the description is limited to the preferred embodiments of the invention only for the purpose of facilitating the discussion of the invention, and that various modifications may be devised by those skilled in the art without departing from the scope of the appended claims.
Organic halogen compounds
The compositions of the present invention comprise an organohalogen compound (i.e., at least one organohalogen compound).
The organic halogen compound is a halogen-containing organic compound. In some embodiments, the organohalogen compound is C 1 -C 6 An alkyl halide compound. In some embodiments, the organohalogen compound comprises chlorine, bromine, iodine, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the organohalogen compound comprises CH 3 Cl;CH 3 Br;CH 3 I;CH 2 Cl 2 ;CH 2 Br 2 ;CH 2 I 2 ;CHCl 3 ;CHBr 3 ;CHI 3 ;CCl 4 ;CBr 4 ;CH 2 ClBr;CH 2 ClI;CH 2 BrI;CHBr 2 Cl;CHBrI 2 ;CHBrClI;CHBr 2 I;CHBrCl 2 ;CH 3 CH 2 Br;CH 3 CH 2 I;CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 I;CH 3 (CH 2 ) 3 I;CH 3 (CH 2 ) 4 Br;CH 3 (CH 2 ) 4 I;(CH3) 2 CHI;CH 3 CH 2 CH(CH 3 )I;(CH 3 ) 2 CHCH 2 I;BrCH 2 CH 2 Br;ClCH=CCl 2 The method comprises the steps of carrying out a first treatment on the surface of the And CH (CH) 3 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 I. In some embodiments, the organohalogen compound is trihalomethane. In some embodiments, the organohalogen compound is an organobromine compound, more preferably wherein the organohalogen compound is bromoform (CHBr 3 )。
The biological source of the organohalogen compound is an organohalogen-rich marine macroalgae. For example, the organohalogen-rich marine macroalgae comprises at least one marine macroalgae species selected from the group consisting of: radix seu radix Ophiopogonii (Asparagopsis armata); taxus-like sea-door winter (Asparagopsis taxiformis); a Dictyota (Dictyota) species; a sphingosine (oendonium) species; ulva (Ulva) species; and cladophora (Cladophora patentiramea). Thus, in some embodiments, the organohalogen compound is derived from an organohalogen-rich marine microalgae, for example selected from: radix seu radix Ophiopogonii (Asparagopsis armata); taxus-like sea-door winter (Asparagopsis taxiformis); a Dictyota (Dictyota) species; a sphingosine (oendonium) species; ulva (Ulva) species; and cladophora (Cladophora patentiramea).
In other embodiments, the organohalogen compound is produced by bacteria, fungi, and cyanobacteria. For example, the bacteria include one selected from the group consisting of: streptomyces sp and Flavobacterium galactovorans Zhuo Beier (Zobellia galactanivorans). For example, the fungus includes one fungus selected from the group consisting of: pyricularia oryzae (Pyricularia oryzae), curvularia curvularia (Curvularia inaequalis), pyrenophora pumila (Pyrenophora tritici-repentis) and Embellisia didymospora. For example, cyanobacteria include one selected from the group consisting of: red sea Shu Maozao (Trichodesmium erythraeum), synechococcus sp and deep sea single cell blue algae (Acaryochloris marina).
In other embodiments, the organohalogen is synthetic, i.e., the organohalogen is chemically synthesized. In other embodiments, the organohalogen is produced by recombinant yeast.
In some embodiments, the concentration of the organohalogen compound in the composition is greater than 100nM, or greater than 110nM, or greater than 120nM, or greater than 130nM, or greater than 140nM, or greater than 150nM. In some embodiments, the concentration of the organohalogen compound in the composition is less than 10000nM or less than 1000nM or less than 500nM or less than 200nM, or less than 175nM, or less than 160nM, or less than 150nM, or less than 140nM, or less than 130nM. In some embodiments, the concentration of the organohalogen compound in the composition is 100nM to 10000nM,100nM to 1000nM,100nM to 500nM,100nM to 300nM,100nM to 200nM, or 110nM to 175nM. In some examples, the organohalogen compound is an organobromine compound, preferably bromoform.
Organic sulfur compounds
The compositions of the present invention comprise an organic sulfur compound (i.e., at least one organic sulfur compound).
The organic sulfur compound is an organic compound containing sulfur. In certain embodiments, each organosulfur compound may be independently selected from the group consisting of a thioether, thioester, thioacetal, thiol, disulfide, polysulfide, sulfoxide, sulfone, thiosulfinate, sulfonimide, sulfimide, sulfone diimine, thioketone, thioaldehyde, sulfonium, sulfone alkene, thiocarboxylic acid (including dithiocarboxylic acids), sulfonic acid, sulfinic acid, sulfenanic acid, sulfonate, sulfinate, sulfenate, sulfonamide, sulfinamide, sulfenamide, sulfonium compound, oxosulfonium compound, sulfonium salt, oxosulfonium salt, thiocarbonyl endoium salt, sulfane (sulfane), and persulfate (persulfurane). In certain embodiments, each organosulfur compound is independently selected from thioesters, sulfoxides, sulfides, disulfides, polysulfides (including trisulfides), and thiols. In certain embodiments, each organosulfur compound is independently selected from thioesters, sulfoxides, sulfides, disulfides, and polysulfides (including trisulfides). In certain embodiments, each organosulfur compound is independently selected from disulfides and polysulfides (including trisulfides). In certain embodiments, each organosulfur compound is a disulfide.
In some embodiments, the organosulfur compound is from a plant of the Allium (Allium) species. In some embodiments, the organosulfur compound is a disulfide compound, and more specifically a diallyl disulfide compound.
In certain embodiments, each organosulfur compound is independently selected from allicin, allyl disulfide, diallyl trisulfide, s-allyl cysteine, vinyl dithiines (3-vinyl-4H-1, 2-dithiines) and 2-vinyl-4H-1, 3-dithiines (2-vinyl-4H-1, 3-dithiines), and diallyl disulfide.
In some embodiments, the organosulfur compound is selected from allicin (C 6 H 10 S 2 O); diallyl sulfide (C) 6 H 10 S) S; diallyl disulfide (C) 6 H 10 S 2 ) The method comprises the steps of carrying out a first treatment on the surface of the And allyl mercaptan (C) 3 H 6 S). In certain embodiments, the at least one organosulfur compound is or includes allicin.
Allicin is of formula C 6 H 10 OS 2 And an organic sulfur compound having a structure shown below.
Organosulfur compounds, such as allicin, may be obtained, for example, from garlic or another Allium species. For example, the organosulfur compound (e.g., allicin) may be obtained from an extract of Allium species such as Allium sativum (Allium sativum). The term extract includes aqueous extracts, non-aqueous extracts, alcoholic extracts, concentrates, oils, infusions, powders, granules and combinations of two or more thereof. For example, the organic sulfur compound (e.g., allicin) may be obtained from raw garlic, dried garlic, or a combination thereof. The organosulfur compounds (e.g., allicin) may be derived, for example, from any Allium subspecies and varieties currently known or later discovered, such as garlic (Allium sativum), allium ursinum (Allium ursinum), allium fistulosum (Allium fistulosum), allium cepa (Allium cepa), and Mao Cong (Allium tricoccum). For example, the organosulfur compounds (e.g., allicin) can be independently derived from garlic of the sub-species ophiocorodon (hard necked garlic) and garlic of the sub-species sativum (soft necked garlic). For example, organosulfur compounds (such as allicin) may be independently derived from porcelain garlic (garlic), cucurbit garlic (rocambole garlic), purple garlic (purple stripe garlic), marble Dan Ziwen garlic (marbled purple stripe garlic), glazed purple garlic (glazed purple stripe garlic), artichoke garlic (aromachanic garlic), silver skin garlic (silverskin garlic), asiatic garlic (asiatic garlic), cape garlic (turban garlic), and crioll garlic (creoll garlic). In particular, organosulfur compounds (such as allicin) are available from garlic (Allium sativum).
For example, allium plants (Allium) that can be derived from organosulfur compounds (e.g., allicin) can have been treated or processed. For example, allium plants (Allium) can be "aged" or "black" (e.g., aged or black garlic) obtained by storing Allium plants (Allium) under controlled conditions and heating at specific temperatures, humidity and solvents, e.g., over several days or weeks, after undergoing Maillard or browning reactions, darkening the garlic cloves. For example, allium plants (Allium) can be "dried" or "dehydrated" by heating fresh or unaged garlic to a temperature of 30 ℃ to 120 ℃ and to a moisture content of about 3% to 10% with or without converting or converting its ingredients to a different compound. For example, allium plants (Allium) may be "fresh" or "unaged" (e.g., fresh or unaged garlic) that have not been intentionally subjected to special treatments or processes to convert or convert their components to different compounds. Fresh or unaged Allium plants (Allium) may, for example, have been treated or processed to remove odors (deodorized) (such as deodorized garlic extracts). Generally, encapsulation or coating methods can be employed to mask or reduce odors. Alternatively or additionally, taste masking ingredients such as green tea, parsley, basil, spinach, and the like may be added to mask or reduce odors in the composition.
The organosulfur compound (e.g., allicin) may or may not be isolated and/or purified prior to incorporation into the compositions described herein. Thus, in certain embodiments, the compositions described herein may comprise raw garlic, dry garlic, and/or garlic extract. In other embodiments, the organosulfur compound (e.g., allicin) is chemically synthesized. In certain embodiments, the allicin may be obtained by treating a natural source of alliinase to release alliinase, contacting the treated source of alliinase with alliin, thereby enzymatically converting alliin to allicin, and optionally extracting allicin. Suitable processes are further described, for example, in WO03/004668, the contents of which WO03/004668 are incorporated herein by reference.
In other embodiments, the organosulfur compound, such as allicin, may be synthetic, i.e., chemically synthesized.
In some embodiments, the concentration of the organosulfur compound in the composition is greater than 10 μm, or greater than 100 μm, or greater than 150 μm, or greater than 175 μm, or greater than 200 μm, or greater than 225 μm, or greater than 250 μm, or greater than 275 μm. In some embodiments, the concentration of the organosulfur compound in the composition is less than 350 μm, or less than 325 μm, or less than 300 μm, or less than 275 μm, or less than 250 μm, or less than 225 μm. In some embodiments, the concentration of the organosulfur compound in the composition is from 10 μm to 350 μm, from 100 μm to 350 μm, from 150 μm to 350 μm, and in some examples, from 200 to 300 μm.
Ratio of organohalogen compound to organosulfur compound
In some embodiments, the ratio of organohalogen compound to organosulfur compound in the composition is preferably from 1:10 to 1:3500. In some embodiments, the ratio of organohalogen compound to organosulfur compound in the composition is from 1:50 to 1:3500, or from 1:100 to 1:3500, or from 1:500 to 1:3500, or from 1:750 to 1:3500, or from 1:1000 to 1:3500, or from 1:1500 to 1:3500, or from 1:2000 to 1:3500. In some embodiments, the ratio of organohalogen compound to organosulfur compound in the composition is from 1:500 to 1:3000, or from 1:500 to 1:2750, or from 1:500 to 1:2500, or from 1:500 to 1:2000, or from 1:500 to 1:1500. In preferred embodiments, the ratio of organohalogen compound to organosulfur compound in the composition is from 1:750 to 1:3000, or from 1:1000 to 1:2500.
In some examples, the organohalogen is an organobromine compound, such as bromoform, and the organosulfur compound is a disulfide, such as allicin.
-polyphenol compounds
The compositions of the present invention may further comprise a polyphenolic compound (i.e., one or more polyphenolic compounds).
The term phenol refers to a chemical compound comprising a hydroxyl group (-OH) directly bonded to an aromatic hydrocarbon group. The term polyphenol compound refers to a compound comprising more than one phenolic group. The polyphenolic compounds described herein may include bioflavonoids, non-bioflavonoid polyphenolic compounds, or combinations thereof. The at least one polyphenolic compound may, for example, comprise at least one bioflavonoid.
The term biological yellowKetone refers to a class of plant and fungal secondary metabolites and has a general structure of 15 carbon skeleton consisting of two benzene rings (A and B) and a heterocycle (C), sometimes abbreviated as C 6 -C 3 -C 6 . Bioflavonoids are thus polyphenols. The term bioflavonoids includes anthocyanins (including flavones and flavonols), flavanones, flavanonols, flavans and anthocyanins. The term bioflavonoids also includes compounds having a flavone backbone (2-phenyl-1, 4-benzopyrone), an isoflavane backbone (3-phenylchromen-4-one) or a neoflavane backbone (4-phenylcoumarin). The term non-bioflavonoid polyphenolic compound refers to other classes of polyphenolic compounds known in the art which do not fall within the definition of the term bioflavonoid as described herein. The term non-bioflavonoid polyphenol compound includes polyphenol compounds comprising 6 carbons or more, 7 carbons or more, 8 carbons or more, 9 carbons or more, 10 carbons or more, 13 carbons or more, 14 carbons or more, 16 carbons or more, 18 carbons or more, or 30 carbons or more. The term non-bioflavonoid polyphenolic compounds includes, but is not limited to, polyphenolic acids (C 6 -C 1 Structure), stilbene compounds (C) 6 -C 2 -C 6 Structure), anthraquinone (C) 6 -C 2 -C 6 Structure) and lignan ((C) 6 -C 3 ) 2 Structure). In some embodiments, the non-bioflavonoid polyphenolic compounds are plant polymers including, but not limited to, lignin, catechol melanin, polyflavans (flavans), polyphenol proteins, and polyphenols. In certain embodiments, the one or more bioflavonoids are each independently selected from the group consisting of anthocyanins (including flavones and flavonols), flavanones (including flavanone glycosides), flavanonols, flavans, isoflavones, anthocyanidins, and procyanidins. In certain embodiments, each of the one or more bioflavonoids is independently selected from the group consisting of an anthoxanthin and a flavanone (including flavanone glycosides). In certain embodiments, all bioflavonoids are anthocyanins and/or flavanones. In certain embodiments, the one or more bioflavonoids are independently flavones or flavones. In certain embodiments, all bioflavonoids are flavones and/or flavanones. Flavone and flavanoneFor example, flavone glycosides and flavanone glycosides, respectively. In certain embodiments, the one or more bioflavonoids is a flavanone. In certain embodiments, all bioflavonoids are flavones. In certain embodiments, the one or more bioflavonoids is a flavanone glycoside. In certain embodiments, all bioflavonoids are flavanone glycosides. The one or more bioflavonoids may be selected, for example, from naringin, neohesperidin, eriocitrin, naringin, hesperidin, rhoifolin, myrosin, melissa glucoside, hesperetin, poncirin, catechin, rutin, locust element, genistein, kaempferol, quercetin, epicatechin, gallocatechin, epigallocatechin, catechin gallate, epicatechin gallate, epigallocatechin gallate and gallocatechin gallate. In certain embodiments, the one or more bioflavonoids include naringin and neohesperidin. In certain embodiments, the one or more bioflavonoids is a combination of naringin and neohesperidin. In certain embodiments, the one or more bioflavonoids comprise one or more of catechin, rutin, locust element, genistein, kaempferol, gallocatechin, catechin gallate, epicatechin, epigallocatechin, epicatechin gallate, and quercetin. In certain embodiments, the one or more bioflavonoids comprise one or more of catechin, rutin, locust bean gum, genistein, and kaempferol. In certain embodiments, the one or more bioflavonoids is a combination of catechin, rutin, locust bean gum, genistein, and kaempferol. In certain embodiments, the one or more bioflavonoids comprise one or more of gallocatechin, catechin gallate, epicatechin, epigallocatechin, epicatechin gallate, gallocatechin gallate, epigallocatechin gallate, kaempferol, and quercetin. In certain embodiments, the one or more bioflavonoids comprise gallocatechin, catechin gallate, epicatechin, epigallocatechin, epicatechin gallate, kaempferol, and quercetin One or more of the following. In certain embodiments, the one or more bioflavonoids is a combination of gallocatechin, catechin gallate, epicatechin, epigallocatechin, epicatechin gallate, gallocatechin gallate, kaempferol, and quercetin. In certain embodiments, the one or more bioflavonoids is a combination of gallocatechin, catechin gallate, epicatechin, epigallocatechin, epicatechin gallate, kaempferol, and quercetin.
In some embodiments, the polyphenols comprise one or more non-bioflavonoid polyphenolic compounds. In some embodiments, the one or more non-bioflavonoid phenolic compounds are each independently selected from the group consisting of phenolic acids, stilbenes, anthraquinones, lignans, tannins, polyphenolic proteins, and polyphenols. In certain embodiments, each of the one or more non-bioflavonoid polyphenolic compounds is independently selected from tannins and polyphenols. In certain embodiments, all of the non-bioflavonoid polyphenolic compounds are tannins and/or polyphenols.
The compositions described herein comprise one or more polyphenolic compounds. For example, the composition may comprise two or more polyphenolic compounds or three or more polyphenolic compounds or four or more polyphenolic compounds or five or more or six or more or seven or more or eight or more or nine or more or ten or more polyphenolic compounds. For example, the composition may comprise one, two, three, four or five polyphenolic compounds. The compositions described herein comprise one or more bioflavonoids. For example, the composition may comprise two or more bioflavonoids, or three or more bioflavonoids, or four or more bioflavonoids, or five or more or six or more or seven or more or eight or more or nine or more or ten or more bioflavonoids. For example, the composition may comprise one, two, three, four or five bioflavonoids. For example, the composition may comprise two bioflavonoids, which may be naringin and neohesperidin. In another example, the composition may comprise five bioflavonoids, which may be catechin, rutin, locust in, genistein and kaempferol. In alternative embodiments, the composition may comprise seven bioflavonoids, which may be gallocatechin, catechin gallate, epicatechin, epigallocatechin, epicatechin gallate, kaempferol, and quercetin. In alternative embodiments, the composition may comprise nine bioflavonoids, which may be gallocatechin, catechin gallate, epicatechin, epigallocatechin, epicatechin gallate, gallocatechin gallate, epigallocatechin gallate, kaempferol, and quercetin.
One or more polyphenolic compounds, such as one or more bioflavonoids, may be obtained, for example, from parts of plants (e.g., fruits or vegetables). For example, flavonols can be obtained from tomatoes, beans, almonds and/or radishes. For example, flavan-3-ols may be obtained from peach, plum, strawberry, and/or green tea. For example, the flavone may be obtained from watermelon and/or capsicum. For example, flavanones may be obtained from fruits of Citrus (Citrus) species. For example, the anthocyanin may be obtained from blueberry, banana, strawberry, cranberry and/or plum. One or more polyphenolic compounds, e.g., one or more bioflavonoids, may be obtained, for example, from Citrus (Citrus) species fruits such as orange, lemon, grapefruit, or lime. In particular, one or more polyphenolic compounds, such as one or more bioflavonoids, may be obtained from orange. One or more polyphenolic compounds, e.g. one or more bioflavonoids, may be obtained, for example, from fruits of Punica (Punica) species, such as Punica granatum (Punica granatum) or suo kot la Punica granatum (Punica protopunica). In particular, one or more polyphenolic compounds, such as one or more bioflavonoids, may be obtained from Punica granatum (Punica granatum).
One or more polyphenolic compounds, such as one or more bioflavonoids, may be obtained, for example, from parts (e.g., leaves) of plants of the genus Camellia (Camellia) species, plants of the species Camellia genus (Camellia) such as tea tree (Camellia sinensis), marble tea (Camellia taliensis), tea-oil Camellia (Camellia oleifera), hong Kong Mao Ruicha (Camellia assimilis), red Camellia (Camellia azalea), short-post tea (Camellia brevistyla), tail She Shancha (Camellia caudata), zhejiang red Camellia (Camelllia chekiangoleosa), golden Camellia (Camellia chrysantha), bao Shejin scented tea (Camellia chrysanthoides), lian She Shancha (Camellia connata), red-skin brown fruit tea (Camellia crapnelliana), lipium tea (Camellia crapnelliana), pulse-exhibiting golden Camellia (Camellia crapnelliana), camellia crapnelliana (Camellia crapnelliana), yellow-flower tea (Camellia flava) callia fleuryi, calomelas stamen tea (Camellia crapnelliana), calophyllum inophyllum tea (Camellia crapnelliana), philippia crudus tea (Camellia crapnelliana), calophyllum inophyllum (Camellia crapnelliana), camellia sinensis (Camellia grijisii), hengchun tea (Camellia crapnelliana), dongshan tea (Camellia crapnelliana), hongkong tea (Camellia crapnelliana), yunnan Burma tea (Camellia crapnelliana), japanese Camellia (Camellia crapnelliana), camellia sinensis (Camellia kisii), camellia sinensis (Camellia crapnelliana), camellia sinensis (Camellia miyagii), camellia sinensis (Camellia crapnelliana), herba capable of being high mountain tea (Camellis nokoensis), fine flower short core tea (Camellia parviflora), southwest Camellia (Camellia pitardii), light red bud Camellia (Camellia pleurocarpa), winding Tian Gonghua Camellia oleifera (Camellia polyodonta), thick broad-leaved Camellia (Camellia pubupetala), yunnan Camellia (Camellia reticulata), camellia rosiflora, snow mountain tea (Camellia rusticana), willow Camellia (Camellia salicifolia), angjiang Camellia (Camellia saluenensis), camellia sinensis (Camellia sasanqua), safflower Camellia (Camellia semiserrata), general energy herba high mountain tea (Camellis trasnokoensis), yunnan even core tea (Camellia tsaii), dongxing Camellia chrysantha (Camellia tunghinensis), vietnam Camellia (Camellia vietnamensis), williams hybrid Camellia (Camellia x williamsii) and monkey-wood Camellia (Camellia yunnanensis). In particular, one or more bioflavonoids may be obtained from tea tree (Camellis sinensis) (tea plants). Any subspecies or variety of tea tree (Camellia sinensis) may be used. Portions (e.g., leaves) of tea tree (Camellia sinensis) may be untreated or may be treated, for example, by steaming, withering, rolling, oxidizing, fermenting, and/or drying. One or more polyphenolic compounds, such as one or more bioflavonoids, may be obtained, for example, from green tea (tea tree (Camellia sinensis)) leaves.
For example, one or more polyphenolic compounds, such as one or more bioflavonoids, may be obtained from an extract of a Citrus (Citrus) species fruit, a Punica (Punica) species fruit, or a portion of a Camellia (Camellia) species plant. The term extract includes aqueous extracts, non-aqueous extracts, alcoholic extracts, concentrates, oils, infusions, powders, granules and combinations of two or more thereof. For example, one or more polyphenolic compounds, such as one or more bioflavonoids, may be obtained from dried Citrus (Citrus) fruits, dried Punica (Punica) fruits, or dried Camellia (Camellia) plant parts (e.g., leaves). For example, one or more polyphenolic compounds, such as one or more bioflavonoids, may be obtained from raw Citrus (Citrus) fruits, raw Punica (Punica) fruits, or raw Camellia (Camellia) plant parts (e.g., leaves).
One or more polyphenolic compounds, such as one or more bioflavonoids, may or may not be isolated and/or purified prior to incorporation into the compositions described herein. Thus, in certain embodiments, the compositions described herein can comprise raw Citrus (Citrus) fruit, dried Citrus (Citrus) fruit, and/or Citrus (Citrus) fruit extract, or raw pomegranate (Punica) fruit, dried pomegranate (Punica) fruit extract, or raw Camellia (Camellia) plant, dried Camellia (Camellia) plant, and/or Camellia (Camellia) plant extract.
In other embodiments, one or more polyphenolic compounds, such as one or more bioflavonoids, may each be independently chemically synthesized.
In certain embodiments, the compositions described herein comprise two polyphenolic compounds, e.g., two bioflavonoids. The ratio of the first polyphenol compound to the second polyphenol compound, e.g., the first bioflavonoid to the second bioflavonoid, may be, for example, in the range of about 0.5:5 to about 3:1. For example, the ratio of the first polyphenol compound to the second polyphenol compound, e.g., the first bioflavonoid to the second bioflavonoid, may be in the range of about 0.5:5 to about 2.5:1, or about 0.5:5 to about 2:1, or about 0.5:5 to about 1.5:1, or about 0.5:5 to about 1:1. For example, the ratio of the first polyphenol compound to the second polyphenol compound, e.g., the first bioflavonoid to the second bioflavonoid, may be in the range of about 1:5 to about 3:1, or about 1.5:5 to about 3:1, or about 2:5 to about 3:1, or about 2.5:5 to about 3:1, or about 3:5 to about 3:1, or about 3.5:5 to about 3:1, or about 4:5 to about 3:1, or about 4.5:5 to about 3:1, or about 5:5 to about 3:1. The ratio is preferably 2:1.
In certain embodiments, the compositions described herein comprise naringin and neohesperidin. In certain embodiments, the at least one polyphenol comprises a major portion of naringin, neohesperidin, or a combination thereof, wherein the major portion refers to at least 50 wt%, or at least 60 wt%, or at least 70 wt%, or at least 80 wt%, or at least 90 wt% of the total weight of the polyphenol compounds. The ratio of naringin to neohesperidin can be, for example, in the range of about 0.5:5 to about 3:1. For example, the ratio of naringin to neohesperidin can range from about 0.5:5 to about 2.5:1, or from about 0.5:5 to about 2:1, or from about 0.5:5 to about 1.5:1, or from about 0.5:5 to 1:1. For example, the ratio of naringin to neohesperidin can range from about 1:5 to about 3:1, or from about 1.5:5 to about 3:1, or from about 2:5 to about 3:1, or from about 2.5:5 to about 3:1, or from about 3:5 to about 3:1, or from about 3.5:5 to about 3:1, or from about 4:5 to about 3:1, or from about 4.5:5 to about 3:1, or from about 5:5 to about 3:1. The ratio is preferably 2:1.
In certain embodiments, the ratio of total organic sulfur compounds to total polyphenolic compounds (e.g., the ratio of total organic sulfur compounds to total bioflavonoids) can range from about 16:1 to about 1:30. For example, the ratio of total organosulfur compounds to total polyphenolic compounds (e.g., the ratio of total organosulfur compounds to total bioflavonoids) can range from about 15:1 to about 1:30, or from about 14:1 to about 1:30, or from about 13:1 to about 1:30, or from about 12:1 to about 1:30, or from about 10:1 to about 1:30, or from about 16:1 to about 1:16. For example, the ratio of total organosulfur compounds to total polyphenolic compounds (e.g., the ratio of total organosulfur compounds to total bioflavonoids) can range from about 9:1 to about 1:25, or from about 8:1 to about 1:20, or from about 7:1 to about 1:15, or from about 6:1 to about 1:10, or from about 5:1 to about 1:8, or from about 4:1 to about 1:7, or from about 3:1 to about 1:6, or from about 2:1 to about 1:5, or from about 1:1 to about 1:4. For example, the ratio of total organic sulfur compounds to total polyphenolic compounds (e.g., the ratio of total organic sulfur compounds to total bioflavonoids) can be in the range of about 1:1 to about 1:3, or about 2:1 to about 1:4. For example, the ratio of total organic sulfur compounds to total polyphenolic compounds (e.g., the ratio of total organic sulfur compounds to total bioflavonoids) may be about 1:3.
In certain embodiments, the ratio of organosulfur compounds to total polyphenolic compounds (e.g., the ratio of total organosulfur compounds to total bioflavonoids) is in the range of about 16:1 to about 1:30. For example, the ratio of organosulfur compounds to total polyphenolic compounds (e.g., the ratio of total organosulfur compounds to total bioflavonoids) can range from about 15:1 to about 1:30, or from about 14:1 to about 1:30, or from about 13:1 to about 1:30, or from about 12:1 to about 1:30, or from about 10:1 to about 1:30, or from about 16:1 to about 1:16. For example, the ratio of organosulfur compound to total polyphenolic compound (e.g., ratio of organosulfur compound to total bioflavonoid) may range from about 9:1 to about 1:25, or from about 8:1 to about 1:20, or from about 7:1 to about 1:15, or from about 6:1 to about 1:10, or from about 5:1 to about 1:8, or from about 4:1 to about 1:7, or from about 3:1 to about 1:6, or from about 2:1 to about 1:5, or from about 1:1 to about 1:4. For example, the ratio of organosulfur compounds to total polyphenolic compounds (e.g., the ratio of total organosulfur compounds to total bioflavonoids) can range from about 1:4 to about 1:8, or from about 1:1 to about 1:3, or from about 2:1 to about 1:4. For example, the ratio of organosulfur compounds to total polyphenolic compounds (e.g., the ratio of total organosulfur compounds to total bioflavonoids) may be about 1:6 or may be about 1:3. In a preferred embodiment, the organosulfur compound is a disulfide compound. In a preferred embodiment, the organosulfur compound is allicin and/or the polyphenolic compound is a bioflavonoid comprising naringin and neohesperidin.
In some embodiments, the organosulfur compound and the at least one polyphenol compound may be provided as a mixture. The mixture may be one as described in WO 2018/220340 A1, which is incorporated herein by reference. In the examples disclosed herein, the ratio of organosulfur compounds to total polyphenolic compounds in the mixture is 1:3, and the ratio of garlic powder to citrus extract is 93:7, which is referred to as "NXRH214" in the examples disclosed herein. In some examples disclosed herein, the ratio of organohalogen compound (e.g., bromoform) to powder mixture comprising organosulfur compound and polyphenol compound (e.g., NXRH214 powder) is 1:100 to 1:100000, more preferably 1:30000 to 1:100000, or 1:35000 to 1:83000.
-other additives
The composition may, for example, further comprise other animal feed supplements including, for example, vitamins, minerals, antibiotics, growth stimulators, and combinations thereof. For example, the composition may comprise other bioactive animal feed supplements, such as animal feed supplements suitable for reducing methane production/emissions and/or increasing nutrient availability to an animal. The vitamin may be any one or more of vitamin A, vitamin D, vitamin E, vitamin K, thiamine, riboflavin, pyridoxine, cyanocobalamine, carotenoids (including beta-carotene, zeaxanthin, lutein, and lycopene), niacin, folic acid, pantothenic acid, biotin, vitamin C, choline, inositol, and salts and derivatives thereof. The mineral may be any one or more of calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, iron, zinc, manganese, copper, cobalt, boron, iodine, sodium, potassium, molybdenum, selenium, chromium, fluorine and chlorine. The animal feed composition may, for example, comprise from about 0.001 wt% to about 5 wt% of each additional animal feed supplement, or from about 0.01 wt% to about 5 wt%, or from about 0.1 wt% to about 5 wt% of each additional animal feed supplement.
In addition to the organosulfur compound, the organohalogen compound, and optionally at least one polyphenolic compound, the composition may, for example, further comprise other components such as, for example, flavoring agents, colorants, stabilizers, antioxidants, buffers, emulsifiers, dispersants, thickeners, solubilizing agents, micronutrients (e.g., selenium), vitamins, other feed substances (e.g., carbohydrates such as sugar and starch), soluble and insoluble fibers, cellulose, lignocellulose, cereal grains, chaff, cereal grits, fruit and vegetable seeds, husks, pericarps, and the like.
-animal feed
Also disclosed herein is an animal feed comprising the composition described herein. Animal feed can be solid (e.g., powder, granules, pellets), semi-solid (e.g., gel, ointment, cream, paste) or liquid (e.g., solution, suspension, emulsion). Animal feed can be independently solid, semi-solid (e.g., gel, ointment, cream, paste) or liquid (e.g., solution, suspension, emulsion). For example, the animal feed may be all liquid, or all semi-solid, or all solid. Alternatively, the animal feed and the composition may each be in a different physical state. For example, the animal feed may be solid or semi-solid, while the composition may be liquid. The composition may be used, for example, in a "top-dressing" (top-additive) ruminant farm ration, or may be used to blend a total mixed ration. For example, the composition may be added to the drinking water of an animal. In certain embodiments, the composition may be added to the drinking water of an animal immediately prior to ingestion, for example, up to 1 hour prior to ingestion, or up to 30 minutes prior to ingestion, or up to 15 minutes prior to ingestion, or up to 5 minutes prior to ingestion. Three main types of animal feed include roughage, concentrate, and mixed feed. Generally, roughage comprises a higher percentage of crude fiber and a lower percentage of digestible nutrients than concentrate. For example, a roughage may be defined as comprising equal to or greater than 20 wt% of crude fiber and equal to or less than 60 wt% of total digestible nutrients. Roughages may include, for example, dry roughages (such as hay, straw, artificially dehydrated forage containing at least 90% by weight dry matter), silage (formed from green forage such as grass, alfalfa, sorghum, and corn, and stored in silos at 20% to 50% dry matter content), and pastures (such as green growing pastures that provide forage having a high moisture content and typically less than 30% dry matter). Two basic types of roughage include grasses and legumes. Grass fiber and dry matter are generally higher than legumes. Legume proteins, metabolizable energy, vitamins and minerals are generally higher. The concentrate comprises a relatively lower percentage of crude fiber and a higher percentage of digestible nutrients than the roughage. For example, concentrate may be defined as comprising less than 20% by weight crude fiber and greater than 60% by weight total digestible nutrients. Concentrate may include, for example, energy-rich grains and molasses. Corn, wheat, oats, barley and milo (sorghum grains) are energy rich grains comprising about 70 to 80 weight percent total digestible nutrients.
The mixed feed is typically a mixture of coarse and fine feed to provide a "complete" balanced ration, and the energy, protein or fiber may be high or low. The at least one organosulfur compound and the at least one polyphenolic compound (e.g., the at least one bioflavonoid) may be combined with the animal feed, for example, in various amounts, depending on the total amount of organohalogen compound(s), organosulfur compound(s) and optionally polyphenolic compound(s) (e.g., bioflavonoid) intended for administration to the animal.
The animal feed may, for example, comprise from about 0.0001 wt% to about 10 wt% of an organic sulfur compound (e.g., allicin) based on the total dry weight of the animal feed. The animal feed may, for example, comprise from about 0.3 wt% to about 10 wt% of an organic sulfur compound (e.g., allicin) based on the total dry weight of the animal feed. For example, the animal feed can comprise from about 0.001 wt% to about 9.5 wt%, or from about 0.005 wt% to about 9 wt%, or from about 0.01 wt% to about 8.5 wt%, or from about 0.05 wt% to about 8 wt%, or from about 0.1 wt% to about 7.5 wt%, or from about 0.9 wt% to about 7 wt%, or from about 1 wt% to about 6 wt%, or from about 1.5 wt% to about 5.5 wt%, or from about 2 wt% to about 5 wt%, or from about 2.5 wt% to about 4.5 wt%, or from about 3 wt% to about 4 wt% of an organic sulfur compound (e.g., allicin), based on the total dry weight of the animal feed. For example, the animal feed can comprise from about 0.4 wt% to about 9.5 wt%, or from about 0.5 wt% to about 9 wt%, or from about 0.6 wt% to about 8.5 wt%, or from about 0.7 wt% to about 8 wt%, or from about 0.8 wt% to about 7.5 wt%, or from about 0.9 wt% to about 7 wt%, or from about 1 wt% to about 6 wt%, or from about 1.5 wt% to about 5.5 wt%, or from about 2 wt% to about 5 wt%, or from about 2.5 wt% to about 4.5 wt%, or from about 3 wt% to about 4 wt% of an organic sulfur compound (e.g., allicin), based on the total dry weight of the animal feed. The concentration of total organic sulfur compounds (e.g., allicin) present in the animal feed supplements or animal feed compositions described herein generally exceeds the concentration of each organic halogen compound. As indicated above, the ratio of organohalogen compound to organosulfur compound in the animal feed can be about 1:10 to 1:3500, or 1:100 to 1:3500, or more preferably 1:1000 to 1:2500. Thus, in some embodiments, the animal feed can comprise from about 0.00015 wt% to about 0.01 wt% of an organic sulfur compound (e.g., allicin) based on the total dry weight of the animal feed.
The animal feed, if present, may, for example, comprise from about 0.0001% to about 10% by weight of total polyphenolic compounds (e.g., total bioflavonoids) based on the total dry weight of the animal feed. The animal feed may, for example, comprise from about 0.1% to about 10% by weight total polyphenolic compounds (e.g., total bioflavonoids) based on the total dry weight of the animal feed. For example, the animal feed can comprise from about 0.001 wt% to about 10 wt%, or from about 0.005 wt% to about 10 wt%, or from about 0.01 wt% to about 9.5 wt%, or from about 0.05 wt% to about 9 wt%, or from about 0.1 wt% to about 8.5 wt%, or from about 0.7 wt% to about 8 wt%, or from about 0.8 wt% to about 7.5 wt%, or from about 0.9 wt% to about 7 wt%, or from about 1 wt% to about 6 wt%, or from about 1.5 wt% to about 5.5 wt%, or from about 2 wt% to about 5 wt%, or from about 2.5 wt% to about 4.5 wt%, or from about 3 wt% to about 4 wt% of a total polyphenolic compound (e.g., a total bioflavanoid) based on the total dry weight of the animal feed. For example, the animal feed can comprise from about 0.2 wt% to about 10 wt%, or from about 0.3 wt% to about 10 wt%, or from about 0.4 wt% to about 9.5 wt%, or from about 0.5 wt% to about 9 wt%, or from about 0.6 wt% to about 8.5 wt%, or from about 0.7 wt% to about 8 wt%, or from about 0.8 wt% to about 7.5 wt%, or from about 0.9 wt% to about 7 wt%, or from about 1 wt% to about 6 wt%, or from about 1.5 wt% to about 5.5 wt%, or from about 2 wt% to about 5 wt%, or from about 2.5 wt% to about 4.5 wt%, or from about 3 wt% to about 4 wt% of a total polyphenolic compound (e.g., a total bioflavanoid) based on the total dry weight of the animal feed. The concentration of total organic sulfur compounds (e.g., allicin) present in the animal feed supplements or animal feed compositions described herein can exceed the concentration of total polyphenol compound(s).
-method of the present disclosure
Disclosed herein are methods of reducing methane, e.g., reducing methane production by an animal, comprising administering to the animal, more particularly a ruminant, a composition or animal feed described herein.
The compositions and methods described herein can, for example, reduce methane production and/or emissions by at least about 10% (as compared to methane production and/or emissions if the animal feed supplement is not consumed). For example, the animal feed supplement can reduce methane production and/or emissions by at least about 10%, or at least about 15%, or at least about 25%, or at least about 30%, or at least about 35%, or at least about 40%, or at least about 45%, or at least about 50%, or at least about 60%, or at least about 70%, or at least about 80%. The animal feed supplements described herein may, for example, reduce methane production and/or emissions by up to 100%. For example, an animal feed supplement may reduce methane production and/or emissions by up to about 99%, or up to about 98%, or up to about 97%, or up to about 96%, or up to about 95%, or up to about 90%, or up to about 85%, or up to about 80%, or up to about 75%, or up to about 70%. This can be measured, for example, by a Huo Enhai-mu (Hohenheim) gas test or by using a pressure gauge.
Also disclosed herein are methods of inhibiting one or more methanogens comprising administering to an animal, more particularly a ruminant, a composition or animal feed described herein. In some embodiments, the compositions and combinations disclosed herein can be used to reduce one or more methanogens selected from the group consisting of: methanobacterium (Methanobacterium formicicum), methanobacterium buchneri (Methanobacterium bryantii), methanobacterium rumens (Methanobrevibacter ruminantium), methanobacterium milhneri (Methanobrevibacter millerae), methanobacterium australis (Methanobrevibacter olleyae), methanobacterium motile (Methanomicrobium mobile), methanobacterium australis (Methanoculleus olentangyi), methanosarcina bardans (Methanosarcina barkeri), methanobacterium bortezomib (Methanobrevibacter boviskoreani), methanobacterium beijerinae (Methanobacterium beijingense), methanobacterium jersey (Methanoculleus marisnigri), methanobacterium breve (Methanoculleus bourgensis), methanosarcina mahogany (Methanosarcina mazei), methanobacterium gordonii (Methanobrevibacter gottschalkii), methanobacterium co-existence (Methanobrevibacter thaueri), methanobacterium smini (Methanobrevibacter smithii), methanobacterium stevensis (Methanosphaera stadtmanae), methanobacterium Wo Sishi (Methanobrevibacter woesei), and methanobacterium wovensis (Methanobrevibacter wolinii).
Also disclosed herein are methods of improving the metabolic efficiency of an animal comprising administering to the animal a composition or animal feed of the invention. Improvements in metabolic efficiency may result in increased production of animal products, such as one or more of meat, fat, wool (i.e., fiber), and milk. Thus, the compositions or methods of the invention may improve the production of meat and/or fat and/or hair and/or milk from animals.
The compositions, animal feeds and methods described herein can, for example, increase milk and/or meat and/or hair production by at least about 20% (as compared to if the composition or animal feed were not consumed). For example, the composition or animal feed may increase milk and/or meat and/or fat and/or hair production by at least about 25%, or at least about 30%, or at least about 35%, or at least about 40%, or at least about 45%, or at least about 50%. The compositions or animal feeds described herein may, for example, increase milk and/or meat and/or fat and/or hair production by up to 100%. For example, the composition or animal feed may increase milk and/or meat and/or fat and/or hair production by up to about 95%, or up to about 90%, or up to about 85%, or up to about 80%, or up to about 75%, or up to about 70%. This can be measured, for example, by the volume of milk produced per day or by the weight of the animal or by the weight of the hair and/or fat and/or meat produced.
For example, the compositions and animal feeds described herein can increase the efficiency of milk and/or meat and/or hair production by at least about 20% (as compared to the efficiency of milk and/or meat and/or fat and/or hair production if the composition or animal feed is not consumed). For example, the compositions or animal feeds described herein may increase the efficiency of milk and/or meat and/or fat and/or hair production by at least about 25%, or at least about 30%, or at least about 35%, or at least about 40%, or at least about 45%, or at least about 50%. The compositions or animal feeds described herein may, for example, increase the efficiency of milk and/or meat and/or fat and/or hair production by up to 100%. For example, the compositions or animal feeds described herein may increase the efficiency of milk and/or meat and/or fat and/or hair production by up to about 95%, or up to about 90%, or up to about 85%, or up to about 80%, or up to about 75%, or up to about 70%. Efficiency is related to the extent to which a particular biological process (e.g., milk, meat, fat, wool production) occurs per unit of nutrient consumed. This can be measured, for example, by the change in the volume of milk produced per day or the weight of the animal or the weight of hair or fat divided by the total nutrient consumed by the animal. For example, the compositions or animal feeds described herein can increase nutrient availability by at least about 20% (as compared to milk and/or meat and/or fat and/or hair production if the composition or animal feed is not consumed). For example, a composition or animal feed described herein can increase nutrient availability by at least about 25%, or at least about 30%, or at least about 35%, or at least about 40%, or at least about 45%, or at least about 50%. The compositions or animal feeds described herein may, for example, increase nutrient availability by up to 100%. For example, the compositions or animal feeds described herein can increase nutrient availability by up to about 95%, or up to about 90%, or up to about 85%, or up to about 80%, or up to about 75%, or up to about 70%. Nutrient availability refers to the amount of nutrient available to an animal for biological/metabolic function.
In some embodiments, the ruminant is a cow, goat, sheep, yak, deer, or antelope. In some embodiments, the ruminant is a cow, goat or sheep.
The composition or animal feed may be orally administered to an animal. In some embodiments, the composition or animal feed may be administered to the animal daily.
Improving the metabolic efficiency of ruminants
The present disclosure provides feed supplement formulations incorporating biologically or synthetically derived organic halogens, organic sulfur and polyphenolic compounds suitable for oral administration to ruminants to improve their metabolic efficiency, for reducing emitted methane and reducing excreted nitrogen, and for increasing valuable animal products such as meat, fat, fiber and milk.
The present invention is based on the following unexpected findings: when certain organohalogen compounds, organosulfur compounds and polyphenolic compounds are administered to ruminants to reduce methane emissions in the ruminant, these organohalogen compounds, organosulfur compounds and polyphenolic compounds also improve the metabolic efficiency of the ruminant, and also reduce urinary nitrogen excretion, and increase production of valuable animal products. Furthermore, when the organohalogen compound, organosulfur compound and polyphenolic compound are administered in certain combinations, there is a surprising increase in the reduction of both emitted methane and excreted nitrogen, and a surprising increase in the production of valuable animal products.
The present inventors have recognized that feed supplements from certain combinations comprising organohalogen-rich marine macroalgae and organosulfur-rich plants, as well as polyphenol-rich plants, provide unexpected and surprising improvements in metabolic efficiency.
The combination of organohalogen-rich marine macroalgae and organosulfur-rich plants and polyphenol-rich plants of the invention, when administered to ruminants, reduces methanogenesis and reduces ruminant methane production. The reduction in methanogenesis occurs through different modes including: reducing methanogenic organisms by limiting their growth or killing them; the methanogenic process is reduced by limiting or terminating enzymes involved in methanogenesis.
Methanogens identified in cattle, sheep and goats include methanobacterium formate (Methanobacterium formicicum), methanobacterium buchneri (Methanobacterium bryantii), methanobacterium rumens (Methanobrevibacter ruminantium), methanobacterium migrainae (Methanobrevibacter millerae), methanobacterium australis (Methanobrevibacter olleyae), methanobacterium motile (Methanomicrobium mobile), methanobacterium australis (Methanoculleus olentangyi), methanobacterium sarcina bardans (Methanosarcina barkeri), methanobacterium borgpi (Methanobrevibacter boviskoreani), methanobacterium beijing (Methanobacterium beijingense), methanobacterium jersey (Methanoculleus marisnigri), methanobacterium breveticus (Methanoculleus bourgensis), methanosarcina marxianus (Methanosarcina mazei), methanobacterium gossypii (Methanobrevibacter gottschalkii), methanobacterium co-existence (Methanobrevibacter thaueri), methanobacterium smithii (Methanobrevibacter smithii), methanobacterium stevens (Methanosphaera stadtmanae), methanobacterium Wo Sishi (Methanobrevibacter woesei) and methanobacterium wovens (Methanobrevibacter wolinii). Thus, in some embodiments, the compositions and combinations disclosed herein can be used to reduce one or more methanogens selected from the group consisting of: methanobacterium (Methanobacterium formicicum), methanobacterium buchneri (Methanobacterium bryantii), methanobacterium rumens (Methanobrevibacter ruminantium), methanobacterium migraines (Methanobrevibacter millerae), methanobacterium australis (Methanobrevibacter olleyae), methanobacterium motile (Methanomicrobium mobile), methanobacterium australis (Methanoculleus olentangyi), methanosarcina bardans (Methanosarcina barkeri), methanobacterium bortezomib (Methanobrevibacter boviskoreani), methanobacterium beijerinae (Methanobacterium beijingense), methanobacterium jersey (Methanoculleus marisnigri), methanobacterium breve (Methanoculleus bourgensis), methanosarcina mahogany (Methanosarcina mazei), methanobacterium gordonii (Methanobrevibacter gottschalkii), methanobacterium co-existence (Methanobrevibacter thaueri), methanobacterium smini (Methanobrevibacter smithii), methanobacterium stevens (Methanosphaera stadtmanae), methanobacterium Wo Sishi (Methanobrevibacter woesei) and methanobacterium vortiodans (Methanobrevibacter wolinii).
The combination of organohalogen-rich marine macroalgae and organosulfur-rich plants and polyphenol-rich plants of the invention has unexpected and surprising enhancements in reducing methane emissions and excreted urine nitrogen, as well as in increasing valuable animal products, possibly due to synergy between different modes of inhibition of methanogenesis including, for example:
organohalogen compounds from the species Asparagopsis (Asparagopsis) of marine macroalgae include organobromine, especially bromoform (CHBr) 3 Bromoform), which inhibits the efficiency of methyltransferase by reacting with reduced vitamin B12 cofactor required for the second to last steps of methanogenesis, and also competitively inhibits methane production by acting as a terminal electron acceptor.
Organosulfur compounds from plants of the Allium (Allium) species include allicin and diallyl disulfide, which possess methanogenic activity due to oxidative interactions with important thiol-containing enzymes and by inhibiting the enzyme HMG-CoA reductase.
Polyphenolic compounds from plants of the Citrus (Citrus) species include the flavonoids neohesperidin and naringin, which have anti-methanogenic activity.
The inventors have recognized that due to the supplement of the present invention, unexpected and surprising improvements in metabolic efficiency may also be due to additional health benefits, including, for example: an anthelmintic effect resulting in a reduction of gastrointestinal parasites; antibacterial effects that lead to bacterial infections including, for example, reduced mastitis; and when administered to ruminants, providing supplemental trace minerals and vitamins present in the organohalogen-rich marine macroalgae and organosulfur-rich plants and polyphenol-rich plant combinations of the invention.
The combination of organohalogen-rich marine macroalgae and organosulfur-rich plants of the invention, and polyphenol-rich plants, can be administered as a feed supplement in certain combinations and in certain proportions.
The combination of organohalogen-rich marine macroalgae and organosulfur-rich plants and polyphenol-rich plants of the invention can be administered as a separate feed supplement or combined into a mixed composition feed supplement.
Use of the same
The compositions or animal feed supplements described herein (including all embodiments and combinations of embodiments) can be used to reduce methane production and/or emissions by an animal, reduce nitrogen excretion by an animal, increase the availability of nutrients to an animal, and/or increase the animal's valuable nitrogen-and carbon-enriched animal products.
In certain embodiments, the animal is a ruminant. Ruminants include animals selected from members of the sub-orders ruminant (Ruminaria) and foot-callus (Tylopoda), and include domesticated ruminants: for example, cattle (e.g., cows), goats, sheep, buffalo, yaks, deer or antelope.
In particular, the compositions or feed supplements of the present invention, when administered to ruminants in an effective amount, result in reduced methane production by the ruminants, which would otherwise be vented to the atmosphere primarily through mouth and nostril exhalation gases, and represent an energy loss of 2% to 12% of the total energy intake from the feed.
Methane is a greenhouse gas with a global warming potential 28 times that of carbon dioxide. Intestinal methane is a byproduct of ruminant digestion and is produced by complex microflora including ciliate protozoa, bacteria, archaebacteria, and anaerobic fungi through a process known as methanogenesis. Cattle produce about 7 and 9 times as much methane as sheep and goats, respectively. Intestinal methane is produced mainly in the rumen (87% -90%) and to a lesser extent (13% -10%) in the large intestine.
The compositions and feed supplements of the present invention result in the transfer of metabolic energy from methane production and direct it to anabolic growth processes. Thus, the feed supplement results in an increase in the live weight of ruminants, which is determined by: directly weighing the animal mass; computed Tomography (CT) scans to measure empty body mass (total mass minus intestinal content); carcass quality and composition analysis (lean, fat and major fat distribution; and organ including liver changes).
Examples of valuable nitrogen-and carbon-enriched animal products are tissue-based commodities and include, for example: meat; viscera; and leather.
Another example of valuable nitrogen-and carbon-rich animal products are secretion-based commodities and those commodity products, including for example: milk; full fat milk; milk powder; cream; ice cream; cheese; and yogurt.
Another example of a valuable nitrogen-and carbon-enriched animal product is a fiber-based commodity and includes, for example: a hair; angle (horn); and deer horn (antler).
The compositions and feed supplements of the present invention result in an unexpected and surprising improvement in metabolic efficiency, which may result in a reduction of excreted urinary nitrogen that is deposited in urine plaques on pastures after urination. When the excess excreted nitrogen in the urine plaques is greater than that required for optimal pasture plant efficiency, the excess nitrogen goes through nitrate (NO 3 - ) Leaching and ammonia (NH) 3 ) Dinitrogen monoxide (N) 2 O) and nitrogen (N) 2 ) And volatilized and lost. Nitrous oxide is particularly harmful to the atmosphere as a greenhouse gas and has a global warming potential 298 times that of carbon dioxide. Loss of nitrogen into groundwater can lead to uncontrolled growth of aquatic microbiota, thereby destroying the ecosystem, leading to massive proliferation of toxic algae and eutrophication of the water body.
Method of manufacture
The compositions or animal feed supplements described herein may be prepared by combining one or more organohalogen compounds and one or more organosulfur compounds and one or more polyphenolic compounds.
The organohalogen compounds can be synthesized or extracted from a suitable biological source and used in raw or processed form. For example, the organohalogen compounds include: CH (CH) 3 Cl;CH 3 Br;CH 3 I;CH 2 Cl 2 ;CH 2 Br 2 ;CH 2 I 2 ;CHCl 3 ;CHBr 3 ;CHI 3 ;CCl 4 ;CBr 4 ;CH 2 ClBr;CH 2 ClI;CH 2 BrI;CHBr 2 Cl;CHBrI 2 ;CHBrClI;CHBr 2 I;CHBrCl 2 ;CH 3 CH 2 Br;CH 3 CH 2 I;CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 I;CH 3 (CH 2 ) 3 I;CH 3 (CH 2 ) 4 Br;CH 3 (CH 2 ) 4 I;(CH3) 2 CHI;CH 3 CH 2 CH(CH 3 )I;(CH 3 ) 2 CHCH 2 I;BrCH 2 CH 2 Br;ClCH=CCl 2 The method comprises the steps of carrying out a first treatment on the surface of the And CH (CH) 3 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 I。
The biological source of the organohalogen compound is an organohalogen-rich marine macroalgae. For example, the organic halogen-rich marine macroalgae comprises at least one marine macroalgae selected from the group consisting of: radix seu radix Ophiopogonii (Asparagopsis armata); taxus-like sea-door winter (Asparagopsis taxiformis); a Dictyota (Dictyota) species; a sphingosine (oendonium) species; ulva (Ulva) species; and cladophora (Cladophora patentiramea).
The organosulfur compounds can be synthesized or extracted from suitable biological sources and used in raw or processed form. The organic sulfur compounds include: organic sulfur secondary metabolites; allicin (C) 6 H 10 S 2 O); diallyl sulfide (C) 6 H 10 S) S; diallyl disulfide (C) 6 H 10 S 2 ) The method comprises the steps of carrying out a first treatment on the surface of the And allyl mercaptan (C) 3 H 6 S)。
The biological source of the organosulfur compounds is an organosulfur-rich plant. For example, organic sulfur-rich plants include: allium species; sativum (garlic); ampeloprasum (leek); cepa (onion and green onion). The one or more organosulfur compounds can be obtained from one or more parts of a plant, including, for example: leaves; stems; bark; root; bulbs; flower; fruit; and seeds.
The polyphenol compounds may be synthesized or extracted from a suitable biological source and used in raw or processed form. For example, polyphenolic compounds include bioflavonoids and phenolic compounds. The term phenolic compound refers to a class of chemical compounds that contain hydroxyl groups (-OH) directly bonded to aromatic hydrocarbon groups. The phenolic compounds described herein may include bioflavonoids, non-bioflavonoid phenolic compounds, or combinations thereof. The at least one polyphenolic compound may, for example, comprise at least one bioflavonoid. The term bioflavonoids refers to a class of plant and fungal secondary metabolites and has the general structure of a 15 carbon backbone consisting of two benzene rings (A and B) and a heterocycle (C), sometimes abbreviated as C 6 -C 3 -C 6 . The term bioflavonoids includes anthocyanins (including flavones and flavonols), flavanones, flavanonols, flavans and anthocyanidins. The term bioflavonoids also includes compounds having a flavone backbone (2-phenyl-1, 4-benzopyrone), an isoflavane backbone (3-phenylchromen-4-one) or a neoflavane backbone (4-phenylcoumarin). Thus, the term polyphenol compound includes, but is not limited to: -a flower flavin; flavanones (including flavanone glycosides); flavonols; a flavanonol; a flavan; isoflavone; anthocyanin; procyanidins; phenolic acid; hydroxycinnamic acid; coumarin; stilbenes; anthraquinone; lignans; lignin; tannin; a polyphenol protein; catechin; rutin; robinia pseudoacacia; genistein; kaempferol; gallocatechin; catechin gallate; epicatechin; epigallocatechin; epicatechin gallate; quercetin; catechin; gallocatechin gallate; epicatechin; epigallocatechin; epicatechin gallate; epigallocatechin gallate; kaempferol; quercetin; naringin; neohesperidin; eriocitrin; naringin; naringenin; hesperidin; rhus verniciflua Stokes glycoside; myrosin; melissa glucoside; hesperetin; poncirin; epicatechin; gallocatechin; epigallocatechin; coumaric acid; cinnamic acid; gallic acid; ellagic acid; protocatechuic acid; chlorogenic acid; caffeic acid; ferulic acid; anan (safety) Punicalagin; granatum tann.
The biological source of polyphenol compounds is a polyphenol-rich plant. For example, polyphenol-enriched plants include: allium species; a Brassica (Brassica) species; a camellia (Camelia) species; a Capsicum (Capsicum) species; citrus (Citrus) species; cucumber (Cucumis) species; malus (Malus) species; a Musa (Musa) species; a Phaseolus (Phaseolus) species; a prune (prune) species; a Punica (Punica) species; pear (Pyrus) species; solanum (Solanum) species; vaccinium species. The one or more polyphenolic compounds may be obtained from one or more parts of a plant, including, for example: leaves; stems; bark; root; bulbs; flower; fruit; and seeds.
The compositions or animal feed supplements described herein may be prepared by combining one or more organohalogen-rich marine macroalgae and one or more organosulfur-rich plant compounds and one or more polyphenols-rich plants.
The components are combined in the appropriate amounts to obtain a composition having the desired amounts of the components. Each component may be combined with one or more other components in any order and combination suitable to obtain the desired product. For example, each component may be combined by mixing or blending. For example, the one or more organic halogen compounds and the one or more organic sulfur compounds and the one or more polyphenolic compounds may be combined with the animal feed by placing the one or more organic halogen compounds and the one or more organic sulfur compounds and the one or more polyphenolic compounds on top of the animal feed (Shi Dingfei).
The composition may be prepared in a dry solid form, such as a powder form, and subjected to further processing steps depending on the type of formulation for which the final product is intended. The method may further comprise a shaping step wherein the mixture is molded, pressed, spray dried or otherwise shaped into a shape (e.g., bar, sphere, pellet, cluster, tablet), preferably of a size and/or texture suitable for consumption by animals of the type described herein. The method may include containing the animal feed or animal feed supplement in a specific delivery device such as a syringe. The method may include preparing an animal feed supplement or animal feed into a pellet that is expected to reside in the stomach of an animal (e.g., the rumen of a ruminant).
Administration of methanogenesis inhibitors
Also disclosed herein are methods of stepwise administration of a methanogenesis inhibitor feed supplement incorporating biologically derived organohalogen compounds and/or organosulfur compounds and/or polyphenolic compounds, suitable for oral administration to ruminants to improve their metabolic efficiency, for reducing emitted methane and reducing excreted nitrogen, and for increasing valuable animal products such as meat, fat, fiber and milk.
The term "step-wise" as used herein means that at least one dose of an effective amount of at least one methanogenesis inhibitor is administered, and optionally at least one continuous dose of an effective amount of at least one methanogenesis inhibitor is administered after some effective time intervals.
The present disclosure is based on the unexpected discovery that the feed supplement, when administered stepwise to the animal in an effective dosage amount and for an effective time interval, provides surprising economic benefits by improving metabolic efficiency, reducing methane emissions and reducing nitrogen excretion, and increasing valuable animal products such as meat, fat, fiber, and milk.
Inhibition of methanogenesis occurs through different modes of action including, for example: reducing the methanogenesis process; by limiting or stopping enzymes involved in methanogenesis; or by limiting the growth of methanogenic organisms or killing them.
Methanogenesis inhibitors include, for example: an organohalogen compound; CH (CH) 3 Cl;CH 3 Br;CH 3 I;CH 2 Cl 2 ;CH 2 Br 2 ;CH 2 I 2 ;CHCl 3 ;CHBr 3 ;CHI 3 ;CCl 4 ;CBr 4 ;CH 2 ClBr;CH 2 ClI;CH 2 BrI;CHBr 2 Cl;CHBrI 2 ;CHBrClI;CHBr 2 I;CHBrCl 2 ;CH 3 CH 2 Br;CH 3 CH 2 I;CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 I;CH 3 (CH 2 ) 3 I;CH 3 (CH 2 ) 4 Br;CH 3 (CH 2 ) 4 I;(CH3) 2 CHI;CH 3 CH 2 CH(CH 3 )I;(CH 3 ) 2 CHCH 2 I;BrCH 2 CH 2 Br;ClCH=CCl 2 ;CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 I, a step of I; an organic sulfur compound; organic sulfur secondary metabolites; allicin (C) 6 H 10 S 2 O); diallyl sulfide (C) 6 H 10 S) S; diallyl disulfide (C) 6 H 10 S 2 ) The method comprises the steps of carrying out a first treatment on the surface of the Allyl mercaptan (C) 3 H 6 S) S; a polyphenol compound; flavonoids; bioflavonoids; a non-bioflavonoid; -a flower flavin; flavone; flavonols; flavanones; a flavanonol; a flavan; anthocyanin; isoflavane; new flavanthamine; isoflavone; procyanidins; phenolic acid; hydroxycinnamic acid; coumarin; stilbenes; anthraquinone; lignans; lignin; tannin; a polyphenol protein; catechin; rutin; robinia pseudoacacia; genistein; kaempferol; gallocatechin; catechin gallate; epicatechin; epigallocatechin; epicatechin gallate; quercetin; catechin; gallocatechin gallate; epicatechin; epigallocatechin; epicatechin gallate; epigallocatechin gallate; kaempferol; quercetin; naringin; neohesperidin; eriocitrin; naringin; naringenin; hesperidin; rhus verniciflua Stokes glycoside; myrosin; melissa glucoside; hesperetin; poncirin; epicatechin; gallocatechin; epigallocatechin; coumaric acid; cinnamic acid; gallic acid; ellagic acid; protocatechuic acid; chlorogenic acid; caffeic acid; ferulic acid; punicalagin; pomegranate rind tannagin.
The biological source of the organohalogen compound is an organohalogen-rich marine macroalgae. For example, the organohalogen-rich marine macroalgae comprises at least one marine macroalgae selected from the group consisting of: radix seu radix Ophiopogonii (Asparagopsis armata); taxus-like sea-door winter (Asparagopsis taxiformis); a Dictyota (Dictyota) species; a sphingosine (oendonium) species; ulva (Ulva) species; and cladophora (Cladophora patentiramea). The organohalogen compounds, organobromine compounds, and bromoforms disclosed herein can also be synthetic.
The biological source of the organosulfur compounds is an organosulfur-rich plant. For example, organic sulfur-rich plants include: allium species; sativum (garlic); ampeloprasum (leek); cepa (onion and green onion). The one or more organosulfur compounds can be obtained from one or more parts of a plant, including, for example: leaves; stems; bark; root; bulbs; flower; fruit; and seeds. The organosulfur compounds disclosed herein can also be synthetic.
The biological source of polyphenol compounds is a polyphenol-rich plant. For example, polyphenol-enriched plants include: allium species; a Brassica (Brassica) species; a camellia (Camelia) species; a Capsicum (Capsicum) species; citrus (Citrus) species; cucumber (Cucumis) species; malus (Malus) species; a Musa (Musa) species; a Phaseolus (Phaseolus) species; a prune (prune) species; a Punica (Punica) species; pear (Pyrus) species; solanum (Solanum) species; vaccinium species. The one or more polyphenolic compounds may be obtained from one or more parts of a plant, including, for example: leaves; stems; bark; root; bulbs; flower; fruit; and seeds. The polyphenol compounds disclosed herein may also be synthetic.
The inventors have appreciated that by optimizing the stepwise administration by optimizing both the amount of effective dose and the effective time interval between successive doses:
1. maximizing the increase in valuable animal products in the ruminant animals, contributing to economic benefits; and
2. preventing overfeeding or other overfeeding, which reduces the cost of the feed supplement, contributes to economic benefit; and
3. preventing overfeeding or other overfeeding, which prevents counter productivity of the feed supplement in the ruminant animal, contributes to economic benefit.
The present inventors have recognized the unexpected and surprising economic benefits of the gradual administration of a methanogenesis inhibitor feed supplement comprising certain combinations of organohalogen-rich marine macroalgae and/or organosulfur-rich plants and/or polyphenol-rich plants by careful control.
The combination of organohalogen-rich marine macroalgae and/or organosulfur-rich plants and/or polyphenol-rich plants, when administered to ruminants, reduces methanogenesis and reduces ruminant methane production. The reduction in methanogenesis occurs through different modes including: reducing methanogenic organisms by limiting their growth or killing them; the methanogenic process is reduced by limiting or terminating enzymes involved in methanogenesis.
The progressive administration of certain combinations of organohalogen-rich marine macroalgae and organosulfur-rich plants and polyphenol-rich plants of the invention to ruminants has unexpected and surprising enhancements in reducing methane emissions and excreted urine nitrogen, as well as in increasing valuable animal products, possibly due to synergy between different modes of inhibition of methanogenesis including, for example:
1. organohalogen compounds from the species Asparagopsis (Asparagopsis) of marine macroalgae include organobromine, especially bromoform (CHBr) 3 Bromoform), which inhibits the efficiency of methyltransferase by reacting with reduced vitamin B12 cofactor required for the second to last steps of methanogenesis, and also competitively inhibits methane production by acting as a terminal electron acceptor.
2. Organosulfur compounds from plants of the Allium (Allium) species include allicin and diallyl disulfide, which possess methanogenic activity due to oxidative interactions with important thiol-containing enzymes and by inhibiting the enzyme HMG-CoA reductase.
3. Polyphenolic compounds from plants of the Citrus (Citrus) species include the flavonoids neohesperidin and naringin, which have anti-methanogenic activity.
The inventors have recognized that due to the stepwise administration of the methanogenesis inhibitor feed supplement or composition of the present invention, the unexpected and surprising improvement in metabolic efficiency may also be due to additional health benefits, including, for example: an anthelmintic effect resulting in a reduction of gastrointestinal parasites; antibacterial effects that lead to bacterial infections including, for example, reduced mastitis; and when administered to ruminants, providing supplemental trace minerals and vitamins present in the organohalogen-rich marine macroalgae and organosulfur-rich plants and polyphenol-rich plant combinations of the invention.
The progressive administration of organohalogen-rich marine macroalgae and/or organosulfur-rich plants and/or polyphenol-rich plants of the invention can be applied as a feed supplement in certain combinations and in certain proportions.
The progressive administration of the organohalogen-rich marine macroalgae and/or the combination of organosulfur-rich plants and polyphenol-rich plants of the invention can be administered as a separate feed supplement or combined into a mixed composition feed supplement (as a composition described herein).
Use of the same
Progressive administration of the methanogenesis inhibitor animal feed supplements described herein (including all embodiments and combinations of embodiments) can be used to optimize the feed supplement administration to animals to reduce methane production and/or emissions from the animals, reduce nitrogen excretion from the animals, increase the availability of nutrients to the animals, and/or increase the animal's valuable nitrogen-and carbon-enriched animal products.
In certain embodiments, the animal is a ruminant. Ruminants include animals selected from members of the sub-orders ruminant (Ruminaria) and foot-callus (Tylopoda), and include domesticated ruminants: for example, cattle (e.g., cows), goats, sheep, buffalo, yaks, deer or antelope.
In particular, progressive administration of the methanogenesis inhibitor feed supplement or composition of the present invention when administered to ruminants results in reduced methane production by ruminants, which would otherwise be discharged into the atmosphere primarily through mouth and nostril exhalation gases, and represents an energy loss of 2% to 12% of the total energy intake from the feed.
Methane is a greenhouse gas with a global warming potential 28 times that of carbon dioxide. Intestinal methane is a byproduct of ruminant digestion and is produced by complex microflora including ciliate protozoa, bacteria, archaebacteria, and anaerobic fungi through a process known as methanogenesis. Cattle produce about 7 and 9 times as much methane as sheep and goats, respectively. Intestinal methane is produced mainly in the rumen (87% -90%) and to a lesser extent (13% -10%) in the large intestine.
The progressive administration of the methanogenesis inhibitor feed supplement of the present invention results in the transfer of metabolic energy from methane production and directs it to anabolic growth processes. Thus, the composition or feed supplement results in an increase in the live weight of the ruminant, as determined by: directly weighing the animal mass; computed Tomography (CT) scans to measure empty body mass (total mass minus intestinal content); carcass quality and composition analysis (lean, fat and major fat distribution; and organ including liver changes).
Examples of valuable nitrogen-and carbon-enriched animal products are tissue-based commodities and include, for example: meat; viscera; and leather.
Another example of valuable nitrogen-and carbon-rich animal products are secretion-based commodities and those commodity products, including for example: milk; full fat milk; milk powder; cream; ice cream; cheese; and yogurt.
Another example of a valuable nitrogen-and carbon-enriched animal product is a fiber-based commodity and includes, for example: a hair; a corner; and deer horn.
The progressive administration of the methanogenesis inhibitor feed supplement of the present invention results in an unexpected and surprising improvement in metabolic efficiency, which may result in a reduction of excreted urinary nitrogen that is deposited in urinary plaques on pastures after urination. Overexcretion of nitrogen in urine plaques is greater than that required for optimal pasture plant efficiencyThe amount of nitrogen goes through nitrate (NO 3 - ) Leaching and ammonia (NH) 3 ) Dinitrogen monoxide (N) 2 O) and nitrogen (N) 2 ) And volatilized and lost. Nitrous oxide is particularly harmful to the atmosphere as a greenhouse gas and has a global warming potential 298 times that of carbon dioxide. Loss of nitrogen into groundwater can lead to uncontrolled growth of aquatic microbiota, thereby destroying the ecosystem, leading to massive proliferation of toxic algae and eutrophication of the water body.
Method of stepwise administration
The progressive administration of the compositions or methanogenesis inhibitor feed supplements described herein may be performed by administering at least one dose of an effective amount of at least one methanogenesis inhibitor and optionally administering at least one continuous dose of an effective amount of at least one methanogenesis inhibitor after some effective time intervals.
It will be appreciated that successive doses of the methanogenesis inhibitor feed supplement at time intervals constitute a step-wise administration. Furthermore, the amount of consecutive doses, the time interval between doses, and the methanogenic inhibitor may be the same from dose to dose, from time interval to time interval, and between methanogenic inhibitor and methanogenic inhibitor, or they may be different dose amounts and/or different time intervals, and/or different methanogenic inhibitors.
The animal feed supplements or compositions described herein may be prepared by combining one or more organohalogen-rich marine macroalgae and one or more organosulfur-rich plant compounds and one or more polyphenols-rich plants.
The components are combined in the appropriate amounts to obtain a composition having the desired amounts of the components. Each component may be combined with one or more other components in any order and combination suitable to obtain the desired product. For example, each component may be combined by mixing or blending. For example, the one or more organic halogen compounds and the one or more organic sulfur compounds and the one or more polyphenolic compounds may be combined with the animal feed by placing the one or more organic halogen compounds and the one or more organic sulfur compounds and the one or more polyphenolic compounds on top of the animal feed (Shi Dingfei).
A methanogenesis inhibitor feed supplement may be prepared to aid in the stepwise administration in a form comprising: the solid form, for example a powder form, is dried and subjected to further processing steps depending on the type of formulation for which the final product is intended. The method may further comprise a shaping step wherein the mixture is molded, pressed, spray dried or otherwise shaped into a shape (e.g., bar, sphere, pellet, cluster, tablet), preferably of a size and/or texture suitable for consumption by animals of the type described herein. The method may include containing the animal feed or the animal methanogenesis inhibitor feed supplement in a specific delivery device such as a syringe. The method may include preparing the composition or animal feed into a pellet that is expected to reside in the stomach of an animal (e.g., the rumen of a ruminant).
The methanogenesis inhibitor feed supplement may be administered, for example, stepwise in dosage amounts based on weight percent of ruminants selected from the group consisting of: 0.1%;0.2%;0.3%;0.4%;0.5%;0.6%;0.7%;0.8%;0.9%;1.0%;1.1%;1.2%;1.3%;1.4%;1.5%;2.0%;2.5%;3.0%;3.5%;4.0%;4.5%;5.0%; and 10%.
The methanogenesis inhibitor feed supplement may be administered, for example, stepwise in a dosage amount based on the weight of feed consumed by the ruminant, selected from the group consisting of: 0.1%;0.2%;0.3%;0.4%;0.5%;0.6%;0.7%;0.8%;0.9%;1.0%;1.1%;1.2%;1.3%;1.4%;1.5%;2.0%;2.5%;3.0%;3.5%;4.0%;4.5%;5.0%; and 10%.
Gradual administration of the methanogenesis inhibitor feed supplement may have, for example, a time interval between at least one consecutive dose selected from the group consisting of: 1 minute; 1 hour; 1 day; for 2 days; 3 days; 4 days; for 5 days; for 6 days; 7 days; for 10 days; 2 weeks; 3 weeks; 4 weeks; for 6 weeks; 2 months; 3 months; 4 months; 6 months; 9 months; and 12 months.
All uses and methods described herein are considered purely non-therapeutic.
The invention will now be described by reference only to the following non-limiting examples.
EXAMPLE 1 inhibition of methane production by methanogenic archaea Methanococcus marinus (Methanococcus maripaludis)
i) Bromoform and allicin
The purpose of this experiment was to determine if bromoform and allicin were synergistic in their ability to inhibit methane production by the methanogenic archaebacteria methanococcus marinus (Methanococcus maripaludis).
For this experiment, 100mM bromoform was prepared by adding 8.75. Mu.l bromoform to 991. Mu.l DMSO. It was diluted 10-fold to produce a 10mM solution and further diluted to produce 0.12mM and 0.156mM stock solutions. An allicin stock solution was prepared by adding 48.6 μl of allicin to 951.4 μl of DMSO to prepare a 300mM stock solution, and adding 32.5 μl of allicin to 967.5 μl of DMSO to prepare a 200mM stock solution. Experiments were performed by adding 5ml of M141 medium (https:// www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium 141. Pdf) to a screw cap Hungate tube followed by 5. Mu.l allicin and/or 5. Mu.l bromoform or 10. Mu.l DMSO as follows:
tube 1: DMSO (10 μl)
Tube 2: bromoform (5. Mu.l 0.120 mM) (final 120 nM) +5. Mu.l DMSO
Tube 3: bromoform (5. Mu.l 0.156 mM) (final 156 nM) +5. Mu.l DMSO
Tube 4: allicin (5. Mu.l 200 mM) (final 200. Mu.M) +5. Mu.l DMSO
Tube 5: allicin (5. Mu.l 300 mM) (final 300. Mu.M) +5. Mu.l DMSO
Tube 6: bromoform (5. Mu.l 0.120 mM) (final 120 nM) +allicin (5. Mu.l 200 mM) (final 200. Mu.M)
Tube 7: bromoform (5. Mu.l 0.120 mM) (final 120 nM) +allicin (5. Mu.l 300 mM) (final 300. Mu.M)
Tube 8: bromoform (5. Mu.l 0.156 mM) (final 156 nM) +allicin (5. Mu.l 200 mM) (final 200. Mu.M)
Tube 9: bromoform (5. Mu.l 0.156 mM) (final 156 nM) +allicin (5. Mu.l 300 mM) (final 300. Mu.M)
After the addition of the test substances, 500. Mu.l of an overnight Methanococcus marinus (M.maripaludis) culture was added to each reaction tube. 80% H for each tube 2 /20% CO 2 Aerated to 240kPa and incubated at 37 ℃ for 24 hours.
After 24 hours incubation, the pressure inside the tube was measured using a pressure gauge. Assuming 5 moles of H are consumed 2 /CO 2 Generating 1 mole of CH 4 The observed pressure drop is used to calculate the amount of methane for the control and test reactions, and thus the percent inhibition.
ii) bromoform and powder comprising organosulfur and polyphenol (NXRH 214 powder)
The purpose of this experiment was to determine if bromoform and powders comprising organosulfur and polyphenol were synergistic in their ability to inhibit methane production by methanogenic archaebacteria methanococcus maritimus (Methanococcus maripaludis).
For this experiment, 100mM bromoform was prepared by adding 8.75. Mu.l bromoform to 991. Mu.l DMSO. It was diluted 10-fold to produce a 10mM solution and further diluted to produce 0.10mM and 0.156mM stock solutions. Samples were prepared by adding 245mg of NXRH 14 powder to 35ml of M141 medium (https:// www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/media/pdf/DSMZ_Medium 141. Pdf) to produce 7mg/ml stock solution. The N XRH214 powder is garlic powder (allicin) and citrus extract (polyphenol flavonoid mixture) in a ratio of 93:7, wherein the flavonoid mixture mainly comprises naringin and neohesperidin.
The reaction tube was set as follows:
tube 1:0ml of NXRH 14 (no NXRH 214) +5ml of M141+5. Mu.l of DMSO
Tube 2:1ml of NXRH 14 (1.4. Mu.g/ml NXRH 214) +5ml of M141+5. Mu.l DMSO tube 3:1.5ml NXRH 14 (2.8. Mu.g/ml NXRH 214) +3.5ml M141+5. Mu.l DMSO tube 4:0ml NXRH 14 (no NXRH 214) +5ml M141+5. Mu.l 0.1mM bromoform (100 nM bromoform)
Tube 5:1ml of NXRH 14 (1.4. Mu.g/ml NXRH 214) +5ml of M141+5. Mu.l of 0.1mM bromoform (100 nM bromoform)
Tube 6:1.5ml NXRH 14 (2.8. Mu.g/ml NXRH 214) +3.5ml M141+5. Mu.l 0.1mM bromoform (100 nM bromoform)
Tube 7:0ml NXRH 14 (no NXRH 214) +5ml M141+5. Mu.l 0.156mM bromoform (156 nM bromoform)
Tube 8:1ml of NXRH 14 (1.4. Mu.g/ml NXRH 214) +5ml of M141+5. Mu.l of 0.156mM bromoform (156 nM bromoform)
Tube 9:1.5ml NXRH 14 (2.8. Mu.g/ml NXRH 214) +3.5ml M141+5. Mu.l 0.156mM bromoform (156 nM bromoform)
After the addition of the test substances, 500. Mu.l of an overnight Methanococcus marinus (M.maripaludis) culture was added to each reaction tube. 80% H for each tube 2 /20% CO 2 Aerated to 240kPa and incubated at 37 ℃ for 24 hours.
After 24 hours incubation, the pressure inside the tube was measured using a pressure gauge. Assuming 5 moles of H are consumed 2 /CO 2 Generating 1 mole of CH 4 The observed pressure drop is used to calculate the amount of control and test reaction methane, and thus the percent inhibition.
Experimental results
i) The experimental results of bromoform and allicin and ii) bromoform and powders comprising organosulfur and polyphenol (i.e. NXRH214 powder) are shown in fig. 1 and 2, respectively, and in tables 1 and 2 below.
Table 1: methane inhibition was achieved with various compositions, including compositions comprising bromoform and allicin.
Inhibiting gas% | |
DMSO | 0 |
DMSO/bromoform 120nM | 0 |
DMSO/bromoform 156nM | 0 |
DMSO/allicin 200. Mu.M | 0 |
DMSO/allicin 300. Mu.M | 19 |
Bromoform 120 nM/allicin 300. Mu.M | 75 |
Bromoform 156 nM/allicin 200. Mu.M | 39 |
Bromoform 156 nM/allicin 300. Mu.M | 99 |
The results show a significant synergy of the compositions comprising bromoform and allicin, which significantly exceeded the% gas inhibition exhibited by either component alone.
Table 2: methane inhibition was achieved with various compositions, including compositions comprising bromoform and powders comprising organosulfur and polyphenol (i.e., NXRH214 powder), which is a mixture of allicin and bioflavonoids.
Sample of | Inhibiting gas% |
DMSO | 0 |
Bromoform 100nM | 0 |
Bromoform 156nM | 0.5 |
NXRH214 powder 1.4mg/ml | 2.2 |
Bromoform 100nM+NXRH214 powder 1.4mg/ml | 44.8 |
Bromine simulation 156nM+NXRH214 powder 1.4mg/ml | 100 |
NXRH214 powder 2.1mg/ml | 88.5 |
Bromoform 100nM+NXRH214 powder 2.1mg/ml | 96.2 |
Bromine simulation 156nM+NXRH214 powder 2.1mg/ml | 100 |
The results also show a significant synergy of the composition comprising bromoform and the powder comprising organosulfur and polyphenol (i.e., the NXRH214 powder), which significantly exceeded the% gas inhibition exhibited by either component in the presence of DMSO. The NXRH214 powder comprises allicin and polyphenolic compounds, more specifically the bioflavonoids naringin and neohesperidin. Thus, compositions comprising bromoform, organosulfur compounds, and polyphenols may also be used to effectively inhibit methane production.
Conclusion(s)
The above data clearly show a high% inhibition of methanogens when organohalogen (i.e. bromoform) is combined with organosulfur (i.e. allicin) alone or with polyphenol (i.e. bioflavonoids from citrus extracts).
Example 2
From Mootral, switzerland TM SA development and sales feed supplement Mootral TM And marine macroalgae, asparagopsis (Asparagopsis armata) are combined in various proportions and given stepwise in various dosage amounts and at various time intervals to a fully grass fed sheep. The methane, blood, body and stool output were measured and compared to control animals that did not receive the supplement.
The disclosure may also be described by the following paragraphs
A. A method of reducing nitrogen excretion by a ruminant and/or reducing methane emissions by a ruminant and/or increasing nitrogen-rich and carbon-rich materials in a ruminant, the method comprising the step of administering to the ruminant an effective amount of at least one type of methanogenesis inhibitor.
B. A method according to paragraph a, wherein the methanogenesis inhibitor is selected from the group consisting of: an organohalogen compound; marine macroalgae enriched in organic halogen; an organic sulfur compound; plants rich in organic sulfur; a polyphenol compound; and polyphenol-enriched plants.
C. A method according to paragraph B, wherein the organohalogen compound is selected from: CH (CH) 3 Cl;CH 3 Br;CH 3 I;CH 2 Cl 2 ;CH 2 Br 2 ;CH 2 I 2 ;CHCl 3 ;CHBr 3 ;CHI 3 ;CCl 4 ;CBr 4 ;CH 2 ClBr;CH 2 ClI;CH 2 BrI;CHBr 2 Cl;CHBrI 2 ;CHBrClI;CHBr 2 I;CHBrCl 2 ;CH 3 CH 2 Br;CH 3 CH 2 I;CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 I;CH 3 (CH 2 ) 3 I;CH 3 (CH 2 ) 4 Br;CH 3 (CH 2 ) 4 I;(CH3) 2 CHI;CH 3 CH 2 CH(CH 3 )I;(CH 3 ) 2 CHCH 2 I;BrCH 2 CH 2 Br;ClCH=CCl 2 The method comprises the steps of carrying out a first treatment on the surface of the And CH (CH) 3 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 I。
D. A method according to paragraph B, wherein the organohalogen rich marine macroalgae is selected from the group consisting of: radix seu radix Ophiopogonii (Asparagopsis armata); taxus-like sea-door winter (Asparagopsis taxiformis); a Dictyota (Dictyota) species; a sphingosine (oendonium) species; ulva (Ulva) species; and cladophora (Cladophora patentiramea).
E. A method according to paragraph B, wherein the organosulfur compound is selected from the group consisting of: organic sulfur secondary metabolites; allicin (C) 6 H 10 S 2 O); diallyl sulfide (C) 6 H 10 S) S; diallyl disulfide (C) 6 H 10 S 2 ) The method comprises the steps of carrying out a first treatment on the surface of the And allyl mercaptan (C) 3 H 6 S)。
F. A method according to paragraph B, wherein the organosulfur-rich plant is selected from the Allium species: garlic (Allium sativum); green Chinese onion (Allium ampeloprasum); and onion (Allium cepa).
G. A method according to paragraph B, wherein the polyphenolic compound is selected from the group consisting of: flavonoids; bioflavonoids; non-bioflavonoids. The at least one polyphenolic compound may, for example, comprise at least one bioflavonoid; -a flower flavin; flavone; flavonols; flavanones; a flavanonol; a flavan; anthocyanin; isoflavane; new flavanthamine; isoflavone; procyanidins; phenolic acid; hydroxycinnamic acid; coumarin; stilbenes; anthraquinone; lignans; lignin; tannin; a polyphenol protein; catechin; rutin; robinia pseudoacacia; genistein; kaempferol; gallocatechin; catechin gallate; epicatechin; epigallocatechin; epicatechin gallate; quercetin; catechin; gallocatechin gallate; epicatechin; epigallocatechin; epicatechin gallate; epigallocatechin gallate; kaempferol; quercetin; naringin; neohesperidin; eriocitrin; naringin; naringenin; hesperidin; rhus verniciflua Stokes glycoside; myrosin; melissa glucoside; hesperetin; poncirin; epicatechin; gallocatechin; epigallocatechin; coumaric acid; cinnamic acid; gallic acid; ellagic acid; protocatechuic acid; chlorogenic acid; caffeic acid; ferulic acid; punicalagin; pomegranate rind tannagin.
H. A method according to paragraph B, wherein the polyphenol-enriched plant is selected from the group consisting of: allium species; a Brassica (Brassica) species; a camellia (Camelia) species; a Capsicum (Capsicum) species; citrus (Citrus) species; citrus aurantium (Citrus aurantium); cucumber (Cucumis) species; malus (Malus) species; a Musa (Musa) species; a Phaseolus (Phaseolus) species; a prune (prune) species; a Punica (Punica) species; pear (Pyrus) species; solanum (Solanum) species and bilberry (vaccinum) species.
I. A method of reducing nitrogen excretion by a ruminant and/or reducing methane emissions by a ruminant and/or increasing nitrogen-rich and carbon-rich material in a ruminant, the method comprising progressively administering to the ruminant an effective amount of at least one type of methanogenesis inhibitor.
J. A method according to paragraph I, wherein the step-wise administration of the methanogenesis inhibitor is performed with at least one dose, the percentage of which based on the weight of the ruminant being selected from the group consisting of: 0.1%;0.2%;0.3%;0.4%;0.5%;0.6%;0.7%;0.8%;0.9%;1.0%;1.1%;1.2%;1.3%;1.4%;1.5%;2.0%;2.5%;3.0%;3.5%;4.0%;4.5%;5.0%; and 10%.
K. A method according to paragraph I, wherein the step-wise administration of the methanogenesis inhibitor is performed with at least one dose, the percentage of which in the feed weight of the ruminant is selected from the group consisting of: 0.01%,0.03%,0.05%, 0.075%, 0.1%;0.2%;0.3%;0.4%;0.5%;0.6%;0.7%;0.8%;0.9%;1.0%;1.1%;1.2%;1.3%;1.4%;1.5%;2.0%;2.5%;3.0%;3.5%;4.0%;4.5%;5.0%; and 10%.
L. the method according to any one of paragraphs I to K, wherein stepwise administration has at least one interval between successive doses, said interval being selected from the group consisting of: 1 minute; 1 hour; 1 day; for 2 days; 3 days; 4 days; for 5 days; for 6 days; 7 days; for 10 days; 2 weeks; 3 weeks; 4 weeks; for 6 weeks; 2 months; 3 months; 4 months; 6 months; 9 months; and 12 months.
Claims (19)
1. A composition for reducing methane emissions comprising an organohalogen compound and an organosulfur compound.
2. The composition of any preceding claim, wherein the organohalogen compound is an organobromine compound.
3. The composition of any of the preceding claims, wherein the organohalogen is bromoform.
4. The composition of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the organosulfur compound is from a plant of the Allium (Allium) species.
5. The composition of any of the preceding claims, wherein the organosulfur compound is allicin (C 6 H 10 S 2 O); diallyl sulfide (C) 6 H 10 S) S; diallyl disulfide (C) 6 H 10 S 2 ) The method comprises the steps of carrying out a first treatment on the surface of the And allyl mercaptan (C) 3 H 6 S)。
6. The composition of any of the preceding claims, wherein the organosulfur compound is allicin (C 6 H 10 S 2 O)。
7. The composition of any of the preceding claims, wherein the ratio of organohalogen to organosulfur is from 1:10 to 1:3500.
8. The composition of any of the preceding claims, wherein the ratio of organohalogen to organosulfur is from 1:1000 to 1:2500.
9. The composition of any preceding claim, further comprising at least one polyphenol compound.
10. The composition of claim 9, wherein the at least one polyphenolic compound comprises at least one bioflavonoid.
11. The composition of claim 9, wherein the at least one polyphenolic compound comprises naringin, neohesperidin, or a combination thereof.
12. The composition of any preceding claim for use in inhibiting one or more methanogens.
13. The composition of any preceding claim for use in improving metabolic efficiency in an animal.
14. An animal feed comprising the composition of any one of claims 1-13.
15. Use of the composition according to claims 1-13 or the animal feed according to claim 14 for reducing methane emission and/or inhibiting one or more methanogens and/or improving the metabolic efficiency of an animal.
16. A method of reducing methane emissions, the method comprising administering to an animal the composition of any one of claims 1-13 or the animal feed of claim 14.
17. A method of inhibiting one or more methanogens, the method comprising administering to an animal the composition of any one of claims 1-13 or the animal feed of claim 14.
18. A method of improving the metabolic efficiency of an animal, the method comprising administering to the animal the composition of any one of claims 1-13 or the animal feed of claim 14.
19. The method of claims 16-18, wherein the animal is a ruminant, preferably wherein the ruminant is a cow, a goat or a sheep.
Applications Claiming Priority (4)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
NZ771420 | 2020-12-21 | ||
NZ77142020 | 2020-12-21 | ||
NZ771419 | 2020-12-21 | ||
PCT/GB2021/053388 WO2022136857A1 (en) | 2020-12-21 | 2021-12-21 | Compositions for reducing methane emission, methods for improving the metabolic efficiency of ruminant animals and methanogenesis inhibitor administration |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
CN116669564A true CN116669564A (en) | 2023-08-29 |
Family
ID=87728274
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
CN202180090172.0A Pending CN116669564A (en) | 2020-12-21 | 2021-12-21 | Composition for reducing methane emissions, method for improving the metabolic efficiency of ruminants and method for administration of methanogenesis inhibitors |
Country Status (1)
Country | Link |
---|---|
CN (1) | CN116669564A (en) |
-
2021
- 2021-12-21 CN CN202180090172.0A patent/CN116669564A/en active Pending
Similar Documents
Publication | Publication Date | Title |
---|---|---|
US12053003B2 (en) | Animal feed supplement | |
US20240057638A1 (en) | Compositions for reducing methane emission, methods for improving the metabolic efficiency of ruminant animals and methanogenesis inhibitor administration | |
Kalantar | The Importance of Flavonoids in Ruminant Nutrition. Arch Animal Husb & Dairy Sci. 1 (1): 2018 | |
CN108208417A (en) | Pet anti-oxidant nutritional agents and preparation method thereof | |
CN109329727A (en) | Antioxidant composition, anti-oxidation preparation and application | |
Adeyeye et al. | Wild sunflower and goat weed leaf meals composite-mix supplementation in broiler chickens: effects on performance, health status and meat | |
KR102035261B1 (en) | A composition of feed additives | |
CN116669564A (en) | Composition for reducing methane emissions, method for improving the metabolic efficiency of ruminants and method for administration of methanogenesis inhibitors | |
Erinle et al. | Red osier dogwood and its use in animal nutrition: A review | |
US20220256890A1 (en) | Animal feed supplement and animal feed composition | |
Odhaib et al. | Utilization of Herbal Remedies to Improve Ruminant Performance: A Review. | |
Natsir et al. | The Effect of White Oyster Mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus) Flour Addition in Feed to the Performances of Laying Hens | |
OGBUEWU et al. | REVIEW OF SELECTED TRACE ELEMENTS CONTAINED IN TROPICAL MEDICINAL PLANTS UTILISED IN ANIMAL PRODUCTION. | |
Jenkins et al. | Research note: efficacy of various flavonoids and simple phenolics in prevention of nutritional myopathy in the chick | |
CN116898038A (en) | Composition for resisting early weaning stress of lambs, application and feed | |
Sallam et al. | Effect of Different Levels of Onion and Garlic Juice on The Redox Balance, Growth Performance and Carcass Traits of Broiler Chickens | |
Kara et al. | Dietary supplementation of catechin: effect on performance, faecal quality, mineral and malondialdehyde levels in Belgian Malinois puppies | |
Zaza et al. | EFFECT OF MORINGAOLEIFERALAM LEAVES SUPPLEMENTATION ON RUMEN FERMENTATION, DIGESTIBILITY, FREE RADICALS AND PRODUCTIVE PERFORMANCE OF GROWING LAMBS | |
Sallam et al. | Egyptian Journal of Veterinary Sciences | |
Diego Acosta et al. | Effect of Mid-Term Dietary Administration of the Caesalpinia coriaria Extract on the Sustainable Mitigation of Equine Fecal Methane, Carbon Monoxide and Hydrogen Sulfide Production | |
Sahu et al. | Moringa (Moringa oleifera) as an alternative feed supplement for dairy animals | |
CN110200141A (en) | A kind of flesh of fish staple food cat food | |
Al-Yasiry et al. | EFFECT OF ORAL CONSUMPTION OF GUGGUL (COMMIPHORA MUKUL) RESIN FOR POULTRY ON PRODUCTION PARAMETERS |
Legal Events
Date | Code | Title | Description |
---|---|---|---|
PB01 | Publication | ||
PB01 | Publication | ||
SE01 | Entry into force of request for substantive examination | ||
SE01 | Entry into force of request for substantive examination |