CN116635184A - 切削工具 - Google Patents

切削工具 Download PDF

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Publication number
CN116635184A
CN116635184A CN202180086114.0A CN202180086114A CN116635184A CN 116635184 A CN116635184 A CN 116635184A CN 202180086114 A CN202180086114 A CN 202180086114A CN 116635184 A CN116635184 A CN 116635184A
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CN
China
Prior art keywords
metallic
layer
average
cutting tool
support
Prior art date
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Pending
Application number
CN202180086114.0A
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English (en)
Inventor
乔斯·路易斯·加西亚
利夫·达尔
布鲁恩 约翰尼
约翰尼布鲁恩
埃里克·霍尔姆斯特伦
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Sandvik Coromant AB
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Sandvik Coromant AB
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Publication of CN116635184A publication Critical patent/CN116635184A/zh
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
    • B22F7/00—Manufacture of composite layers, workpieces, or articles, comprising metallic powder, by sintering the powder, with or without compacting wherein at least one part is obtained by sintering or compression
    • B22F7/06—Manufacture of composite layers, workpieces, or articles, comprising metallic powder, by sintering the powder, with or without compacting wherein at least one part is obtained by sintering or compression of composite workpieces or articles from parts, e.g. to form tipped tools
    • B22F7/062—Manufacture of composite layers, workpieces, or articles, comprising metallic powder, by sintering the powder, with or without compacting wherein at least one part is obtained by sintering or compression of composite workpieces or articles from parts, e.g. to form tipped tools involving the connection or repairing of preformed parts
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
    • B22F7/00—Manufacture of composite layers, workpieces, or articles, comprising metallic powder, by sintering the powder, with or without compacting wherein at least one part is obtained by sintering or compression
    • B22F7/06—Manufacture of composite layers, workpieces, or articles, comprising metallic powder, by sintering the powder, with or without compacting wherein at least one part is obtained by sintering or compression of composite workpieces or articles from parts, e.g. to form tipped tools
    • B22F7/062—Manufacture of composite layers, workpieces, or articles, comprising metallic powder, by sintering the powder, with or without compacting wherein at least one part is obtained by sintering or compression of composite workpieces or articles from parts, e.g. to form tipped tools involving the connection or repairing of preformed parts
    • B22F7/064—Manufacture of composite layers, workpieces, or articles, comprising metallic powder, by sintering the powder, with or without compacting wherein at least one part is obtained by sintering or compression of composite workpieces or articles from parts, e.g. to form tipped tools involving the connection or repairing of preformed parts using an intermediate powder layer
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B24—GRINDING; POLISHING
    • B24D—TOOLS FOR GRINDING, BUFFING OR SHARPENING
    • B24D3/00—Physical features of abrasive bodies, or sheets, e.g. abrasive surfaces of special nature; Abrasive bodies or sheets characterised by their constituents
    • B24D3/02—Physical features of abrasive bodies, or sheets, e.g. abrasive surfaces of special nature; Abrasive bodies or sheets characterised by their constituents the constituent being used as bonding agent
    • B24D3/04—Physical features of abrasive bodies, or sheets, e.g. abrasive surfaces of special nature; Abrasive bodies or sheets characterised by their constituents the constituent being used as bonding agent and being essentially inorganic
    • B24D3/06—Physical features of abrasive bodies, or sheets, e.g. abrasive surfaces of special nature; Abrasive bodies or sheets characterised by their constituents the constituent being used as bonding agent and being essentially inorganic metallic or mixture of metals with ceramic materials, e.g. hard metals, "cermets", cements
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    • C04B35/00—Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products
    • C04B35/515—Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products based on non-oxide ceramics
    • C04B35/52—Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products based on non-oxide ceramics based on carbon, e.g. graphite
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    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C29/00—Alloys based on carbides, oxides, nitrides, borides, or silicides, e.g. cermets, or other metal compounds, e.g. oxynitrides, sulfides
    • C22C29/02—Alloys based on carbides, oxides, nitrides, borides, or silicides, e.g. cermets, or other metal compounds, e.g. oxynitrides, sulfides based on carbides or carbonitrides
    • C22C29/06—Alloys based on carbides, oxides, nitrides, borides, or silicides, e.g. cermets, or other metal compounds, e.g. oxynitrides, sulfides based on carbides or carbonitrides based on carbides, but not containing other metal compounds
    • C22C29/067—Alloys based on carbides, oxides, nitrides, borides, or silicides, e.g. cermets, or other metal compounds, e.g. oxynitrides, sulfides based on carbides or carbonitrides based on carbides, but not containing other metal compounds comprising a particular metallic binder
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    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
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    • C22C29/02—Alloys based on carbides, oxides, nitrides, borides, or silicides, e.g. cermets, or other metal compounds, e.g. oxynitrides, sulfides based on carbides or carbonitrides
    • C22C29/06—Alloys based on carbides, oxides, nitrides, borides, or silicides, e.g. cermets, or other metal compounds, e.g. oxynitrides, sulfides based on carbides or carbonitrides based on carbides, but not containing other metal compounds
    • C22C29/08—Alloys based on carbides, oxides, nitrides, borides, or silicides, e.g. cermets, or other metal compounds, e.g. oxynitrides, sulfides based on carbides or carbonitrides based on carbides, but not containing other metal compounds based on tungsten carbide
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    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C5/00—Alloys based on noble metals
    • C22C5/06—Alloys based on silver
    • C22C5/08—Alloys based on silver with copper as the next major constituent
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    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
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    • B22F5/00—Manufacture of workpieces or articles from metallic powder characterised by the special shape of the product
    • B22F2005/001—Cutting tools, earth boring or grinding tool other than table ware
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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    • B22F2999/00—Aspects linked to processes or compositions used in powder metallurgy
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23B—TURNING; BORING
    • B23B2226/00—Materials of tools or workpieces not comprising a metal
    • B23B2226/12—Boron nitride
    • B23B2226/125—Boron nitride cubic [CBN]
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
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    • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23B—TURNING; BORING
    • B23B27/00—Tools for turning or boring machines; Tools of a similar kind in general; Accessories therefor
    • B23B27/14—Cutting tools of which the bits or tips or cutting inserts are of special material
    • B23B27/148—Composition of the cutting inserts
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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    • B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
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    • B23K2101/002—Drill-bits
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    • B23P—METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; COMBINED OPERATIONS; UNIVERSAL MACHINE TOOLS
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Abstract

本发明涉及一种切削工具，其包含支撑体以及cBN或PCD切削刃尖端，其中所述cBN或PCD切削刃尖端通过5‑150μm厚的钎焊接头连接至所述支撑体，所述支撑体是硬质合金，所述硬质合金包含3‑25重量％的金属粘结剂、任选的至多25重量％的元素周期表中第4、5或6族中的一种以上元素的碳化物或碳氮化物、以及其余的WC，其中所述金属粘结剂包含至少40重量％的Ni，并且其中所述钎焊接头从所述支撑体起依次包含：TiC的第一层，位于紧邻所述支撑体，平均厚度为10‑400nm；第二层，平均厚度为0.5‑8μm，包含平均至少5重量％的金属Ni、平均25‑60重量％的金属Cu和平均15‑45重量％的金属Ti；以及第三层，平均厚度为4‑145μm，包含金属Ag和金属Cu。

Description

切削工具
本发明涉及一种包含支撑体以及cBN或PCD切削刃尖端的切削工具。
背景介绍
自20世纪80年代作为切削刀具材料首次引入以来，立方氮化硼(cBN)的使用已发展成为一种常规的机械加工方案。应用领域包括硬化钢、铸铁、耐热超级合金(HRSA)和粉末状金属。这些工件材料的共同之处在于它们通常被认为是难以机械加工的。cBN材料的切削工具能够承受高切削温度和切削力，并且仍然保持其切削刃。这就是cBN提供长而持续的工具寿命并产生表面光洁度优异的部件的原因。
聚晶金刚石(PCD)是金刚石粒子与金属粘结剂一起烧结的复合材料。金刚石是所有材料中最硬的，因此是最耐磨的。作为切削工具材料，它具有良好的耐磨性，但在高温下缺乏化学稳定性，并且易溶解在铁中。因此，PCD工具限于非铁材料，如高硅铝、金属基复合材料(MMC)和碳纤维增强塑料(CFRP)。PCD与泛流冷却剂(flood coolant)也可以用于钛超精抛光应用。
当用于切削工具时，cBN或PCD通常仅构成切削工具例如切削刀片的一部分，更具体为参与切削操作的部分，例如尖端部分。因此，cBN或PCD的尖端连接至通常是硬质合金的支撑体。
膏、箔或线材形式的钎焊材料用于将cBN尖端或PCD尖端结合至硬质合金的支撑体上。目的是在支撑体与cBN尖端或PCD尖端之间提供牢固的结合。
硬质合金支撑体由金属粘结剂中的WC硬质晶粒构成。一种类型的粘结剂基于镍作为主要组分。
发明目的
本发明的一个目的是提供一种切削工具，所述切削工具具有cBN切削刃尖端或PCD切削刃尖端，所述切削刃尖端钎焊至具有包含至少40重量％的Ni的金属粘结剂的硬质合金的支撑体，其中所述切削刃尖端通过一种新型钎焊接头来钎焊，所述钎焊接头提供了优异的结合强度，从而延长工具寿命。
“切削工具”在本文中是指用于金属切削应用的切削工具，例如刀片或立铣刀。所述金属切削应用领域适合是车削或铣削。
这些目的中的至少一者是通过根据权利要求1的切削工具实现的。在从属权利要求中列出了优选的实施方式。
发明内容
根据本发明的切削工具包含支撑体以及cBN或PCD切削刃尖端，其中所述cBN或PCD切削刃尖端通过5-150μm厚的钎焊接头连接至所述支撑体，所述支撑体是硬质合金，所述硬质合金包含3-25重量％的金属粘结剂、任选的至多25重量％的元素周期表中第4、5或6族中的一种以上元素的碳化物或碳氮化物、以及其余的WC，其中所述金属粘结剂包含至少40重量％的Ni，并且其中所述钎焊接头从所述支撑体起依次包含：TiC的第一层，位于紧邻所述支撑体，平均厚度为10-400nm；第二层，平均厚度为0.5-8μm，包含平均至少5重量％的金属Ni、平均25-60重量％的金属Cu和平均15-45重量％的金属Ti；以及第三层，平均厚度为4-145μm，包含金属Ag和金属Cu。
在本文中，所述钎焊接头或所述接头内的层的厚度在垂直于所述支撑体和所述钎焊接头之间的界面的方向上测量。
所述钎焊接头或所述钎焊接头内的层的平均厚度通过如下步骤适当计算：使用一张以上所述钎焊接头的截面图像，取在散布在至少30μm的距离上的至少10个随机选择的测量点，并计算平均值。
在本文中，“cBN切削刃尖端”是指cBN复合材料的切削刃尖端，所述cBN复合材料包含cBN晶粒以及包含例如一种以上铝化合物的金属粘结剂相和/或陶瓷粘结剂相。所述cBN复合材料也可以包含陶瓷粘结剂相，所述陶瓷粘结剂相可以包含例如4、5或6族过渡金属的氮化物、碳化物或碳氮化物或其混合物。例如，所述过渡金属可以是钛。通过改变组分和组分的相对量，能够在不同应用例如连续或断续切削中、以及在不同金属的机械加工中将cBN复合材料设计成最佳性能。用于金属机械加工的cBN复合材料的已知制造方法基于常规的粉末冶金技术，所述方法包括将原材料混合并研磨成粉末混合物，将所述粉末混合物成形为生坯，并在高压和高温下对所述生坯进行烧结操作(HPHT烧结)以形成cBN复合材料的烧结体。所述cBN复合材料的烧结体能够在例如硬质合金的支撑材料上形成，或者能够在没有支撑材料的情况下形成。所述cBN复合材料的烧结体被切割成意欲钎焊至硬质合金基体的尖端。
在本文中，“PCD切削刃尖端”是指PCD复合材料的切削刃尖端，所述PCD复合材料包含与通常为Co的金属粘结剂一起烧结的金刚石粒子。金刚石粒子的含量适合为至少80体积％。所述PCD复合材料的烧结体能够在例如硬质合金的支撑材料上形成，或者能够在没有支撑材料的情况下形成。所述PCD复合材料的烧结体被切割成意欲钎焊至硬质合金基体的尖端。
在本文中，“硬质合金”是指包含至少75重量％的硬质成分的烧结材料，所述硬质成分分布在连续金属粘结剂相中。所述硬质合金包含至少50重量％的WC、在制成硬质合金的领域中常见的可能的其它硬质成分如元素周期表中第4、5和6族元素的碳化物和/或碳氮化物、以及金属粘结剂。所述硬质合金的所述金属粘结剂可以包含在烧结期间溶解在所述金属粘结剂中的元素，例如来自WC的W和C。
在本文中，“金属(metallic)Ni”、“金属Cu”、“金属Ag”、“金属Ti”和“金属In”应理解为金属元素Ni、Cu、Ag、Ti和In中的每一者处于与相同金属或另一种金属的金属键合中，即，价电子通过金属晶格自由移动。
在本文中，钎焊接头是指所述硬质合金部件与所述cBN或PCD切削刃之间由钎焊材料填充并在钎焊过程期间形成的区域或块。
所述支撑体的硬质合金中的金属粘结剂适合包含50-90重量％的Ni、优选60-80重量％的Ni。
在一个实施方式中，所述支撑体的硬质合金中的金属粘结剂包含10-20重量％的Fe。
在一个实施方式中，所述支撑体的硬质合金中的金属粘结剂包含至多10重量％的Co。
在一个实施方式中，所述支撑体的硬质合金中的金属粘结剂包含0.1-5重量％的Co。
在一个实施方式中，所述支撑体的硬质合金中的金属粘结剂包含<1重量％的Co。
所述硬质合金的金属粘结剂进一步包含在烧结期间溶解在所述金属粘结剂中的来源于WC的W。溶解在所述金属粘结剂中的W的含量取决于所述硬质合金中的碳含量，并且所述金属粘结剂中W的含量适合小于20重量％。
在一个实施方式中，Cr和/或V以溶解在所述金属粘结剂中那样存在。
其它元素如Cu和Mn可以与Fe一起存在于所述金属粘结剂中。
在一个实施方式中，所述金属粘结剂相中Ni、Fe、Co和W的含量总和为80-100重量％，适合为90-99重量％。
所述支撑体的硬质合金中金属粘结剂的含量适合为4-20重量％，优选为5-15重量％。
所述钎焊接头的厚度适合为10-100μm，优选为10-50μm。
在钎焊期间，来自所述钎焊材料中的Ti会与来自所述硬质合金支撑体中的碳反应，并且紧邻所述支撑体形成TiC层。所述TiC的第一层的平均厚度适合为50-300nm，优选为100-300nm。
在一个实施方式中，所述钎焊接头包含紧邻所述CBN切削刃尖端的TiN层。所述TiN层的平均厚度适合为10-400nm，优选为50-300nm。
在一个实施方式中，所述钎焊接头包含紧邻所述PCD切削刃尖端的TiC层。该TiC层的平均厚度适合为10-400nm，优选为50-300nm。
所述第二层适合包含平均至少10重量％的金属Ni、优选平均10-40重量％的金属Ni、最优选平均15-30重量％的金属Ni。
所述第二层适合包含平均35-55重量％的金属Cu。
所述第二层适合包含平均25-40重量％的金属Ti。
所述第二层的金属Ni、金属Cu和金属Ti的总和适合为平均70-100重量％，优选为平均80-100重量％，最优选为平均90-100重量％。
所述第二层的平均厚度适合为1-5μm。
在一个实施方式中，所述钎焊接头进一步包含在所述第三层中的金属In(铟)。
所述第三层的金属Cu和金属Ag的总和适合为平均60-100重量％，优选为平均80-100重量％，最优选为平均90-100重量％。
包含金属Ag和金属Cu的所述第三层适合包含平均60-80重量％的金属Ag和平均15-40重量％的金属Cu。
在一个实施方式中，In存在于包含80-95重量％的Ag的所述第三层中所包含的相中。
在一个实施方式中，所述第三层包含两种相：含有平均30-50重量％的金属Cu和平均50-70重量％的金属Ag的一种相，以及含有平均5-20重量％的金属Cu和平均80-95重量％的金属Ag的一种相。
所述第三层的平均厚度适合为8-100μm，优选为12-50μm。
在一个实施方式中，在所述支撑体的紧邻所述钎焊接头的最外部中存在贫Ni区，所述贫Ni区的平均厚度优选为0.5-5μm。
在一个实施方式中，所述cBN切削刃尖端包含硬质合金的下部和cBN复合材料的上部。
在一个实施方式中，所述cBN切削刃尖端包含作为整体的cBN复合材料。
在一个实施方式中，所述PCD切削刃尖端包含硬质合金的下部和PCD复合材料的上部。
在一个实施方式中，所述PCD切削刃尖端包含作为整体的PCD复合材料。
所述切削工具可以是车削刀片、铣削刀片或立铣刀。
本发明的切削工具适合通过提供呈切削刀片或立铣刀形式的硬质合金烧结体(“坯件”)并且还提供cBN或PCD的切削刃尖端来制成。所述硬质合金坯件具有凹部，所述cBN或PCD切削刃尖端意欲接合至所述凹部中。
将包含Ag、Cu和Ti的膏形式的钎焊材料施加在所述硬质合金坯件的凹部以及所述cBN或PCD切削刃尖端中的一者或两者上，然后将所述硬质合金坯件的凹部以及所述cBN或PCD切削刃尖端与位于这两部件之间的钎焊材料放在一起。这形成了接合切削工具体。所述钎焊材料中也可以包含铟(In)，特别是如果将在低于780℃的温度下进行钎焊，因为In会降低所述钎焊材料的熔化温度。
然后，在例如氩的惰性气氛下或在真空下对所述接合切削工具体进行热处理。当钎焊cBN切削刃尖端时，将温度保持在约800℃，当钎焊PCD切削刃尖端时，通常为约700℃。
所述热处理的持续时间为约5至约15分钟。这种处理形成了在所述硬质合金坯件与所述cBN或PCD切削刃尖端之间具有牢固的钎焊接头的切削工具。
在钎焊过程中，为了在本发明的硬质合金支撑体与cBN或PCD切削刃尖端之间提供特定的钎焊接头，需要特定的温度范围。在钎焊期间，来自钎焊材料中的Ti会与所述硬质合金部件中的碳反应，并在所述钎焊接头与所述硬质合金部件之间的界面处形成TiC层。如果使用过低的温度，则不会形成紧邻所述硬质合金体的TiC层，并且所形成的包含Ni的层也变得非常不规则。这将使所述硬质合金体与所述cBN或PCD切削刃尖端之间的接头的强度低。另一方面，如果在钎焊过程中使用过高的温度，则所述TiC层变得过厚，这会使所述TiC层太脆，并且作为结合层的功能减弱。
附图简要说明
图1是切削工具的一般视图，所述切削工具是具有支撑体部件和cBN/PCD切削刃尖端的车削刀片。
图2显示了切削工具的具有接合支撑体和cBN切削刃尖端的钎焊接头的截面。
图3显示了图2的放大部分。
附图中实施方式的详细描述
图1显示切削工具(1)的一般视图，切削工具(1)是具有支撑体(2)和cBN/PCD切削刃尖端(3)的车削刀片。
图2显示了本发明的切削工具的具有使硬质合金支撑体(2)和cBN切削刃尖端(3)接合的钎焊接头(4)的实施方式的截面的SEM图像。钎焊接头(4)含有包含Ni、Cu和Ti的层(5)以及包含Ag和Cu的层(6)。
图3显了图2的放大截面的SEM图像，显示了硬质合金支撑体(2)和钎焊接头的下部，在所述焊接接头的下部中可见紧邻硬质合金支撑体(2)的最下面的TiC第一层(7)。还可见包含Ni、Cu和Ti的第二层(5)，以及包含Ag和Cu的第三层(6)的下部。
实施例
现在将更详细地描述本发明的示例性实施方式。在金属切削操作中制备、分析和测试切削工具(刀片)。
实施例1-切削工具样品的制造：
由组成为4.89重量％的Ni、0.83重量％的Fe和余量WC的粉末混合物制造硬质合金切削刀片坯件。使用WC-Co基硬质合金的研磨体来研磨所述粉末混合物，干燥，压制成刀片几何形状DCGW11T308，并在1410℃下烧结。
所述硬质合金中的粘结剂含量确认为约6.1重量％。经烧结的硬质合金包含约4.9重量％的Ni、0.8重量％的Fe和0.4重量％的Co作为金属粘结剂相的部分。所述金属粘结剂相本身包含约75重量％的Ni、13重量％的Fe、3重量％的Co和9重量％的W。溶解的W来源于WC晶粒。Co主要来源于在原料粉末混合物的研磨期间磨损的WC-Co基硬质合金的研磨体。在所述硬质合金基体的截面的SEM显微照片中，没有可见的游离石墨或η相。
在所述切削刀片坯件的尖端部分处制成意欲用于cBN尖端的凹部。所述切削刀片坯件现在形成cBN切削刀片的支撑体。提供了两种类型的cBN切削刃尖端。第一种类型(cBN1)是由压制成几何形状S01020的切削刃尖端并烧结的cBN和TiN的粉末混合物而制造的。经烧结的坯件含有47体积％的cBN，余量为TiN+少量的反应产物。第二种类型(cBN 2)是由压制成几何形状S01020的切削刃尖端并烧结的cBN和TiCN的粉末混合物而制造的。经烧结的坯件含有65体积％的cBN，余量为TiCN+少量的反应产物。所述cBN 1和cBN 2切削刃尖端是市场上可商购的。
然后，通过将钎焊膏施加在所述硬质合金支撑体上而在所述切削刀片坯件的凹部的表面上制成cBN的切削刃尖端与切割刀片坯件的接合。分别使用了两种不同的钎焊膏。第一钎焊膏(来自东京钎焊有限公司(Tokyo Braze Co.Ltd.)的“TB629”)的组成为Ag59Cu27In13Ti1，第二钎焊膏(来自东京钎焊有限公司的“TB608”)的组成为Ag70Cu28Ti2。
所述钎焊是在炉子中在三个不同温度：740℃、820℃和900℃下进行的。在740℃和820℃下的钎焊过程是在Ipsen VFC-124间歇炉中在真空下进行的，而在900℃下的钎焊过程是在东京钎焊连续带式炉中用氩作为保护气体进行的。在740℃和900℃下的钎焊过程中，使用第一钎焊膏，而在820℃下的钎焊过程中，使用第二钎焊膏。一方面在740℃和820℃下的过程与另一方面在900℃下的过程之间的处理时间也存在细微差异。
由此定义了三种不同的钎焊过程：
表1
过程 气氛 温度 处理时间
1 真空，10-5毫巴 740℃ 10分钟
2 真空，10-5毫巴 820℃ 10分钟
3 氩 900℃ 12分钟
最终的切削刀片几何形状为DCGW 11T308S01020。在钎焊过程完成后，对所述支撑体和所述cBN切削尖端的接合组件进行最终打磨。
支撑体和第二种类型的cBN切削刃尖端的组件中的一些根据切削工具领域中常用的PVD过程来涂覆2-4μm厚的TiN层。TiN的沉积温度足够低(约450℃)，因此TiN涂层的沉积不会以任何方式影响钎焊接头的性质。
表2总结了样品的构成和生产样品时使用的钎焊过程。
表2
实施例2-对钎焊接头的分析：
使用电子探针显微分析仪(EPMA)分析所述钎焊接头。图2-3显示使用背散射电子(BSE)检测器的SEM图像。这种探测器通过原子量的方式来分辨元素，因为较轻的材料显得暗，而较重的材料显得亮。例如，Ag相对于Cu显得非常亮。
还使用EPMA通过波长色散光谱法(WDS)分析所述钎焊接头的层状结构。所使用的EPMA仪器是JEOL JXA-8530F Hyperprobe。这为不同的元素提供了不同的图像，从而可以使特定元素(例如Ni、Ti、Cu、Ag、In、C)在钎焊接头中特定位置的存在可视化，以及通过信号的强度来指示其含量的水平。
通过使用EPMA中配备的能量色散X射线谱光谱法(EDS)分析层中特定元素(金属Ni、Ti、Cu、Ag和In)的含量。所使用的EPMA仪器是JEOL JXA-8530F Hyperprobe。为了获得可靠的平均值，选择若干随机选择的测量点。
对样品：样品1、样品2和样品3的钎焊接头进行分析。可见清晰的层1、2和3。表3显示各层中的元素含量和各层的平均厚度。
所述TiC层的厚度通过考虑紧邻所述硬质合金支撑体的C浓度的厚度并结合TiN的存在来适当地测量。然而，这适合与如上所述获得的将清楚可见TiC层的SEM-BSE图像相结合来进行。
对于在740℃下钎焊的样品1，从分析中可见：
-紧邻所述硬质合金没有可见的C、以及Ti。然而，可见包含元素Ti的非常薄的层。在SEM-BSE图像中可见清晰的薄层。因此，存在非常薄的TiC第一层。
-第二层含有大量的Ni、Cu和Ti。然而，该层非常不均匀，包含几个相，并且界限不分明。
-在所述硬质合金的最上部中没有看到贫Ni区。
对于在820℃下钎焊的样品1，从分析中可见：
-紧邻所述硬质合金清楚可见的C、以及Ti。在SEM-BSE图像中可见清晰的层。因此，存在TiC第一层。
-第二层含有大量Ni、Cu和Ti并且界限分明。
-在所述硬质合金的最上部约1μm中看到贫Ni区。
对于在900℃下钎焊的样品1，从分析中可见：
-清楚可见紧邻所述硬质合金的C、以及Ti。在SEM-BSE图像中可见清晰的层。因此，存在TiC第一层。
-第二层含有大量Ni、Cu和Ti并且界限分明。
-在所述硬质合金的最上部约2μm中看到贫Ni区。
表3显示了分析的进一步结果。
表3
*几种相，层界限不分明，难以测量平均金属元素含量和层厚度
**金属元素存在，但在几种相中，难以测量平均含量
实施例3-对样品的切削测试：
在金属切削操作中测试切削工具。所测试的样品是样品5和样品8，即，组成不同的cBN切削刃尖端，钎焊膏2，在820℃下真空钎焊10分钟。测试方法包括在硬化钢中断续切削。提供了全硬化钢SS2258的环，具有在软化阶段中制备的槽以便提供断续切削。所述测试方法包括通过在已开槽的部件上运行端面切削来进行车削操作，直到刃断裂。切削参数在每次切割时递增，以给出递增的负载。所述测试方法很好地观察切削工具在严酷切削中的性能，包括对其钎焊接头的坚固性的判断。
所使用的切削数据见表4。进给(fn)和切削深度(ap)设置为相同的值。fn和ap的建议开始值取决于待测试的刀片样式和等级。切削速度(vc)为120m/分钟。
表4
运行所述测试直到刃破坏(每程后在光学显微镜下检查)，测试结果报告为刃破坏时的进给/切削深度(或程数)。
对于每程，fn和ap的值递增0.02。
测试若干个刃从而得到可靠的结果。
表5
对于所述样品，结果显示，所有的破坏都以预期的破坏尺寸发生在cBN材料中。没有迹象表明钎焊将是最薄弱环节。由此得出结论，本发明的钎焊接头表现非常好。必须进一步注意的是，该测试方法中使用的负载显著高于在硬化钢的正常金属机械加工操作中的应用相关负载，因此所有测试的样品在工业应用中都将表现得非常好。

Claims (15)

1.一种切削工具(1)，其包含支撑体(2)以及cBN或PCD切削刃尖端(3)，
其中所述cBN或PCD切削刃尖端(3)通过5-150μm厚的钎焊接头(4)连接至所述支撑体，所述支撑体(2)是硬质合金，所述硬质合金包含3-25重量％的金属粘结剂、任选的至多25重量％的元素周期表中第4、5或6族中的一种以上元素的碳化物或碳氮化物、以及其余的WC，其中所述金属粘结剂包含至少40重量％的Ni，并且
其中所述钎焊接头(4)从所述支撑体起依次包含：TiC的第一层(7)，位于紧邻所述支撑体，平均厚度为10-400nm；第二层(5)，平均厚度为0.5-8μm，包含平均至少5重量％的金属Ni、平均25-60重量％的金属Cu和平均15-45重量％的金属Ti；以及第三层(6)，平均厚度为4-145μm，包含金属Ag和金属Cu。
2.根据权利要求1所述的切削工具(1)，其中所述支撑体(2)的所述硬质合金中的所述金属粘结剂包含50-90重量％的Ni。
3.根据权利要求1-2中任一项所述的切削工具(1)，其中所述支撑体(2)的所述硬质合金中的所述金属粘结剂包含10-20重量％的Fe。
4.根据权利要求1-3中任一项所述的切削工具(1)，其中所述钎焊接头(4)的厚度为10-100μm。
5.根据权利要求1-4中任一项所述的切削工具(1)，其中所述TiC的第一层(7)的平均厚度为50-300nm。
6.根据权利要求1-5中任一项所述的切削工具(1)，其中所述第二层(5)包含平均10-40重量％的金属Ni。
7.根据权利要求1-6中任一项所述的切削工具(1)，其中所述第二层(5)包含平均35-55重量％的金属Cu。
8.根据权利要求1-7中任一项所述的切削工具(1)，其中所述第二层(5)包含平均25-40重量％的金属Ti。
9.根据权利要求1-8中任一项所述的切削工具(1)，其中所述第二层(5)的平均厚度为1-5μm。
10.根据权利要求1-9中任一项所述的切削工具(1)，其中所述第二层的金属Ni、金属Cu和金属Ti的总和为平均70-100重量％。
11.根据权利要求1-10中任一项所述的切削工具(1)，其中所述第三层(6)包含金属In。
12.根据权利要求1-11中任一项所述的切削工具(1)，其中所述第三层的金属Cu和金属Ag的总和为平均60-100重量％。
13.根据权利要求1-12中任一项所述的切削工具(1)，其中所述第三层(6)包含平均60-80重量％的金属Ag和平均15-40重量％的金属Cu。
14.根据权利要求1-13中任一项所述的切削工具(1)，其中所述支撑体的紧邻所述钎焊接头(4)的最外部中存在贫Ni区，所述贫Ni区的平均厚度为0.5-5μm。
15.根据权利要求1-14中任一项所述的切削工具(1)，其为车削刀片、铣削刀片或立铣刀。
CN202180086114.0A 2020-12-22 2021-12-20 切削工具 Pending CN116635184A (zh)

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