CN116584327A - Method for reducing carbon footprint in rice production by cooperation of green manure and sodium 2-chloroethyl sulfonate - Google Patents
Method for reducing carbon footprint in rice production by cooperation of green manure and sodium 2-chloroethyl sulfonate Download PDFInfo
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- CN116584327A CN116584327A CN202310871098.7A CN202310871098A CN116584327A CN 116584327 A CN116584327 A CN 116584327A CN 202310871098 A CN202310871098 A CN 202310871098A CN 116584327 A CN116584327 A CN 116584327A
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- 235000007164 Oryza sativa Nutrition 0.000 title claims abstract description 180
- 235000009566 rice Nutrition 0.000 title claims abstract description 180
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 66
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 66
- 210000003608 fece Anatomy 0.000 title claims abstract description 57
- 239000010871 livestock manure Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 57
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 32
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 21
- BVIXLMYIFZGRBH-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium;2-chloroethanesulfonate Chemical compound [Na+].[O-]S(=O)(=O)CCCl BVIXLMYIFZGRBH-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 title claims abstract description 14
- 240000007594 Oryza sativa Species 0.000 title 1
- 241000209094 Oryza Species 0.000 claims abstract description 179
- 238000003306 harvesting Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 38
- 239000002689 soil Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 34
- UMJJNXFVAMHNIE-UHFFFAOYSA-N ClCC[Na] Chemical compound ClCC[Na] UMJJNXFVAMHNIE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- BDHFUVZGWQCTTF-UHFFFAOYSA-M sulfonate Chemical compound [O-]S(=O)=O BDHFUVZGWQCTTF-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 238000004140 cleaning Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 238000003825 pressing Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 238000009355 double cropping Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 239000003337 fertilizer Substances 0.000 claims description 101
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 29
- 239000000618 nitrogen fertilizer Substances 0.000 claims description 22
- 241001061264 Astragalus Species 0.000 claims description 12
- 235000010110 Astragalus glycyphyllos Nutrition 0.000 claims description 12
- 235000006533 astragalus Nutrition 0.000 claims description 12
- 238000011065 in-situ storage Methods 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000010902 straw Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- 230000004720 fertilization Effects 0.000 claims description 9
- 241000213948 Astragalus sinicus Species 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000005520 cutting process Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 29
- 238000011282 treatment Methods 0.000 description 27
- WCUXLLCKKVVCTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M Potassium chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].[K+] WCUXLLCKKVVCTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 16
- ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Potassium Chemical compound [K] ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 14
- 239000011591 potassium Substances 0.000 description 14
- 229910052700 potassium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 14
- 238000009331 sowing Methods 0.000 description 12
- 238000005070 sampling Methods 0.000 description 9
- 241000196324 Embryophyta Species 0.000 description 8
- XSQUKJJJFZCRTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Urea Chemical compound NC(N)=O XSQUKJJJFZCRTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- YYRMJZQKEFZXMX-UHFFFAOYSA-L calcium bis(dihydrogenphosphate) Chemical compound [Ca+2].OP(O)([O-])=O.OP(O)([O-])=O YYRMJZQKEFZXMX-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 8
- 229910000389 calcium phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 8
- 239000004202 carbamide Substances 0.000 description 8
- VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane Chemical compound C VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 235000019691 monocalcium phosphate Nutrition 0.000 description 8
- 239000001103 potassium chloride Substances 0.000 description 8
- 235000011164 potassium chloride Nutrition 0.000 description 8
- OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphorus Chemical compound [P] OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 229910052698 phosphorus Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 239000011574 phosphorus Substances 0.000 description 6
- 230000002195 synergetic effect Effects 0.000 description 6
- 230000004907 flux Effects 0.000 description 5
- 239000005431 greenhouse gas Substances 0.000 description 5
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 5
- 230000003068 static effect Effects 0.000 description 5
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000002363 herbicidal effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 239000004009 herbicide Substances 0.000 description 4
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000004364 calculation method Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000001186 cumulative effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 3
- KWYUFKZDYYNOTN-UHFFFAOYSA-M Potassium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[K+] KWYUFKZDYYNOTN-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- 239000012773 agricultural material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000004973 liquid crystal related substance Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000014759 maintenance of location Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000000575 pesticide Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000002686 phosphate fertilizer Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229940072033 potash Drugs 0.000 description 2
- BWHMMNNQKKPAPP-UHFFFAOYSA-L potassium carbonate Substances [K+].[K+].[O-]C([O-])=O BWHMMNNQKKPAPP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- 235000015320 potassium carbonate Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 238000005086 pumping Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000007789 sealing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000007790 solid phase Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000009423 ventilation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000012271 agricultural production Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007605 air drying Methods 0.000 description 1
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 125000000484 butyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 239000003153 chemical reaction reagent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001514 detection method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000005611 electricity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000295 fuel oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003517 fume Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004817 gas chromatography Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000008520 organization Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002093 peripheral effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007873 sieving Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000008223 sterile water Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010792 warming Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G22/00—Cultivation of specific crops or plants not otherwise provided for
- A01G22/20—Cereals
- A01G22/22—Rice
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01B—SOIL WORKING IN AGRICULTURE OR FORESTRY; PARTS, DETAILS, OR ACCESSORIES OF AGRICULTURAL MACHINES OR IMPLEMENTS, IN GENERAL
- A01B79/00—Methods for working soil
- A01B79/02—Methods for working soil combined with other agricultural processing, e.g. fertilising, planting
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01C—PLANTING; SOWING; FERTILISING
- A01C21/00—Methods of fertilising, sowing or planting
- A01C21/005—Following a specific plan, e.g. pattern
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G20/00—Cultivation of turf, lawn or the like; Apparatus or methods therefor
Abstract
The invention relates to a method for reducing carbon footprint in rice production by cooperation of green manure and sodium 2-chloroethyl sulfonate. The rice production method for reducing the carbon footprint comprises the following steps: 1) Interplanting green manure crops before harvesting rice; 2) Before rice transplanting, cleaning stubble of green manure crops, crushing, turning over, pressing and returning to the field, and applying 2-chloroethyl sodium sulfonate into the soil of the rice field; 3) Flooding; 4) Transplanting rice, and performing first management on the rice field to enable the rice to grow until harvesting; 5) For a season of rice, interplanting green manure crops again before harvesting the rice, repeating the steps 2) to 4); for double-cropping rice, transplanting late rice after harvesting early rice, and performing second management on the rice field to enable the late rice to grow until harvesting; repeating the steps 2) to 4) by interplanting green manure crops before harvesting the late rice.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the field of greenhouse gases, in particular to an application of green manure and sodium 2-chloroethyl sulfonate in the synergistic reduction of carbon footprint in rice production.
Background
Carbon emissions in rice production are classified into direct carbon emissions and indirect carbon emissions. Direct carbon emission refers to direct CO utilization in paddy fields 2 、CH 4 And N 2 Carbon released in the form of O isothermal chamber gas is about 70% of the total carbon footprint of rice production, wherein CH 4 The emission accounts for 54% of the total carbon footprint, and is the weight in the reduction of the emission in rice production; the indirect carbon emission refers to carbon released in the form of agricultural production data such as seeds, fertilizers, pesticides, fuel oil, electric energy and the like in rice production, and accounts for about 30% of the total carbon footprint of rice production, wherein the nitrogen fertilizer input link accounts for 16% of the total carbon footprint.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention provides an application of a green manure and sodium 2-chloroethyl sulfonate in combination in reducing carbon footprint in a rice production process.
The second invention provides a rice production method for reducing carbon footprint, which comprises the following steps:
1) Interplanting green manure crops before harvesting rice;
2) Before rice transplanting, cleaning stubble of green manure crops, crushing, turning over, pressing and returning to the field, and applying 2-chloroethyl sodium sulfonate into the soil of the rice field;
3) Flooding;
4) Transplanting rice, and performing first management on the rice field to enable the rice to grow until harvesting;
5) For a season of rice, interplanting green manure crops again before harvesting the rice, repeating the steps 2) to 4);
for double-cropping rice, after harvesting early rice, preparing land, transplanting late rice, and performing second management on the rice field to enable the late rice to grow until harvesting; repeating the steps 2) to 4) by interplanting green manure crops before harvesting the late rice.
In a specific embodiment, in step 2), the amount of sodium 2-chloroethyl sulfonate applied is 11.25 kg ha -1 To 45.00 kg ha -1 。
In a specific embodiment, the green manure crop is milk vetch (Astragalus sinicus l.).
In a specific embodiment, in step 1) and step 5), the green manure crop is independently sown at 22.5 kg ha -1 To 30.0 kg ha -1 。
In a specific embodiment, in step 1) and step 5), the green manure crop is interplanted 10 to 15 d prior to harvesting of the rice.
In a specific embodiment, in step 1), after harvesting the rice, the rice straw is covered in situ for returning to the field.
In a specific embodiment, in step 2), the green manure crop is crushed to 5 to 10 cm.
In one embodiment, in step 3), water is irrigated to a water layer of 1 to 2 cm.
In one embodiment, between the step 1) and the step 2), the method further comprises the step 1-2) after harvesting the rice, then encircling the field to form a round of surrounding ditch, tian Nakai the field ditch, communicating the field ditch with the surrounding ditch, and arranging a water outlet at one position of the surrounding ditch.
In a specific embodiment, the width of the moat and the field trench is independently 15 to 25 cm.
In a specific embodiment, the moats and the field furrows independently have a furrow depth of 15 to 25 cm.
In one embodiment, the in-field furrows are opened every 5 to 10 meters in the field.
In one embodiment, a drain is provided in at least one of the peripheral grooves.
In one embodiment, in step 1-2), soil is removed from the surrounding furrows and the field furrows during the green manure crop full bloom period;
between the step 1) and the step 1-2), the method also comprises the step 1-1-2), and the field waterlogging is discharged during the full bloom period of the green manure crops, so that the dry state of the field is maintained;
and 2-3) is also included between the step 2) and the step 3), and water is flooded when the upturned soil is aired for 5 to 15 days.
In one embodiment, the first management includes a first fertilization; the second management includes a second fertilization; wherein the application amount of the nitrogenous fertilizer applied in the first fertilization and the second fertilization is reduced by 20 to 40 percent compared with that before returning the green manure to the field.
In one embodiment, the first and second fertilizations may be independently divided into all 1 st to 3 rd day before transplanting the rice (e.g., for a season of rice, only 1 st to 3 rd day before transplanting the rice in step 4); for double cropping rice, 1 st to 3 days before transplanting early rice in step 4), 1 st to 3 days before transplanting late rice in step 5); part of the fertilizer is used as a base fertilizer and is applied in the 1 st to 3 rd days before transplanting rice, part of the fertilizer is used as a tillering fertilizer and is applied in the tillering stage of the rice, and part of the fertilizer is used as a spike fertilizer and is applied in the spike stage; or part of the fertilizer is used as a base fertilizer and is applied in the 1 st to 3 rd days before transplanting the rice, and the other part of the fertilizer is used as a tillering fertilizer and is applied in the tillering stage of the rice.
The invention has the beneficial effects that:
aiming at the problem of high carbon footprint in the production process of southern rice in China, the invention discovers that the sodium 2-chloroethyl sulfonate can reduce CH in paddy field soil 4 Is arranged in the air. Further, by adopting the operation measures of applying 2-chloroethyl sodium sulfonate when green manure is planted in idle seasons of the paddy field and the green manure is turned over and returned to the paddy field, the input of 40% nitrogen fertilizer is reduced in the paddy season, and the carbon footprint is greatly reduced in a synergistic way while the stable yield and even slight yield increase of paddy are realized. The invention has the advantages of light, simple and efficient operation, strong practicability and convenience for operation and application of farmers.
Drawings
Fig. 1 shows a schematic view of paddy field ditching.
Detailed Description
The above-described aspects of the invention are described in further detail below in the form of preferred embodiments, which are not to be construed as limiting the invention.
Reagents for use in the examples of the invention are commercially available unless otherwise specified.
Example 1
Method for applying sodium 2-chloroethyl sulfonate
Selecting rice soil in the harvest period of Hubei rice, air-drying until the water content of the soil is lower than 5 and wt%, and sieving with a 2 mm sieve to obtain dry and fresh soil. The addition amount was set to 11.25 kg ha -1 Sodium 2-chloroethyl sulfonate (CES-11.25) in an amount of 22.50 kg ha -1 Sodium 2-chloroethyl sulfonate (CES-22.50) in an amount of 45.00 kg ha -1 Sodium 2-chloroethyl sulfonate (CES-45.00) and a blank (CK, without any material added) 4 treatments. Wherein, the amount of the farmland applied amount is reduced by the amount of 2250000 kg of the plough layer soil quality of 1 ha land.
50 g dry fresh soil was weighed into a 200 ml flask. Sodium 2-chloroethyl sulfonate was added according to the above treatments, and then sterile water was added until each treatment maintained a 2 cm aqueous layer, and sealed with a butyl stopper cap. Each flask was used as one replicate for a total of 5 replicates per treatment.
Sample collection and analysis: the treatments are placed in a biochemical incubator at 25+/-2 ℃ for dark culture for 30 days, and gas samples are respectively collected at the 1 st, 3 rd, 5 th, 7 th, 18 th and 30 d th of culture, and the gas collection time is fixed at 14:00-17:00 each time. The specific operation of gas collection is as follows: the bottle cap of the culture bottle is uncovered and placed in a fume hood for ventilation for 20 min, the bottle cap is covered and compacted by the aluminum cap of the culture bottle after ventilation is completed to avoid air leakage, and air is collected from a bottle plug sampling port of the culture bottle by a 20 ml injector when 0 h and 24 h of the culture bottle are sealed respectively. When the gas is collected, the 20 ml injector is repeatedly pushed and pulled for a plurality of times so as to mix the gas in the bottle, and then the gas in the upper space of the culture bottle is collected into the 12 ml headspace bottle. Determination of CH in a gas sample taken using Agilent gas chromatograph (Agilent 7890B) 4 Concentration. After conversion by the calculation of equation 1, CH in the gases released at different times after different treatments 4 The discharge flux results of (2) are shown in Table 1.
Equation 1:
wherein F (X) is CH 4 Is (μg kg) -1 d -1 ），Q 24 And Q 0 The detected CH is sampled at 24 h and 0 h, respectively 4 Concentration (mol. Times.10) -6 ·mol -1 ) V gas volume in flask (L), M 0 Is CH 4 Molar mass (g mol) -1 ) T is the culture time (d), m is the weight of dry fresh soil (kg), and T is the culture temperature (DEG C).
TABLE 1
Note that: the different lowercase letters after the same line of data indicate significant differences at the P <0.05 level as tested by Duncan's new complex polar error method.
As can be seen from the results in Table 1, the treatment with sodium 2-chloroethyl sulfonate (CES) significantly reduced methane emissions from paddy soil compared to CK at an application rate of 11.25 to 45.00 kg ha -1 In this case, a good effect can be achieved.
Example 2
Large Tian Tan footprint test 1
The rice variety is Wan rice 79.
Field test 1 was run on a Taihu farm in Jingzhou, hubei province, and the field was run at 30 m 2 (5 m ×6× 6 m) is divided into 12 cells, each cell is a repetition, 3 times per process, different processes and repetition are arranged completely randomly.
Treatment of CK:
harvesting rice in 2021, 9 and 27 days, and returning rice straw in situ;
dividing test cells in the period of 2022, 4 months and 20 days, wherein the area of each cell is 5 m multiplied by 6 m, and building ridges between the cells and covering agricultural films to prevent water and fertilizer from being mixed;
2022, 4 months and 21 days, ploughing and loosening soil, and directly flooding with water for 1 to 2 cm;
applying base fertilizer in the 5 th month of 2022, wherein 50% of the nitrogen fertilizer and the potassium fertilizer are applied as base fertilizer, 25% of the fertilizer is applied in the tillering stage after the rice is transplanted in the follow-up stage, and 25% of the fertilizer is applied in the ear stage;
line transplanting is performed on the rice in 2022, 5 months and 20 days, the planting density is 16.7 row spacing cm multiplied by 20 cm, and 2 plants are planted in each hole (cluster);
the rice is harvested at 2022, 9 and 25 days.
Wherein the fertilizer dosage in the whole growth period of the rice is N165.0 kg ha -1 ，P 2 O 5 45.0 kg ha -1 And K 2 O 75.0 kg ha -1 Urea (containing N46%), calcium superphosphate (containing P) are specifically used as the nitrogen fertilizer, the phosphorus fertilizer and the potassium fertilizer, respectively 2 O 5 12%) and potassium chloride (containing K) 2 O 60%）。
Treatment CES:
harvesting rice in 2021, 9 and 27 days, and returning rice straw in situ;
dividing test cells in the period of 2022, 4 months and 20 days, wherein the area of each cell is 5 m multiplied by 6 m, and building ridges between the cells and covering agricultural films to prevent water and fertilizer from being mixed;
turning over and loosening soil at 2022, 4 and 21 days, and applying 2-chloroethyl sodium sulfonate with an application amount of 22.5 kg ha to rice field -1 Directly flooding 1 to 2 cm;
applying base fertilizer in the 5 th month of 2022, wherein 50% of the nitrogen fertilizer and the potassium fertilizer are applied as base fertilizer, 25% of the fertilizer is applied in the tillering stage after the rice is transplanted in the follow-up stage, and 25% of the fertilizer is applied in the ear stage;
line transplanting is performed on the rice in 2022, 5 months and 20 days, the planting density is 16.7 row spacing cm multiplied by 20 cm, and 2 plants are planted in each hole (cluster);
the rice is harvested at 2022, 9 and 25 days.
Wherein the fertilizer dosage in the whole growth period of the rice is N165.0 kg ha -1 ，P 2 O 5 45.0 kg ha -1 And K 2 O 75.0 kg ha -1 Urea (containing N46%), calcium superphosphate (containing P) are specifically used as the nitrogen fertilizer, the phosphorus fertilizer and the potassium fertilizer, respectively 2 O 5 12%) and potassium chloride (containing K) 2 O 60%）。
Treatment f40+gm:
rice before harvestingThe green manure milk vetch is interplanted at the bottom of the rice in 15 days (2021, 9 and 12 days), and the sowing amount is 22.5 kg ha -1 No fertilizer or herbicide is used in the whole green manure growing period (i.e. from the sowing to the full bloom period);
harvesting rice in 2021, 9 and 27 days, and returning rice straw in situ. Then a circle of enclosing ditches are formed in the field, the field ditches are formed every 5 to 10 meters, the field ditches are communicated with the enclosing ditches, and a water outlet is formed in one position of the enclosing ditches, so that rainwater can be conveniently and timely discharged, and the water outlet is shown in fig. 1. Wherein, the ditch width and the ditch depth of the surrounding ditch and the ditch in the field are respectively 20 cm;
dividing test cells in the period of 2022, 4 months and 20 days, wherein the area of each cell is 5 m multiplied by 6 m, and building ridges between the cells and covering agricultural films to prevent water and fertilizer from being mixed;
the green manure is subjected to stubble cleaning, crushing to 5 to 10 sections cm, turning over and returning to the field, and directly flooding for 1 to 2 cm after the period of 21 days 4 months 2022;
applying base fertilizer in the 5 th month of 2022, wherein 50% of the nitrogen fertilizer and the potassium fertilizer are applied as base fertilizer, 25% of the fertilizer is applied in the tillering stage after the rice is transplanted in the follow-up stage, and 25% of the fertilizer is applied in the ear stage;
line transplanting is performed on the rice in 2022, 5 months and 20 days, the planting density is 16.7 row spacing cm multiplied by 20 cm, and 2 plants are planted in each hole (cluster);
and (3) sowing and planting the milk vetch again in 2022 and 9 months and 10 days, and repeating the steps. Wherein, the rice is harvested in 2022, 9 and 25 days.
Wherein the fertilizer dosage in the whole growth period of the rice is N99.0 kg ha -1 ，P 2 O 5 45.0 kg ha -1 And K 2 O 75.0 kg ha -1 Urea (containing N46%), calcium superphosphate (containing P) are specifically used as the nitrogen fertilizer, the phosphorus fertilizer and the potassium fertilizer, respectively 2 O 5 12%) and potassium chloride (containing K) 2 O 60%）。
Treatment f40+gm+ces:
the green manure milk vetch is interplanted at the bottom of the rice 15 days (2021, 9 and 12 days) before harvesting, and the sowing amount is 22.5 kg ha -1 No fertilizer or herbicide is used in the whole green manure growing period (i.e. from the sowing to the full bloom period);
harvesting rice in 2021, 9 and 27 days, and returning rice straw in situ. Then a circle of enclosing ditches are formed in the field, the field ditches are formed every 5 to 10 meters, the field ditches are communicated with the enclosing ditches, and a water outlet is formed in one position of the enclosing ditches, so that rainwater can be conveniently and timely discharged, and the water outlet is shown in fig. 1. Wherein, the ditch width and the ditch depth of the surrounding ditch and the ditch in the field are respectively 20 cm;
dividing test cells in the period of 2022, 4 months and 20 days, wherein the area of each cell is 5 m multiplied by 6 m, and building ridges between the cells and covering agricultural films to prevent water and fertilizer from being mixed;
after 2022 and 21 months, the green manure is stubble-cleaning, crushed to 5 to 10 sections cm, turned over and returned to the field, and the 2-chloroethyl sodium sulfonate is applied to the paddy field with the application amount of 22.5 kg ha -1 Directly flooding 1 to 2 cm;
applying base fertilizer in the 5 th month of 2022, wherein 50% of the nitrogen fertilizer and the potassium fertilizer are applied as base fertilizer, 25% of the fertilizer is applied in the tillering stage after the rice is transplanted in the follow-up stage, and 25% of the fertilizer is applied in the ear stage;
line transplanting is performed on the rice in 2022, 5 months and 20 days, the planting density is 16.7 row spacing cm multiplied by 20 cm, and 2 plants are planted in each hole (cluster);
and (3) sowing and planting the milk vetch again in 2022 and 9 months and 10 days, and repeating the steps. Wherein, the rice is harvested in 2022, 9 and 25 days.
Wherein the fertilizer dosage in the whole growth period of the rice is N99.0 kg ha -1 ，P 2 O 5 45.0 kg ha -1 And K 2 O 75.0 kg ha -1 Urea (containing N46%), calcium superphosphate (containing P) are specifically used as the nitrogen fertilizer, the phosphorus fertilizer and the potassium fertilizer, respectively 2 O 5 12%) and potassium chloride (containing K) 2 O 60%）。
The other field management measures of the four treatments are consistent with the local field production, and the input amount of the agricultural materials for each treatment is specifically shown in table 2.
Sample collection and analysis: the field greenhouse gas emission flux is measured by adopting a closed static gas collection box-gas chromatography, wherein the static gas collection box (CN 202122867714.0) consists of a base and a top box, and the base is embedded into the soil for 20 to 30 cm depths after green manure is turned over and pressed, so that the influence of soil disturbance on gas is avoided. Wherein, the quantity of rice planted in the base is converted according to the field planting density. The edge of the base exposed out of the ground surface is welded with a groove. Collecting gas samples on the 1 st day after the milk vetch is turned over and pressed (the turning over and pressing day is the 0 th day), taking gas samples every 5 days before the rice grouting period, and taking samples every 10 days after proper delay if in rainy days; taking a gas sample 10 days after grouting, and fixing the gas sampling time at 9:00-11:30 of the morning. When gas is collected before collection, the top box is buckled above the base, water is injected into the groove of the base of the static gas collection box until the water surface is flush with the outer edge of the groove, and therefore water sealing is utilized to avoid gas leakage of the contact surface of the top box and the base. And (3) at the time points of 0, 10, 20 and 30 min after sealing, pumping the gas in the top box by using a sucking pump, and simultaneously starting a fan in the top box so as to completely mix the gas, pumping 300 ml, storing in a vacuum sampling bag, and rapidly taking the vacuum sampling bag back to a laboratory for analysis. The gas collection period was one year. And (3) carrying out actual harvest on the seed yield of the whole district in the harvesting period of the rice, and measuring the yield after sun drying.
Detection of CH in a collected gas sample using Agilent gas chromatograph (Agilent 7890B) 4 And N 2 O concentration. Calculating CH in the gas released at different times after different treatments by equation 2 4 And N 2 The discharge flux of O. Calculation of CH over the week period for different treatments by equation 3 4 Or N 2 The cumulative emissions of O are shown in Table 5.
Equation 2:
wherein F is CH 4 Or N 2 O emission flux (unit: mg m) -2 h -1 ) The method comprises the steps of carrying out a first treatment on the surface of the ρ is CH 4 Or N 2 Density of O in standard state (unit: mg cm) -3 ) The method comprises the steps of carrying out a first treatment on the surface of the V is the volume (unit: m) of the top box of the static gas production box 3 ) The method comprises the steps of carrying out a first treatment on the surface of the A is the bottom area (unit: m) of the top box of the static gas production box 2 ) The method comprises the steps of carrying out a first treatment on the surface of the Δc/Δt represents CH 4 Or N 2 Rate of change in concentration of O (unit: ppm h -1 ) The method comprises the steps of carrying out a first treatment on the surface of the T is the average temperature (in degrees C.) of the air in the sampling tank during the sampling process.
Equation 3:
wherein E is CH at the t-th day 4 Or N 2 O cumulative discharge amount (unit: mg m) -2 ) Ft 'and Ft are CH at t' day and t day, respectively 4 Or N 2 O discharge flux (unit: mg m -2 h -1 ) T and t' are the number of days (unit: d) T-t' represents the time interval between two adjacent sampling times, i is the ith sampling, and n is the total sampling times.
Annual carbon footprint calculation for rice production
Table 3 shows the carbon footprint conversion coefficients of the agricultural inputs during rice production.
The following carbon footprint technical specifications of products formulated by the international standardization organization are used for calculating carbon footprints generated in the rice planting process, and the carbon footprints are calculated by the following formulas:
equation 4: CF (compact flash) y =CF a /Y
Equation 5: CF (compact flash) a =E input +E CH4 ×25+ E N2O ×298-ΔSCS
Equation 6:
equation 7: Δscs= (SCS) 1 - SCS b ）/n
Equation 8: scs=soc×bd×h×100
Wherein, the liquid crystal display device comprises a liquid crystal display device,
CF y carbon footprint (kg CO) of rice unit yield 2 -eq kg -1 ）；
CF a Is carbon footprint (kg CO) of rice per unit area 2 -eq ha -1 ）；
Y represents annual rice yield (kg ha) -1 ）。
E input Is the total emission amount (kg CO) of indirect greenhouse gases in unit area caused by agricultural investment in the production process of the rice planting system 2 -eq ha -1 ) Including fertilizers, pesticides, seeds, agricultural films, electricity, diesel, and the like;
E CH4 and E is N2O Respectively is unit area CH 4 And N 2 O direct cumulative discharge amount (kg ha) -1 ) 25 and 298 are on the 100 year time scale, CH per unit mass 4 And N 2 Global warming potential coefficient of O;
ΔSCS is 0 to 20 cm organic carbon annual change value (kg CO) 2 -eq ha -1 yr -1 ) If the value is positive, the carbon fixation is reflected, and if the value is negative, the loss of the organic carbon library is indicated;
qi is the i-th agricultural input (kg ha) -1 ）；
Epsilon i is the emission coefficient (kg CO) of the ith agricultural unit greenhouse gas 2 -eq kg -1 ) Which corresponds to the greenhouse gas emission coefficient, see table 3;
SCS l for the end of the test 0 to 20 cm plough layer soil carbon reserves (kg CO) 2 -eq ha -1 ）；
SCS b For the beginning of the test from 0 to 20 cm the carbon reserves (kg CO) of the plough layer soil 2 -eq ha -1 ）；
n is the test period;
SCS is 0 to 20 cm carbon reserves (kg CO) of plough layer soil 2 -eq ha -1 ）；
SOC is the organic carbon content (g kg) -1 ）；
BD is soil volume weight (g cm) -3 ）；
H is soil layer depth (20 cm);
100 is the conversion factor.
TABLE 2
TABLE 3 Table 3
TABLE 4 Table 4
Note that: the different lowercase letters after the same line of data indicate significant differences at the P <0.05 level as tested by Duncan's new complex polar error method.
As can be seen from Table 2, F40+GM and F40+GM+CES increased the green manure seed, green manure seed and management (ditching) agricultural inputs, but reduced the chemical nitrogen fertilizer inputs, as compared to CK and CES. As can be seen from the results in Table 4, CES significantly reduced rice field CH compared to CK 4 Has no influence on rice yield, but the carbon footprint of the unit yield of rice is obviously reduced, the carbon footprint of a rice production system is changed from a carbon source to a carbon sink, and the CH can be obviously reduced by using CES in a field 4 And changing the carbon footprint from a carbon source to a carbon sink; F40+GM is more CK, while increasing carbon retention in the soil, produces a large amount of CH at the same time 4 Emissions, thus resulting in a significant increase in the carbon footprint per unit yield of rice; compared with F40+GM+CES and F40+GM, the carbon solid phase of the soil is obviously reduced compared with CK and CES in the aspect of carbon footprint of unit yield of rice, and 347.06% [ (-0.42-0.17)/0.17X100%]And 90.91% [ (-0.42+0.22)/0.22×100%]. It is particularly worth mentioning that the use of green manure in combination with CES not only counteracts the increase in carbon footprint per unit yield of f40+gm treated rice, but also reduces to a lower level that forms a significant difference from the carbon footprint per unit yield of CES treated rice, indicating that the use of green manure in combination with CES produces a synergistic effect. In conclusion, planting in the Hubei rice area utilizes milk vetch as green manure, and is matched with methane emission reduction material 2-chloroethyl sodium sulfonate and fertilizer, thereby generating synergistic effect in the aspect of reducing carbon footprint. Can realize that the rice field soil does not increase CH 4 On the premise of emission, the soil is greatly carbonized, so that the aim of remarkably reducing the carbon footprint of the rice is fulfilled.
Example 3
Large Tian Tan footprint test 2
The rice variety is Jingshangyou Huazhan.
Field test 2 was developed at the high An Keyan base of the academy of agricultural sciences in Jiangxi province, and the field was set at 30 m 2 (5 m ×6 m) divided into 12 cells, each cell being a repetition, eachThe process was repeated 3 times, with the different treatments and replicates being arranged completely randomly.
Treatment of CK:
harvesting rice 10 months and 10 days in 2021, and returning rice straws in situ;
dividing test cells in the period of 2022, 4 and 15, wherein the area of each cell is 5 m multiplied by 6 m, and ridge building and agricultural film covering among cells are separated to prevent water and fertilizer from being mixed;
turning over and loosening soil for 2022, 4 months and 16 days;
2022, 5, 30, flooding 1-2, cm;
applying base fertilizer in 2022, 6 and 7 days, wherein 50% of the nitrogen fertilizer and the potassium fertilizer are applied as base fertilizer, and 50% of the fertilizer is applied as additional fertilizer in a tillering stage after rice is transplanted subsequently;
line transplanting is performed on the rice in 2022, 6 and 9 days, the planting density is that the line spacing is 16 cm multiplied by 26 cm, and 2 plants are planted in each hole (cluster);
the rice is harvested at 2022, 9 and 15 days.
Wherein the fertilizer dosage of the rice in the whole growth period is N210.0 kg ha -1 、P 2 O 5 75.0 kg ha -1 、K 2 O 120.0 kg ha -1 The nitrogen fertilizer, the phosphate fertilizer and the potash fertilizer are specifically applied with urea (containing N46 percent) and calcium superphosphate (containing P) 2 O 5 12%) and potassium chloride (containing K) 2 O 60%）。
Treatment CES:
harvesting rice 10 months and 10 days in 2021, and returning rice straws in situ;
dividing test cells in the period of 2022, 4 and 15, wherein the area of each cell is 5 m multiplied by 6 m, and ridge building and agricultural film covering among cells are separated to prevent water and fertilizer from being mixed;
turning over and loosening soil for 4/16/2022, and applying 2-chloroethyl sodium sulfonate with an application amount of 22.5 kg ha to rice field -1 ；
2022, 5, 30, flooding 1-2, cm;
applying base fertilizer in 2022, 6 and 7 days, wherein 50% of the nitrogen fertilizer and the potassium fertilizer are applied as base fertilizer, and 50% of the fertilizer is applied as additional fertilizer in a tillering stage after rice is transplanted subsequently;
line transplanting is performed on the rice in 2022, 6 and 9 days, the planting density is that the line spacing is 16 cm multiplied by 26 cm, and 2 plants are planted in each hole (cluster);
the rice is harvested at 2022, 9 and 15 days.
Wherein the fertilizer dosage in the whole growth period of the rice is N210.0 kg ha -1 、P 2 O 5 75.0 kg ha -1 、K 2 O 120.0 kg ha -1 The nitrogen fertilizer, the phosphate fertilizer and the potash fertilizer are specifically applied with urea (containing N46 percent) and calcium superphosphate (containing P) 2 O 5 12%) and potassium chloride (containing K) 2 O 60%）。
Treatment f40+gm:
the green manure milk vetch is interplanted at the bottom of the rice 15 days (2021, 9 and 25 days) before harvesting, and the sowing amount is 22.5 kg ha -1 No fertilizer or herbicide is used in the whole green manure growing period (i.e. from the sowing to the full bloom period);
and harvesting rice after 10 months and 10 days in 2021, and returning rice straws to the field by in-situ covering. Then a circle of enclosing ditches are formed in the field, the field ditches are formed every 5 to 10 meters, the field ditches are communicated with the enclosing ditches, and a water outlet is formed in one position of the enclosing ditches, so that rainwater can be conveniently and timely discharged, and the water outlet is shown in fig. 1. Wherein, the ditch width and the ditch depth of the surrounding ditch and the ditch in the field are respectively 20 cm;
dividing test cells in the period of 2022, 4 and 15, wherein the area of each cell is 5 m multiplied by 6 m, and ridge building and agricultural film covering among cells are separated to prevent water and fertilizer from being mixed;
after 2022, 4 months and 16 days, the green manure is subjected to stubble cleaning, crushing to 5-10 cm sections, and turning, pressing and returning to the field;
2022, 5, 30, flooding 1-2, cm;
applying base fertilizer in 2022, 6 and 7 days, wherein 50% of the nitrogen fertilizer and the potassium fertilizer are applied as base fertilizer, and 50% of the fertilizer is applied as additional fertilizer in a tillering stage after rice is transplanted subsequently;
line transplanting is performed on the rice in 2022, 6 and 9 days, the planting density is that the line spacing is 16 cm multiplied by 26 cm, and 2 plants are planted in each hole (cluster);
and (3) sowing and planting the milk vetch again in 2022 and 9 months for 6 days, and repeating the steps. Wherein, the rice is harvested in 2022, 9 and 15 days.
Wherein the fertilizer dosage in the whole growth period of the rice is N126.0 kg ha -1 ，P 2 O 5 75.0 kg ha -1 And K 2 O 120.0 kg ha -1 Urea (containing N46%), calcium superphosphate (containing P) are specifically used as the nitrogen fertilizer, the phosphorus fertilizer and the potassium fertilizer, respectively 2 O 5 12%) and potassium chloride (containing K) 2 O 60%）。
Treatment f40+gm+ces:
the green manure milk vetch is interplanted at the bottom of the rice 15 days (2021, 9 and 25 days) before harvesting, and the sowing amount is 22.5 kg ha -1 No fertilizer or herbicide is used in the whole green manure growing period (i.e. from the sowing to the full bloom period);
and harvesting rice after 10 months and 10 days in 2021, and returning rice straws to the field by in-situ covering. Then a circle of enclosing ditches are formed in the field, the field ditches are formed every 5 to 10 meters, the field ditches are communicated with the enclosing ditches, and a water outlet is formed in one position of the enclosing ditches, so that rainwater can be conveniently and timely discharged, and the water outlet is shown in fig. 1. Wherein, the ditch width and the ditch depth of the surrounding ditch and the ditch in the field are respectively 20 cm;
dividing test cells in the period of 2022, 4 and 15, wherein the area of each cell is 5 m multiplied by 6 m, and ridge building and agricultural film covering among cells are separated to prevent water and fertilizer from being mixed;
after 2022, 4 and 16 days, the green manure is stubble-cleaning, crushed into 5 to 10 sections of cm sections and returned to the field, and the 2-chloroethyl sodium sulfonate is applied to the paddy field with the application amount of 22.5 kg ha -1 ；
2022, 5, 30, flooding 1-2, cm;
applying base fertilizer in 2022, 6 and 7 days, wherein 50% of the nitrogen fertilizer and the potassium fertilizer are applied as base fertilizer, and 50% of the fertilizer is applied as additional fertilizer in a tillering stage after rice is transplanted subsequently;
line transplanting is performed on the rice in 2022, 6 and 9 days, the planting density is that the line spacing is 16 cm multiplied by 26 cm, and 2 plants are planted in each hole (cluster);
and (3) sowing and planting the milk vetch again in 2022 and 9 months for 6 days, and repeating the steps. Wherein, the rice is harvested in 2022, 9 and 15 days.
Wherein the fertilizer dosage in the whole growth period of the rice is N126.0 kg ha -1 ，P 2 O 5 75.0 kg ha -1 And K 2 O 120.0 kg ha -1 Urea (containing N46%), calcium superphosphate (containing P) are specifically used as the nitrogen fertilizer, the phosphorus fertilizer and the potassium fertilizer, respectively 2 O 5 12%) and potassium chloride (containing K) 2 O 60%）。
The other field management measures of the four treatments are consistent with the local field production, and the input amount of the agricultural materials for each treatment is specifically shown in table 5.
Sample collection and analysis were as in example 2, and the results are shown in Table 6.
TABLE 5
TABLE 6
Note that: the different lowercase letters after the same line of data indicate significant differences at the P <0.05 level as tested by Duncan's new complex polar error method.
As can be seen from Table 5, F40+GM and F40+GM+CES increased the green manure seed, green manure seed and management (ditching) agricultural inputs, but reduced the chemical nitrogen fertilizer inputs, as compared to CK and CES. As can be seen from the results in Table 6, CES significantly reduced rice field CH compared to CK 4 Has no obvious influence on rice yield, reduces the carbon footprint of the unit yield of rice, changes the carbon footprint of rice production from carbon source to carbon sink, and shows that the CH can be obviously reduced by using CES in the field 4 And changing the carbon footprint from a carbon source to a carbon sink; F40+GM is more CK, while increasing carbon retention in the soil, produces a large amount of CH at the same time 4 Emissions, thus resulting in a significant increase in the carbon footprint per unit yield of rice; compared with F40+GM+CES and F40+GM, the carbon solid phase of the soil is obviously reduced compared with CK and CES in the aspect of the carbon footprint of the unit yield of rice, and 307.14% [ (-0.29-0.14)/0.14X100 percent respectively]And 70.59% [ (-0.29+0.17)/0.17X100%]. It is particularly worth mentioning that the use of green manure in combination with CES not only counteracts the increase in carbon footprint per unit yield of f40+gm treated rice, but also reduces to a lower level that forms a significant difference from the carbon footprint per unit yield of CES treated rice, indicating that the use of green manure in combination with CES produces a synergistic effect. In conclusion, planting in Jiangxi rice area uses Astragalus sinicus as green manure, and is matched with methane emission reduction material 2-chloroethyl sodium sulfonate and fertilizer,a synergistic effect is produced in reducing the carbon footprint. Can realize that the rice field soil does not increase CH 4 On the premise of emission, the soil is greatly carbonized, so that the aim of remarkably reducing the carbon footprint of the rice is fulfilled.
Claims (10)
1. The application of the combination of green manure and 2-chloroethyl sodium sulfonate in reducing carbon footprint in the rice production process.
2. A rice production method for reducing carbon footprint, comprising the following steps:
1) Interplanting green manure crops before harvesting rice;
2) Before rice transplanting, cleaning stubble of green manure crops, crushing, turning over, pressing and returning to the field, and applying 2-chloroethyl sodium sulfonate into the soil of the rice field;
3) Flooding;
4) Transplanting rice, and performing first management on the rice field to enable the rice to grow until harvesting;
5) For a season of rice, interplanting green manure crops again before harvesting the rice, repeating the steps 2) to 4);
for double-cropping rice, after harvesting early rice, preparing land, transplanting late rice, and performing second management on the rice field to enable the late rice to grow until harvesting; repeating the steps 2) to 4) by interplanting green manure crops before harvesting the late rice.
3. The rice production method as recited in claim 2, wherein in the step 2), the application amount of the sodium 2-chloroethyl sulfonate is 11.25 kg ha -1 To 45.00 kg ha -1 。
4. The rice production method according to claim 2, wherein the green manure crop is milk vetch (Astragalus sinicus l.); and/or
In step 1) and step 5), the green manure crop is independently sown at 22.5 kg ha -1 To 30.0 kg ha -1 。
5. The rice production method according to claim 2, wherein in step 1) and step 5), the green manure crop is interplanted 10 to 15 d before harvesting the rice.
6. The rice production method according to claim 2, wherein in step 1), after harvesting rice, rice straw is returned to the field by in situ mulching;
and/or in step 2) comminuting the green manure crop to 5 to 10 cm;
and/or in step 3), water is irrigated to an aqueous layer of 1 to 2 cm.
7. The method of rice production according to claim 2, further comprising, between step 1) and step 2), step 1-2) after harvesting the rice, subsequently encircling the field with a surrounding ditch, tian Nakai the field ditch, and communicating the field ditch with the surrounding ditch, and providing a drain outlet at one location of the surrounding ditch.
8. The rice production method according to claim 7, wherein the width of the surrounding furrows and the field furrows is independently 15 to 25 cm;
and/or the moats and the in-field moats are independently 15 to 25 cm;
and/or cutting the field furrows every 5 to 10 meters in the field;
and/or a water outlet is arranged at least one position of the surrounding ditch.
9. The rice production method as recited in claim 7, wherein in the step 1-2), the soil of the surrounding furrows and the in-field furrows is removed at the full-bloom stage of the green manure crop;
between the step 1) and the step 1-2), the method also comprises the step 1-1-2), and the field waterlogging is discharged during the full bloom period of the green manure crops, so that the dry state of the field is maintained;
and 2-3) is also included between the step 2) and the step 3), and water is flooded when the upturned soil is aired for 5 to 15 days.
10. The rice production method of claim 2, wherein the first management comprises a first fertilization; the second management includes a second fertilization; wherein the application amount of the nitrogenous fertilizer applied in the first fertilization and the second fertilization is reduced by 20% to 40% compared with that before returning the green manure to the field;
the first fertilizer and the second fertilizer can be independently divided into 1 st to 3 rd days before transplanting rice as base fertilizers; part of the fertilizer is used as a base fertilizer and is applied in the 1 st to 3 rd days before transplanting rice, part of the fertilizer is used as a tillering fertilizer and is applied in the tillering stage of the rice, and part of the fertilizer is used as a spike fertilizer and is applied in the spike stage; or part of the fertilizer is used as a base fertilizer and is applied in the 1 st to 3 rd days before transplanting the rice, and the other part of the fertilizer is used as a tillering fertilizer and is applied in the tillering stage of the rice.
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