CN116399610A - Low-temperature vehicle dipping cabin brake screaming evaluation method, storage medium and device - Google Patents
Low-temperature vehicle dipping cabin brake screaming evaluation method, storage medium and device Download PDFInfo
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- 206010039740 Screaming Diseases 0.000 title claims abstract description 44
- 238000011156 evaluation Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 21
- 238000007598 dipping method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 20
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 31
- 238000000227 grinding Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 19
- 238000004590 computer program Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 15
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 49
- 238000005299 abrasion Methods 0.000 claims description 10
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 claims description 10
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 claims description 10
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 claims description 8
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 claims description 7
- 230000001133 acceleration Effects 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000010998 test method Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 230000007704 transition Effects 0.000 claims description 5
- 230000001105 regulatory effect Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 abstract description 8
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000009471 action Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000012552 review Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000012937 correction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000008878 coupling Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000010168 coupling process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000005859 coupling reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000012795 verification Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000001808 coupling effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000001514 detection method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000000605 extraction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007710 freezing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008014 freezing Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002783 friction material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000006870 function Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005498 polishing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004088 simulation Methods 0.000 description 1
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01M—TESTING STATIC OR DYNAMIC BALANCE OF MACHINES OR STRUCTURES; TESTING OF STRUCTURES OR APPARATUS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- G01M17/00—Testing of vehicles
- G01M17/007—Wheeled or endless-tracked vehicles
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01H—MEASUREMENT OF MECHANICAL VIBRATIONS OR ULTRASONIC, SONIC OR INFRASONIC WAVES
- G01H17/00—Measuring mechanical vibrations or ultrasonic, sonic or infrasonic waves, not provided for in the preceding groups
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
- Y02T90/00—Enabling technologies or technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
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Abstract
The invention relates to a brake screaming evaluation method, a storage medium and a device for a low-temperature vehicle dipping cabin; comprises the following steps: preparing a sample; step 2: grinding a sample; step 3: preparing a sample vehicle; step 4: setting and operating a low-temperature bin; step 5: evaluating brake screaming of the low-temperature bin; the computer readable medium stores a computer program to realize a low-temperature vehicle dipping cabin brake screaming evaluation method; an apparatus comprising a memory and a processor; the memory stores a computer program; when executing the computer program, the processor realizes a low-temperature vehicle dipping cabin brake screaming evaluation method; according to the invention, when the low-temperature whole vehicle test is needed in early stage of project development, the low-temperature whole vehicle brake screaming test with controllable temperature can be realized without waiting for arrival of a low-temperature season; through the advance preparation of test samples, the brake squeal performance of a user after durable use can be simulated.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of braking systems, in particular to a low-temperature vehicle dipping cabin braking screaming evaluation method, a storage medium and a device.
Background
The key ring of the success or failure of the development of the brake noise development project is that the performance of the brake noise is good or bad under the condition of low temperature (-20 ℃ to 0 ℃), the complaints of users of the low temperature noise are more, the solution difficulty is large, the consumption period is long, the low temperature environment in winter is needed in the initial stage of the development of the brake noise, the risk of the low temperature noise is fully verified, and corresponding brake NVH solution countermeasures are formulated. However, there are many vehicle type development projects, and in the early stage of the development of the projects, the low temperature window in winter cannot be caught up, and when the first low temperature window comes, the time for solving the low temperature noise problem is left to be insufficient. The bench test can solve the temperature problem, but the low temperature range (only can realize the temperature as low as-10 ℃) is insufficient, and the steering working condition cannot be simulated, so that the detection of the brake noise by the bench test cannot replace the real vehicle test. Therefore, the real vehicle low-temperature noise test is carried out by utilizing the low-temperature bin, and is an effective way for solving the current dilemma.
Patent document CN107704644a relates to a method for predicting brake squeal taking into account the effect of coupling of heat engines, comprising the steps of: a, establishing a free modal analysis finite element model of a key part; b, free mode test and comparison of key parts; c, establishing a brake multi-mode analysis finite element model; d, performing a brake modal condition screwdriving test under a low-temperature condition; e, model correction based on low-temperature working condition test data; f, modeling and analyzing the coupling of the heat engine; g, boundary condition extraction and analysis; h, performing a brake modal condition screwdriving test under a high-temperature condition; i, model correction based on high-temperature working condition test data; j, different temperature screaming frequency prediction. Compared with the prior art, the method is beneficial to improving the accuracy of brake screaming prediction, especially can predict high-frequency noise of the automobile brake under a high-temperature working condition, and can embody the time-varying characteristic of brake screaming tendency caused by the coupling effect of the heat engine.
The above-mentioned patent is different from the present application in the technology of CAE analysis method.
Patent document CN114486287a discloses a test and evaluation method for vehicle brake noise, which comprises the steps of idle speed in each direction, light braking for many times, simulating the direction of moving a warehouse, braking, performing low-speed running, performing natural cooling, searching various noises in the process, and evaluating. By adopting the technical scheme, the brake noise is efficiently and rapidly identified, the brake noise is more close to the use condition of a customer, the verification working condition is comprehensive, the use condition of the customer is fully simulated, and the actual use requirement of the user is met; the method has multiple application verification dimensions and high reliability, and greatly improves the test quality.
The above patent is different from the present application in technology: the above patent is not directed to a method of detecting low temperature brake squeal.
Patent document CN113188811a relates to a method for verifying NVH of a short mileage of a whole vehicle.
The method comprises the following steps: firstly, initially measuring the dragging moment and the thickness change of a brake disc; step two, running-in is carried out on the vehicle; step three, performing road test on the open road surface; step four, evaluating the vehicle performance; and fifthly, outputting a result if the review passes, and re-executing the step until the review passes if the review fails. The method is used for rapidly evaluating low-temperature noise of the friction material in the early stage, influences on project development caused by window periods are avoided to the greatest extent, and the risk of subsequent possible scheme change can be reduced.
The above patent differs from the present application in that: the above patent is not directed to a method of detecting low temperature brake squeal.
In summary, the above-mentioned patent has low relevance to the present application.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to solve the technical problems in the prior art and provides a low-temperature vehicle dipping bin brake screaming evaluation method.
It is noted that relational terms such as first and second, and the like are used solely to distinguish one entity or action from another entity or action without necessarily requiring or implying any actual such relationship or order between such entities or actions.
Moreover, the terms "comprises," "comprising," or any other variation thereof, are intended to cover a non-exclusive inclusion, such that a process, method, article, or apparatus that comprises a list of elements does not include only those elements but may include other elements not expressly listed or inherent to such process, method, article, or apparatus.
In order to solve the technical problems, the invention is realized by adopting the following technical scheme:
a brake screaming evaluation method for a low-temperature vehicle dipping cabin comprises the following steps:
step 1: preparing a sample;
step 2: grinding a sample;
step 3: preparing a sample vehicle;
step 4: setting and operating a low-temperature bin;
step 5: and (5) evaluating brake screaming of the low-temperature bin.
Further, the sample preparation in step 1 specifically includes:
the A-state sample piece is used for simulating the brake squeal performance in a new vehicle state after a vehicle sleeve is worn in by a brand new brake caliper, a brake disc and a friction plate according to the running-in procedure specified in the step 2;
and (2) a B-state sample piece, a whole car sleeve brand new brake caliper and brake disc, and a friction plate polished by a polisher is used for simulating the brake squeal performance of a user after a certain use mileage after the friction plate is worn in according to the running-in procedure specified in the step (2).
Further, the sample in step 2 is ground, specifically including:
grinding in the method A, using an inertial measurement unit, using the A-state sample in the step 1, and repeating braking according to the initial temperature, the initial speed and the braking deceleration of the brake disc and the final speed;
and B, running in according to a specified test procedure by using an inertial measurement unit and the B-state sample in the step 1, and measuring the abrasion loss of the friction plate after each test section is finished.
Further, the sample vehicle preparation in step 3 specifically includes:
a state sample car, change dress A state sample spare, install brake noise test equipment additional: the device comprises a microphone at the ear of a driver, a brake caliper vibration acceleration sensor, a hydraulic sensor and a data processing front end;
b state sample car, change dress B state sample spare, install brake noise test equipment additional: the device comprises a microphone at the ear of a driver, a brake caliper vibration acceleration sensor, a hydraulic sensor and a data processing front end.
Further, the low temperature bin setting and operation in step 4 specifically includes:
initial setting and operation:
setting the initial cooling air temperature of the low-temperature bin to be 0 ℃, starting timing after the temperature of the low-temperature bin reaches 10 ℃, and sending the sample car prepared in the step 3 into the low-temperature bin after the time reaches 1 hour;
and (3) transition setting and operation:
setting the temperature of cooling air of the low-temperature bin to-10 ℃, timing again after the temperature of the low-temperature bin reaches 0 ℃, and starting the next operation after the time reaches 1 hour;
final setting and operation:
and (3) regulating the temperature of the cooling air of the low-temperature cabin to be the limit low temperature, timing for the third time after the temperature of the low-temperature cabin is reduced to minus 20 ℃, and evaluating the brake screaming of the whole vehicle at a low Wen Cangna after the time is longer than 8 hours.
Further, the low-temperature bin brake screech evaluation in the step 5 specifically includes:
and (3) evaluating the vehicle brake screaming by adopting a specified operation condition, and collecting objective data: probability of occurrence of brake squeal, squeal frequency, decibel value, pressure, duration.
Further, the prescribed test procedure refers to: the method comprises the steps of mixing physical indexes frequently appearing in a braking process of an actual user according to 5 initial-terminal speed intervals, 4 initial brake disc temperatures, 4 different braking decelerations and 3 braking times to prepare a bench test program for rapidly simulating the abrasion states of a friction plate and a brake disc after a certain use mileage of the user;
grinding in the method A, using an inertial measurement unit, using the A-state sample in the step 1, braking for 200 times according to the initial temperature of the brake disc of 100 ℃, the initial speed of 80km/h, the braking speed of 0.3g and the final speed of 30 km/h;
and B, grinding in the method, namely grinding in the method by using an inertial measurement test bed and using the B-state sample in the step 1 according to a specified test program, measuring the abrasion loss of the friction plate after each test section is finished, and finishing grinding in the method after the abrasion loss of the friction plate reaches 0.5 mm.
Further, the adoption of the specified operation conditions specifically refers to: the method comprises the steps of mixing a real vehicle noise search program which is prepared by mixing 5 initial brake disc temperatures, 5 initial or terminal speeds, 5 brake hydraulic pressures, 6 running directions and 2 brake times according to a driving working condition that brake screaming is easy to occur in the actual user vehicle driving process, and fully verifying the brake screaming performance under the working condition that the brake screaming is easy to occur;
and (3) a B-state sample piece, a whole new brake caliper and a brake disc are sleeved, and a grinding machine is adopted to grind off the friction plate with the thickness of 2.5 mm.
A computer readable storage medium having a computer program stored thereon for implementing the cryogenic vehicle dipping cabin brake squeal evaluation method as described above.
An apparatus comprising a memory and a processor; the memory stores a computer program; the processor executes the computer program; and the processor realizes the low-temperature vehicle-immersing cabin brake screaming evaluation method when executing the computer program.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the beneficial effects that:
according to the invention, when the low-temperature whole vehicle test is needed in early stage of project development, the low-temperature whole vehicle brake screaming test with controllable temperature can be realized without waiting for arrival of a low-temperature season;
through the advance preparation of test samples, the brake squeal performance of a user after durable use can be simulated.
Drawings
The invention is further described below with reference to the accompanying drawings:
FIG. 1 is a flow chart of a method for evaluating brake screaming of a low-temperature vehicle dipping cabin.
Detailed Description
In order to make the objects, technical solutions and advantages of the present invention become more apparent, the technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention will be described in more detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings in the embodiments of the present invention.
In the drawings, the same or similar reference numerals denote the same or similar elements or elements having the same or similar functions throughout. The described embodiments are some, but not all, embodiments of the invention.
The embodiments described below by referring to the drawings are illustrative and intended to explain the present invention and should not be construed as limiting the invention.
All other embodiments, which can be made by those skilled in the art based on the embodiments of the invention without making any inventive effort, are intended to be within the scope of the invention. Embodiments of the present invention will be described in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings.
In the description of the present invention, it should be understood that the terms "center," "longitudinal," "lateral," "front," "rear," "left," "right," "vertical," "horizontal," "top," "bottom," "inner," "outer," and the like indicate orientations or positional relationships based on the orientations or positional relationships shown in the drawings, merely to facilitate describing the present invention and simplify the description, and do not indicate or imply that the devices or elements being referred to must have a specific orientation, be configured and operated in a specific orientation, and therefore should not be construed as limiting the scope of the present invention.
The invention is described in detail below with reference to the attached drawing figures:
step 1 sample preparation:
the A-state sample piece is used for simulating the brake squeal performance in a new vehicle state after a vehicle sleeve is worn in according to a running-in procedure specified by step 2;
and (3) a B-state sample piece, a whole car sleeve brand new brake caliper and a brake disc, polishing a friction plate with the thickness of 2.5mm by a polisher, and after the friction plate is worn in according to a running-in procedure specified by step 2, simulating the brake screaming performance of a user after a certain use mileage.
Step 2 sample grinding:
grinding in the method A, using an inertial measurement unit, using an A-state sample in Step 1, braking for 200 times according to the initial temperature of the brake disc of 100 ℃, the initial speed of 80km/h, the braking speed of 0.3g and the final speed of 30 km/h;
the B method uses an inertial measurement unit, uses a B state sample in Step 1, performs running-in according to the test procedure specified in Table 1, measures the abrasion loss of the friction plate after each test section is finished, and finishes running-in after the abrasion loss of the friction plate reaches 0.5 mm.
TABLE 1
Step 3, sample car preparation:
a state sample car, change dress A state sample spare, install brake noise test equipment additional: the device comprises a microphone at the ear of a driver, a brake caliper vibration acceleration sensor, a hydraulic sensor and a data processing front end.
B state sample car, change dress B state sample spare, install brake noise test equipment additional: the device comprises a microphone at the ear of a driver, a brake caliper vibration acceleration sensor, a hydraulic sensor and a data processing front end.
Step 4, setting and operating a low-temperature bin:
1. initial setting and operation:
the initial cooling air temperature of the low-temperature bin is set to be 0 ℃, timing is started after the temperature of the low-temperature bin reaches 10 ℃, and after the time reaches 1 hour, the sample car prepared by Step 3 is sent into the low-temperature bin.
2. And (3) transition setting and operation:
the temperature of the cooling air in the low-temperature bin is set to be minus 10 ℃, timing is carried out again after the temperature of the low-temperature bin reaches 0 ℃, and the next operation is started after the time reaches 1 hour.
3. Final setting and operation:
and (3) regulating the temperature of the cooling air of the low-temperature cabin to be the limit low temperature, timing for the third time after the temperature of the low-temperature cabin is reduced to minus 20 ℃, and evaluating the brake screaming of the whole vehicle at a low Wen Cangna after the time is longer than 8 hours.
Step 5, brake screech evaluation of the low-temperature bin:
objective data are collected: the probability of occurrence of brake squeal, squeal frequency, decibel value, pressure, duration, etc., and the numerical table is shown in table 2, so as to completely reveal the evaluation result.
TABLE 2
The vehicle brake screaming was evaluated using the operating conditions of table 3 below, and objective data were collected: probability of occurrence of brake squeal, squeal frequency, decibel value, pressure, duration, etc.
TABLE 3 Table 3
A computer readable storage medium is provided, and a computer program is stored on the computer readable storage medium to realize the low-temperature vehicle dipping cabin brake screaming evaluation method.
An apparatus comprising a memory and a processor; the memory stores a computer program; the processor executes the computer program; and when the processor executes the computer program, the low-temperature vehicle dipping cabin brake screaming evaluation method is realized.
According to the invention, the friction plate which is ground to the quantitative thickness is used, and the wear test program is executed on the inertia test bed to the quantitative wear amount, so that the brake squeal performance of a user after a certain use mileage can be rapidly simulated, the situation that the thickness simulation is lack of actual running-in is only realized by only adopting grinding, and the time and resources consumed by only running-in to reach the required thickness are also avoided.
The setting of the low-temperature bin has a proper transition gradient with the external environment temperature, and avoids the distortion of brake screaming evaluation caused by frost and freezing due to instant cold when the low Wen Cangna enters into the low Wen Cangna at minus 20 ℃ from the external environment.
Aiming at the working condition that the low-temperature brake screaming is most easy to occur, namely the moving working condition of a moving garage, the set working condition is close to the brake screaming evaluation working condition which can be actually executed in the low-temperature cabin space.
The transition gradient of the low-temperature bin and the specific pressure and speed during brake screech evaluation are adjusted within a certain range, so that the same purpose can be achieved.
The foregoing is merely illustrative of specific embodiments of the present invention, and the scope of the invention is not limited thereto, but any modifications, equivalents, improvements and alternatives falling within the spirit and principles of the present invention will be apparent to those skilled in the art within the scope of the present invention.
And all that is not described in detail in this specification is well known to those skilled in the art.
Claims (10)
1. The low-temperature vehicle dipping bin brake screaming evaluation method is characterized by comprising the following steps of:
step 1: preparing a sample;
step 2: grinding a sample;
step 3: preparing a sample vehicle;
step 4: setting and operating a low-temperature bin;
step 5: and (5) evaluating brake screaming of the low-temperature bin.
2. The method for evaluating the brake screaming of the low-temperature vehicle dipping cabin according to claim 1, which is characterized by comprising the following steps:
the sample preparation in step 1 specifically comprises the following steps:
the A-state sample piece is used for simulating the brake squeal performance in a new vehicle state after a vehicle sleeve is worn in by a brand new brake caliper, a brake disc and a friction plate according to the running-in procedure specified in the step 2;
and (2) a B-state sample piece, a whole car sleeve brand new brake caliper and brake disc, and a friction plate polished by a polisher is used for simulating the brake squeal performance of a user after a certain use mileage after the friction plate is worn in according to the running-in procedure specified in the step (2).
3. The method for evaluating the brake screaming of the low-temperature vehicle dipping cabin according to claim 2, which is characterized in that:
the sample grinding in the step 2 specifically comprises the following steps:
grinding in the method A, using an inertial measurement unit, using the A-state sample in the step 1, and repeating braking according to the initial temperature, the initial speed and the braking deceleration of the brake disc and the final speed;
and B, running in according to a specified test procedure by using an inertial measurement unit and the B-state sample in the step 1, and measuring the abrasion loss of the friction plate after each test section is finished.
4. The method for evaluating the brake screaming of the low-temperature vehicle dipping cabin according to claim 3, which is characterized by comprising the following steps:
the sample car preparation in the step 3 specifically comprises the following steps:
a state sample car, change dress A state sample spare, install brake noise test equipment additional: the device comprises a microphone at the ear of a driver, a brake caliper vibration acceleration sensor, a hydraulic sensor and a data processing front end;
b state sample car, change dress B state sample spare, install brake noise test equipment additional: the device comprises a microphone at the ear of a driver, a brake caliper vibration acceleration sensor, a hydraulic sensor and a data processing front end.
5. The method for evaluating the brake screaming of the low-temperature vehicle dipping cabin according to claim 4, which is characterized in that:
the low-temperature bin setting and operation in the step 4 specifically comprises the following steps:
initial setting and operation:
setting the initial cooling air temperature of the low-temperature bin to be 0 ℃, starting timing after the temperature of the low-temperature bin reaches 10 ℃, and sending the sample car prepared in the step 3 into the low-temperature bin after the time reaches 1 hour;
and (3) transition setting and operation:
setting the temperature of cooling air of the low-temperature bin to-10 ℃, timing again after the temperature of the low-temperature bin reaches 0 ℃, and starting the next operation after the time reaches 1 hour;
final setting and operation:
and (3) regulating the temperature of the cooling air of the low-temperature cabin to be the limit low temperature, timing for the third time after the temperature of the low-temperature cabin is reduced to minus 20 ℃, and evaluating the brake screaming of the whole vehicle at a low Wen Cangna after the time is longer than 8 hours.
6. The method for evaluating the brake screaming of the low-temperature vehicle dipping cabin according to claim 5, which is characterized in that:
the low-temperature bin brake screech evaluation in the step 5 specifically comprises the following steps:
and (3) evaluating the vehicle brake screaming by adopting a specified operation condition, and collecting objective data: probability of occurrence of brake squeal, squeal frequency, decibel value, pressure, duration.
7. The method for evaluating the brake screaming of the low-temperature vehicle dipping cabin according to claim 6, which is characterized in that:
the prescribed test procedure is: the method comprises the steps of mixing physical indexes frequently appearing in a braking process of an actual user according to 5 initial-terminal speed intervals, 4 initial brake disc temperatures, 4 different braking decelerations and 3 braking times to prepare a bench test program for rapidly simulating the abrasion states of a friction plate and a brake disc after a certain use mileage of the user;
grinding in the method A, using an inertial measurement unit, using the A-state sample in the step 1, braking for 200 times according to the initial temperature of the brake disc of 100 ℃, the initial speed of 80km/h, the braking speed of 0.3g and the final speed of 30 km/h;
and B, grinding in the method, namely grinding in the method by using an inertial measurement test bed and using the B-state sample in the step 1 according to a specified test program, measuring the abrasion loss of the friction plate after each test section is finished, and finishing grinding in the method after the abrasion loss of the friction plate reaches 0.5 mm.
8. The method for evaluating the brake screaming of the low-temperature vehicle dipping cabin according to claim 7, which is characterized in that:
the specific operating conditions adopted are as follows: the method comprises the steps of mixing a real vehicle noise search program which is prepared by mixing 5 initial brake disc temperatures, 5 initial or terminal speeds, 5 brake hydraulic pressures, 6 running directions and 2 brake times according to a driving working condition that brake screaming is easy to occur in the actual user vehicle driving process, and fully verifying the brake screaming performance under the working condition that the brake screaming is easy to occur;
and (3) a B-state sample piece, a whole new brake caliper and a brake disc are sleeved, and a grinding machine is adopted to grind off the friction plate with the thickness of 2.5 mm.
9. A computer-readable storage medium, characterized by: the computer readable medium having stored thereon a computer program for implementing the method according to any of claims 1 to 8.
10. An apparatus, characterized in that: comprising a memory and a processor; the memory stores a computer program; the processor executes the computer program; wherein the processor, when executing the computer program, implements the method of any of claims 1 to 8.
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