CN116391529B - Method for promoting rice root system development - Google Patents

Method for promoting rice root system development Download PDF

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CN116391529B
CN116391529B CN202310447981.3A CN202310447981A CN116391529B CN 116391529 B CN116391529 B CN 116391529B CN 202310447981 A CN202310447981 A CN 202310447981A CN 116391529 B CN116391529 B CN 116391529B
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rice
root
nutrient solution
root system
sodium selenite
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CN116391529A (en
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李奕林
石承智
施卫明
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Institute of Soil Science of CAS
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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
    • A01G22/00—Cultivation of specific crops or plants not otherwise provided for
    • A01G22/20—Cereals
    • A01G22/22—Rice
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
    • A01G31/00—Soilless cultivation, e.g. hydroponics
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
    • A01G7/00—Botany in general
    • A01G7/06—Treatment of growing trees or plants, e.g. for preventing decay of wood, for tingeing flowers or wood, for prolonging the life of plants
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
    • C05B—PHOSPHATIC FERTILISERS
    • C05B7/00—Fertilisers based essentially on alkali or ammonium orthophosphates
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
    • C05D—INORGANIC FERTILISERS NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C05B, C05C; FERTILISERS PRODUCING CARBON DIOXIDE
    • C05D9/00—Other inorganic fertilisers
    • C05D9/02—Other inorganic fertilisers containing trace elements
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
    • C05G—MIXTURES OF FERTILISERS COVERED INDIVIDUALLY BY DIFFERENT SUBCLASSES OF CLASS C05; MIXTURES OF ONE OR MORE FERTILISERS WITH MATERIALS NOT HAVING A SPECIFIC FERTILISING ACTIVITY, e.g. PESTICIDES, SOIL-CONDITIONERS, WETTING AGENTS; FERTILISERS CHARACTERISED BY THEIR FORM
    • C05G5/00—Fertilisers characterised by their form
    • C05G5/20—Liquid fertilisers
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
    • C05G—MIXTURES OF FERTILISERS COVERED INDIVIDUALLY BY DIFFERENT SUBCLASSES OF CLASS C05; MIXTURES OF ONE OR MORE FERTILISERS WITH MATERIALS NOT HAVING A SPECIFIC FERTILISING ACTIVITY, e.g. PESTICIDES, SOIL-CONDITIONERS, WETTING AGENTS; FERTILISERS CHARACTERISED BY THEIR FORM
    • C05G5/00—Fertilisers characterised by their form
    • C05G5/20—Liquid fertilisers
    • C05G5/23—Solutions
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
    • Y02P60/00—Technologies relating to agriculture, livestock or agroalimentary industries
    • Y02P60/20—Reduction of greenhouse gas [GHG] emissions in agriculture, e.g. CO2
    • Y02P60/21—Dinitrogen oxide [N2O], e.g. using aquaponics, hydroponics or efficiency measures

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  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
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  • Forests & Forestry (AREA)
  • Biodiversity & Conservation Biology (AREA)
  • Pest Control & Pesticides (AREA)
  • Wood Science & Technology (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Cultivation Of Plants (AREA)
  • Hydroponics (AREA)

Abstract

The invention belongs to the field of agricultural crop planting, and relates to a method for promoting the development of rice root systems. In the seedling stage of rice, sodium selenite is added into the water planting nutrient solution to stimulate the internal aeration tissue development of the rice root system. Wherein the hydroponic nutrient solution is replaced every 3 days; the starting time of adding sodium selenite into the water planting nutrient solution is 30 days of rice growth; sodium selenite is added each time the nutrient solution is replaced. After sodium selenite is added into the water planting nutrient solution, the concentration of the sodium selenite in the nutrient solution is 0.0025-0.02 mmol/L. In the seedling stage of the rice, the time for the sodium selenite to stimulate the root system of the rice is 6-12 days, and the porosity of ventilation tissues in the root system of the rice is 35-47% after the sodium selenite stimulates the root system of the rice. The invention provides a theoretical basis for artificially regulating and controlling the growth of rice and efficiently absorbing and utilizing nitrogen by utilizing the aeration tissue stimulant through quantifying the relationship between the aeration tissue development degree in the seedling stage of the rice and the biomass of the rice and the accumulation of nitrogen.

Description

Method for promoting rice root system development
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the field of agricultural crop planting, and relates to a method for promoting the development of rice root systems.
Background
The paddy field soil is in a flooded state for a long time, so that the content of dissolved oxygen in the soil is extremely low, the aerobic process is strongly inhibited, and the concentration of a large amount of reducing substances is increased, so that the paddy root system is poisoned. In order to cope with the adverse effect caused by hypoxia, the rice root system forms a ventilation tissue to secrete oxygen to the outer diameter of the root to release oxygen, and an oxidation ring is formed at the root to relieve the hypoxia stress of the rice so as to maintain the normal growth of the rice.
The inventor utilizes oxygen electrode (diameter 25 μm) to in situ measure the soil oxygen content of different distances and different depths from the root surface of the rice (50 d) to construct the three-dimensional spatial distribution map of the rhizosphere oxidation ring of the rice. The oxygen content of the flooded layer is maintained at 270-280 mu mol/L, the oxygen content of the water-soil interface is rapidly reduced to 0 when the oxygen content is reduced to the position of 4.8-6.1 mm of the soil surface, so that the range of the rhizosphere oxidation ring is very tiny in practice. However, the micro-domain aerobic environment has great significance for soil nitrogen conversion processes such as rhizosphere ammoniation, nitrification, denitrification and the like. On one hand, the formation of the ventilation tissue provides sufficient oxygen for the growth of the rice root system, and on the other hand, the collapse of a large number of parenchyma cells in the root system reduces the oxygen consumption of the rice root system, so that more oxygen can be released to the rhizosphere to form an oxidation ring. However, as no aeration tissue is formed in the rice seedling stage, oxygen cannot be released to the rhizosphere to cause slow development of root systems and overground parts in the seedling stage, dry seedling raising is often used in the current production to improve the survival rate and promote strong seedlings, and the method is an agronomic measure for relieving oxygen stress based on making up the lack of aeration tissue of rice seedlings.
The inventor finds that the porosities of the roots of the high-yield rice varieties after sowing are 25.0%, 31.2% and 37.5% respectively in the seedling stage of the rice varieties with different yields (representing the development degree of ventilation tissues), and the porosities of the roots of the high-yield rice varieties after sowing are only 18.4%, 25.7% and 29.2% in the low-yield rice varieties. The high-yield seeds have developed root systems, more perfect ventilation tissue development, larger radial oxygen secretion amount and correspondingly higher oxygen content in rhizosphere soil [1] . Chen Gui, etc [2] The indica-japonica hybrid rice Zhengyou 12 and Jiayou Zhongke 6 with high nitrogen absorption efficiency and the conventional japonica rice Xiushu 134 with relatively low nitrogen absorption efficiency are selected as research materials, and the root porosities and the radial oxygenizes of the indica-japonica hybrid rice are found to be obviously higher than those of the conventional japonica rice varieties under the low nitrogen supply level. Further researches show that the relatively high oxygen content of the rhizosphere can effectively promote the nitrification of the rice root surface and rhizosphere soil, so that the content of the rhizosphere nitrate nitrogen is high, and the amount of the nitrate nitrogen absorbed by the rice root is also high. The difference of rice growth and nitrogen utilization rate can be finally caused by the difference of the absorption quantity of the rice to nitrate nitrogen [3] . Later researches of the inventor show that the rice forming aeration tissue can form a rhizosphere oxide ring to relieve oxygen stress caused by flooding on one hand, and can influence the microbial-mediated rhizosphere nutrient morphological transformation process, such as the transformation from ammonium nitrogen to nitrate nitrogen, on the other hand. Therefore, the root system oxygen secretion and rhizosphere nitrification of the rice are closely related to the growth of the rice and the nutrition of nitrogen.
Zhao Feng, etc [4] In the test for exploring the characteristic relation between dissolved oxygen and rice root system, the oxygen increasing treatment has obviously increased root system quantity, volume and dry matter quantity compared with the control. These results indicate that oxygenation of rice rhizosphere stimulates root system development.
Reference is made to:
[1] li Yilin the relationship between the aeration tissue of the rice root system and the oxygenic and rhizosphere nitrification [ J ]. Ecological report, 2012,32 (7): 2066-2074.
[2] Chen Gui, chen Mei, zhu Jingna, et al, related mechanism study of the efficient absorption of nitrogen by indica-japonica hybrid rice [ J ]. Soil, 2020,52 (6): 1113-1119.
[3]Li Y L,Wang X X.Root-induced changes in radial oxygen loss,rhizosphere oxygen profile,and nitrification of two rice cultivars in Chinese red soil regions[J].Plant and Soil,2013,365(1):115–126.
[4] Zhao Feng, xu Chunmei, zhang Weijian, etc. the effect of rhizosphere dissolved oxygen and nitrogen morphology on rice root system characteristics [ J ]. Chinese rice science, 2011,25 (2): 195-200.
Disclosure of Invention
Aiming at the defects of the prior art, the invention provides a method for stimulating the internal ventilation tissue development of a rice root system by sodium selenite, improving the rhizosphere oxygen environment, further promoting the rice growth and improving the nitrogen absorption and accumulation.
The invention is characterized in that: the effect of promoting root growth and strengthening seedlings is achieved by promoting the external growth of root systems, and on the basis, the rice growth is further promoted and nitrogen absorption and accumulation are improved by artificially regulating and controlling the development of ventilation tissues of the root systems of the rice, so that the rhizosphere oxygen environment is improved. However, the regulation and control of the growth of the aeration tissue of the rice root system is not larger and better, and finally the early development and moderate development (the porosity is 35% -47%) of the aeration tissue of the rice in the seedling stage are achieved by manually regulating and controlling the dosage of the sodium selenite stimulator, so that the rhizosphere oxygen stress in the seedling stage is relieved, the growth and development of the rice and the absorption and accumulation of nitrogen are promoted.
In order to solve the technical problems, the invention adopts the following technical scheme:
the invention discloses a method for promoting the development of a rice root system, which comprises the steps of adding sodium selenite into a water culture nutrient solution in a rice seedling stage to stimulate the development of internal ventilation tissues of the rice root system and/or promote the development of external morphology of the rice root system.
Wherein the seedling stage of the rice is 30 to 42 days from the germination of the rice seeds.
In some embodiments, the hydroponic nutrient solution is Kimura B; the pH of the water culture nutrient solution is adjusted to 5.5-7.0, preferably 5.6-6.0, more preferably 5.8 by adding morpholinoethanesulfonic acid buffer solution.
Wherein the morpholinoethanesulfonic acid buffer is abbreviated as MES.
Wherein the main components (mmol/L) of Kimura B are: 0.5 (NH) 4 ) 2 SO 4 ，0.18KH 2 PO 4 ，0.54MgSO 4 ·7H 2 O，0.18KCl，0.25Ca(NO 3 ) 2 ·4H 2 O，0.11CaCl 2 ·2H 2 O，4×10 -4 CuSO 4 ·5H 2 O，1×10 -3 MnCl 2 ·4H 2 O，8×10 -3 ZnSO 4 ·7H 2 O，6×10 -3 H 3 BO 3 ，2×10 -3 (NH 4 ) 6 Mo 7 O 24 ·4H 2 O，0.08Na 2 EDTA-Fe; the morpholinoethanesulfonic acid buffer (MES), 0.1g/L.
In some embodiments, the hydroponic solution is changed every 3 days; the beginning time of adding sodium selenite into the water culture nutrient solution is 30 days of rice growth; sodium selenite is added each time the nutrient solution is replaced.
In some embodiments, after sodium selenite is added to the hydroponic nutrient solution, the concentration of sodium selenite in the nutrient solution is 0.0025-0.02 mmol/L, preferably 0.0025-0.01 mmol/L, and more preferably 0.01mmol/L.
In some embodiments, the sodium selenite stimulates the root system of the rice for a period of 6 to 12 days.
In some embodiments, the sodium selenite stimulates the root system of the rice to provide a porosity of 35% to 47%, preferably 40% to 45.5%, more preferably 42% of the aeration tissue within the root system of the rice.
In some embodiments, the rice root system external morphology is root dry mass, total root length, root surface area, root average diameter, root volume, or root tip number.
The beneficial effects are that:
(1) The experimental result shows that the proper aeration tissue stimulator can not only effectively promote the aeration tissue development of the root system in the seedling stage of rice, but also promote the external morphological development of the root system, and the appearance of remarkably increased biomass of the root system, total root length, root surface area, root volume and root tip number is shown. The ventilation tissue development in the root system is more perfect, the external form of the root system is more developed, the root system oxygen excretion amount of the whole rice can be effectively improved, the rhizosphere anoxic stress of the rice in the seedling stage is further improved, and meanwhile, the absorption and accumulation of nutrient elements such as nitrogen and the like of the rice can be effectively increased to finally promote the growth of the rice in the seedling stage.
(2) The experimental result of the invention shows that the aeration tissue of the rice in the seedling stage is not developed more and better, but a certain threshold value (42.0%) exists. Below this threshold, the more developed the aeration tissue, the higher the rice growth and nitrogen accumulation; but when overstimulated, rice growth will be inhibited.
(3) The invention provides a theoretical basis for artificially regulating and controlling the growth of rice and efficiently absorbing and utilizing nitrogen by utilizing the aeration tissue stimulant through quantifying the relationship between the aeration tissue development degree in the seedling stage of the rice and the biomass of the rice and the accumulation of nitrogen.
Drawings
The foregoing and/or other advantages of the invention will become more apparent from the following detailed description of the invention when taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings and detailed description.
FIG. 1 is a graph showing the difference of plant dry mass of different treated rice in sampling period I and sampling period II; wherein, fig. 1a is a sampling period i, fig. 1b is a sampling period ii, and the lower-case letters in the figures represent significant differences between different treatments in the same sampling period (P < 0.05).
FIG. 2 is a graph showing the difference in growth of the overground parts of rice treated differently in sampling period II.
FIG. 3 is a graph showing the difference between the external morphological development of the root systems of the rice treated differently in the sampling period II.
FIG. 4 is a graph showing the difference of root system porosities of different treated rice in a sampling period I and a sampling period II; wherein, fig. 4a is a sampling period i, fig. 4b is a sampling period ii, and the lower-case letters in the figures represent significant differences between different treatments in the same sampling period (P < 0.05).
FIG. 5 is a graph showing the development difference of the aeration tissue structures of the root systems of the rice treated differently in the sampling period II.
FIG. 6 is a graph showing the difference of nitrogen accumulation in different treated rice in sampling period I and sampling period II; wherein, fig. 6a is a sampling period i, fig. 6b is a sampling period ii, and the lower-case letters in the figures represent significant differences between different treatments in the same sampling period (P < 0.05).
FIG. 7 is a graph showing the difference in dissolved oxygen concentration of nutrient solution between sampling period I and sampling period II in different treatments; fig. 7a shows a sampling period i, fig. 7b shows a sampling period ii, and the lower-case letters in the figures indicate that the differences between treatments in the same sampling period are significant (P < 0.05).
FIG. 8 is a graph showing the relationship between the porosity of rice roots and the biomass and nitrogen accumulation amount; wherein, FIG. 8a is a graph of the porosity of rice root versus biomass, and FIG. 8b is a graph of the porosity of rice root versus nitrogen accumulation.
Detailed Description
The experimental methods described in the following examples are all conventional methods unless otherwise specified; the reagents and materials, unless otherwise specified, are commercially available.
The main components (mmol/L) of Kimura B used in the examples of the present invention are: 0.5 (NH) 4 ) 2 SO 4 ，0.18KH 2 PO 4 ，0.54MgSO 4 ·7H 2 O，0.18KCl，0.25Ca(NO 3 ) 2 ·4H 2 O，0.11CaCl 2 ·2H 2 O，4×10 -4 CuSO 4 ·5H 2 O，1×10 -3 MnCl 2 ·4H 2 O，8×10 -3 ZnSO 4 ·7H 2 O，6×10 -3 H 3 BO 3 ，2×10 -3 (NH 4 ) 6 Mo 7 O 24 ·4H 2 O，0.08Na 2 EDTA-Fe。
Morpholine ethanesulfonic acid buffer (MES) 0.1g/L used in the examples of the present invention.
The rice seedling stage in the embodiment of the invention is 30 to 42 days from the start of rice seed germination.
The water culture test (in order to avoid the interference of ventilation on test results, no oxygenation measures exist in the whole culture period) is utilized to simplify a rice culture system, the influence of differences among different maternal development rice soil types on research results is avoided, and the root-promoting seedling strengthening agent formula is screened and optimized.
At present, the related researches on quantitative stimulators on promoting the development degree of the aeration tissues of the root system of the rice are relatively few, so that the screening principle of the present invention for the stimulators mainly comprises: (1) The stimulator which can promote the development of the aeration tissue of the root system of the rice or improve the oxygen-secreting ability is reported at present; (2) Can effectively improve the oxidation-reduction potential of the stimulator in the rhizosphere environment of the rice.
According to the screening principle of the aeration tissue development stimulant, and considering factors such as the availability of the stimulant, sodium nitroprusside, sodium selenite and sodium hydrosulfide are selected as aeration tissue stimulants for test. Sodium nitroprusside is a NO donor, the antioxidant capacity of rice is enhanced by increasing the antioxidant enzyme activity of the rice, and meanwhile, plant stomata can be closed to reduce the transpiration; sodium selenite is a selenium donor, so that the oxygen content of the rhizosphere of the rice can be remarkably improved, and the generation of a root surface iron film is promoted; sodium hydrosulfide is used as sulfur donor, and its added amount is positively correlated with the development degree of rice root system aeration tissue. The invention will be better understood by the following examples.
Example 1
1. Materials and methods
1.1 Test materials
The rice to be tested (Oryza sativa L.) has a Wuyujing 3 variety of conventional japonica rice, purchased from the institute of agricultural science in Wu district of Changzhou, jiangsu province.
1.2 design of experiments
The test was carried out in an illumination culture room of Nanjing soil institute, china academy of sciences, at 28 ℃/25 ℃ and 65% humidity, and was illuminated for 14 hours daily. The test adopts a water culture mode, and the nutrient solution is replaced every 3 d. The nutrient solution adopts Kimura B, and the main components (mmol/L) are as follows: 0.5 (NH) 4 ) 2 SO 4 ，0.18KH 2 PO 4 ，0.54MgSO 4 ·7H 2 O，0.18KCl，0.25Ca(NO 3 ) 2 ·4H 2 O，0.11CaCl 2 ·2H 2 O，4×10 -4 CuSO 4 ·5H 2 O，1×10 -3 MnCl 2 ·4H 2 O，8×10 -3 ZnSO 4 ·7H 2 O，6×10 -3 H 3 BO 3 ，2×10 -3 (NH 4 ) 6 Mo 7 O 24 ·4H 2 O，0.08Na 2 EDTA-Fe. Meanwhile, 0.1g/L MES is added into the nutrient solution as a pH buffer solution, so that the pH of the nutrient solution is 5.8. The inner diameter of the plastic basin for the test is 11cm, the height is 11cm, each basin is filled with 1kg of nutrient solution, and 4 rice plants are planted.
10wt% of H for rice seeds 2 O 2 Sterilizing for 30min, washing with distilled water, and soaking for 24 hr. In the presence of 0.5mmol/L CaCl 2 A floating mesh screen is fixed on a turnover box of the solution, seeds are paved on the mesh screen, and the solution is placed in a dark condition for germination acceleration. After germination for 3d, the germinated seeds were placed in 1/2 concentration Kimura B nutrient solution under weak light (fluorescent lamp, 100. Mu. Mol/m) 2 /s) for one week. After the 2 nd week of culture, the use of Kimura B nutrient solution was started in full concentration. To avoid the interference of aeration to the test results, the whole cultivation period is free of any oxygenation measures.
Test setup 10 treatments: the stimulation agents (CK), sodium nitroprusside (A), sodium selenite (B) and sodium hydrosulfide (C) are not added, and the concentration gradients of low, medium and high 3 are respectively arranged at the same time for different types of stimulation agents (table 1), and 3 repetitions and random arrangement are arranged for each treatment.
TABLE 1 stimulation agents corresponding to different treatments and their concentrations
1.3 sample collection
When the rice grows to 30d, the stimulant is added every time the nutrient solution is replaced, and sampling is carried out when the rice grows to 36d (sampling period I) and 42d (sampling period II) in the seedling stage of the rice, namely the treatment duration of the stimulant is 6d and 12d respectively. After the nutrient solution was changed for 12 hours at 36d and 42d, the dissolved oxygen content of the nutrient solution was measured. After the measurement is completed, 2 plants of each pot of rice are randomly selected after being washed, the rice is placed in an oven for deactivation of enzymes for 30min at 105 ℃, dried at 70 ℃, and then the dry mass is weighed, crushed and used for nitrogen content analysis measurement. And cleaning the rest rice roots, analyzing and measuring the shape index of the root system, and selecting a new root to measure the porosity of the root system and observe the section of the root ventilation tissue. The sampling period II and the sampling period I have the same sample collection steps.
1.4 sample analysis
The measurement of the rice biomass adopts a drying weighing method. And (3) utilizing a WinRHIZO root system analysis system (Regent Instruments Inc, canada) to scan and analyze a root system sample, and determining the root system index (total root length, root surface area, root diameter, root volume and root tip number) in the sampling period II. Selecting new roots with root system lengths of 4-6 cm, preparing frozen sections of the rice root system according to a conventional method, slicing (thickness of 45 mu m) by using a frozen slicer (Thermo NX 70), observing the development degree of the root system ventilation tissue in a sampling period II by using a fluorescence microscope (Nikon Ti-S) at a position 20-30 mm away from the root tip, and photographing. The determination of nitrogen content in the overground part and root system adopts a vanadium-molybdenum Huang Bise method (H) 2 SO 4 -H 2 O 2 And (5) digestion). The nutrient solution dissolved oxygen concentration was measured using a danish Unisense microelectrode in situ measurement system (OX 50,) And (5) measuring. Method for determining porosity of root system of rice (POR) by reference and improving Kludze et al: washing rice roots with deionized water, and thoroughly sucking the surface moisture of the rice roots with water-absorbing paper; selecting new roots of rice, and cutting each root into small sections of 2-2.5 cm for later use; filling a 50mL specific gravity bottle with deionized water for 24 hours, weighing about 0.5g of roots, and then placing the roots in the specific gravity bottle filled with water for weighing; vacuumizing the specific gravity bottle filled with the root for 2 hours, taking out the root, and grinding the root into paste in a dry mortar; the ground roots were re-placed in a pycnometer and weighed. The POR calculation formula is as follows:
POR(％)＝[(Pgr-Pr)/(r+P-Pr)]100
wherein: POR is root porosity (%), pgr is total weight (g) of ground root and water filled pycnometer, pr is total weight (g) of unground root and water filled pycnometer, r is root weight (g), and P is weight (g) of water filled pycnometer.
1.5 data processing
All data were analyzed by analysis of variance (ANOVA) using SPSS 26.0 and LSD least significant method compared differences between treatments for significance. The chart drawing uses Origin 2022 software.
2 results and analysis
2.1 Effect of different types of stimulators on Rice growth
Different types of stimulators have different influences on the growth and development of the whole rice plant, and concentration dependence exists, namely the same stimulators show different change trends on the influence of the rice biomass under different concentration conditions (figures 1 and 2).
In sampling period i (36 d), rice biomass was significantly increased compared to CK treatment with only high concentration sodium nitroprusside due to the smaller rice plants and relatively short response time to the stimulus (stimulus duration 6 d), and the remaining treatments were not significantly different from CK (fig. 1 a). In sampling period II (42 d), different types of stimulators have promoting effect on rice growth and development, and sodium selenite treatment shows stronger promoting effect with increasing concentration, while sodium nitroprusside and sodium hydrosulfide show opposite trend (figure 1 b). Compared with CK, the sodium selenite treatment with different concentrations shows a significant increase in biomass, while the sodium nitroprusside treatment with high concentration and the sodium hydrosulfide treatment have no significant difference. The high concentration sodium selenite treatment effect is optimal in all treatments, and the low concentration sodium nitroprusside is treated for a second time. The biomass of rice treated with high concentration of sodium selenite increased 36.7% over CK, while that of rice treated with low concentration of sodium nitroprusside increased 34.1% (fig. 1 b).
2.2 Effect of different kinds of stimulators on the external morphological development of Rice root systems
As shown in Table 2, during the sampling period II, different types of aeration tissue stimulators can effectively promote the development of the external morphological structure of the rice root system, wherein the sodium selenite has the most obvious effect on improving the development of the external morphological structure of the rice root system (FIG. 3, table 2). The mass of root dry matter, total root length, root surface area, root diameter, root volume and root tip number of high concentration sodium selenite treatment were increased by 69.5%, 62.4%, 48.9%, 10.9%, 53.3% and 79.7%, respectively, compared to CK. Meanwhile, the high-concentration sodium nitroprusside and sodium hydrosulfide have lower promotion effect on the external morphological development of the rice root system, and even inhibit phenomena on parameters such as root dry matter mass, total root length, root surface area, root volume and root tip number occur. The high concentration sodium hydrosulfide treated root dry mass, total root length, root surface area, root volume and root tip number were reduced by 6.10%, 17.2%, 27.6%, 24.4% and 7.82%, respectively, compared to CK (table 2).
TABLE 2 Effect of different types of stimulators on the external morphological development of root systems in the seedling stage of Rice
Note that: the same column data in the table in lower case letters indicates significant differences between the different treatments (P < 0.05).
2.3 Effect of different kinds of stimulators on the development of internal aeration tissue of the root System of Rice
The porosity of the rice root system is in an ascending trend along with the growth period of the rice, and the porosity of the rice root system without the addition of the stimulant is maintained in a range of about 20% -30% in the seedling period (figure 4). In the sampling period I, compared with CK, the porosity of the treatment by adding different types of aeration tissue stimulators has a remarkable promotion effect, so that the stimulators can rapidly and effectively promote early development of the aeration tissue of the root system of the rice, and the porosity is increased along with the increase of the addition amount of the stimulators (figure 4 a). In sampling period II, the promotion of the development of porosity is similar to that in sampling period I, but the promotion is less pronounced with increasing concentration of the stimulating agent than in sampling period I. Wherein, the sodium nitroprusside and sodium hydrosulfide have the most obvious promotion effect on the development of the rice aeration tissue, and the promotion effect of sodium selenite treatment is secondary. The porosity was significantly increased by 85.0% for the high concentration sodium nitroprusside treatment compared to the CK treatment, while the porosity was significantly increased by 89.5% for the high concentration sodium hydrosulfide treatment compared to the CK treatment (fig. 4 b).
And (3) selecting A3, B3 and C3 with larger porosity to perform root system slicing, and observing through a fluorescence microscope to find that the root system ventilation tissue slicing result is consistent with the root porosity result, namely, the larger the porosity is, the more developed the root system ventilation tissue (cavity) is. After the different types of aeration tissue stimulators are added, the root system of the rice in the seedling stage (42 d) has the phenomenon of breakdown and dissociation of different degrees at the positions 20-30 mm away from the root tip of the root system, the dissociated parenchyma cells are separated into air cavities for connecting a center column and an outer skin layer by longitudinal parenchyma formed by residual cell walls, and the radial aeration tissue similar to a spoke shape of a vehicle is formed, but the stimulation development degree of the root system aeration tissue is different after the different stimulators are added (figure 5). The excessive development of the root system aeration tissues of rice seedlings treated by high-concentration sodium nitroprusside and sodium hydrosulfide is probably the main reason for the inhibition of root system growth (Table 2).
2.4 Effect of different types of stimulators on Nitrogen accumulation in Rice
As can be seen from fig. 6, in sampling period i, since rice is small, different types of stimulators have no significant effect on rice nitrogen accumulation except that low concentration sodium nitroprusside treatment is significantly higher than CK, medium concentration and high concentration sodium hydrosulfide treatment is significantly lower than CK (fig. 6 a). And in the sampling period II, sodium nitroprusside and sodium selenite all have promotion effects on nitrogen accumulation of rice. The rice nitrogen accumulation promoting effect is optimal when the low-concentration sodium nitroprusside is used for treating rice, and the rice nitrogen accumulation amount is obviously increased by 38.0% compared with CK; sodium selenite has the same promotion effect on nitrogen accumulation of rice, and the treatment of high-concentration sodium selenite is obviously increased by 16.1% compared with CK. Sodium bisulfide treatment has an inhibitory effect on nitrogen accumulation in rice seedling stage, wherein the nitrogen accumulation amount of high-concentration sodium bisulfide treatment is remarkably reduced by 26.6% compared with CK (FIG. 6 b). The study shows that sodium selenite has a significant effect on the change of the external morphology of the root system of the rice, wherein the total root length, the root surface area, the root diameter, the root volume and the root tip number of the rice treated by 0.01mmol/L sodium selenite are respectively increased by 62.4%, 48.9%, 10.9%, 53.3% and 79.7% compared with CK (Table 2), which is probably one of the important reasons for the increase of nitrogen accumulation amount of the rice after the aeration tissue stimulant is added.
2.5 Effect of different kinds of irritants on rhizosphere oxygen Environment
As rice grows, the improvement capability of the rice to the rhizosphere oxygen environment is further improved. After the different types of stimulators are added, the oxygen content in the nutrient solution can be obviously improved, and the oxygen content is increased along with the increase of the addition amount. In sampling period I, the dissolved oxygen content of the high-concentration aeration tissue stimulants sodium nitroprusside, sodium selenite and sodium hydrosulfide treatment nutrient solution is respectively increased by 48.4%, 37.5% and 42.6% compared with CK treatment (FIG. 7 a); at sampling period II, the dissolved oxygen content of the nutrient solution was increased by 54.5%, 39.9% and 55.2%, respectively (FIG. 7 b). In addition, the present test found that there was a significant difference in porosity of rice root and oxygen content of nutrient solution compared to CK in sample period i (fig. 4a, fig. 7 a), but there was a significant difference in biomass in sample period ii (fig. 1 b), indicating that there was a lag in biomass change compared to aeration tissue development and response of rhizosphere oxygen content to the stimulant.
2.6 Linear fitting relation between root system aeration tissue development degree and rice biomass and nitrogen accumulation
As the root system porosity can effectively represent the development degree of the ventilation tissue of the rice root system, linear regression analysis is utilized to respectively carry out bilinear fitting by taking the root system porosity as an abscissa and taking the rice biomass and the nitrogen accumulation as an ordinate. The results show that: there is a distinct abrupt threshold for both biomass and nitrogen accumulation and the degree of development of the aerated tissue, i.e., when the porosity is below this threshold, the biomass and nitrogen accumulation increase with increasing porosity, while when the porosity is above this threshold, both decrease rapidly with increasing porosity.
As can be seen from fig. 8a, when the porosity is less than the threshold (42%) in the rice seedling stage, the biomass of the individual rice plant is significantly increased by 8.8mg every 1% increase in the porosity; whereas when the porosity is greater than 42%, the dry matter content of the plant decreases rapidly. As can be seen from FIG. 8b, when the porosity is less than the threshold (42%), the nitrogen accumulation amount of the individual rice plants increases by 0.2mg every 1% increase in porosity; and when the porosity is more than 42%, the nitrogen accumulation amount of the plant is rapidly reduced. In summary, in the case of seedling stage rice, the aeration tissue is not developed as well as a certain threshold range.
The invention provides a method for promoting the development of rice root systems, and a method for realizing the technical scheme, wherein the method and the way are a plurality of methods, the method is only a preferred embodiment of the invention, and it should be pointed out that a plurality of improvements and modifications can be made by one of ordinary skill in the art without departing from the principle of the invention, and the improvements and modifications are also considered as the protection scope of the invention. The components not explicitly described in this embodiment can be implemented by using the prior art.

Claims (2)

1. A method for promoting the development of rice root systems is characterized in that sodium selenite is added into a water culture nutrient solution in a rice seedling stage to stimulate the development of ventilation tissues in the rice root system so that the porosity of the ventilation tissues in the rice root system is 35% -47%;
the hydroponic nutrient solution is replaced every 3 days; the beginning time of adding sodium selenite into the water culture nutrient solution is 30 days of rice growth; adding sodium selenite when changing nutrient solution each time;
the time for stimulating the root system of the rice by the sodium selenite is 6-12 days;
after sodium selenite is added into the hydroponic nutrient solution, the concentration of the sodium selenite in the nutrient solution is 0.0025-0.01 mmol/L.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein the hydroponic nutrient solution is Kimura B; the pH of the water culture nutrient solution is adjusted to 5.5-7.0 by adding morpholinoethanesulfonic acid buffer solution.
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