CN116367861A - PPARα(过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体α)配体在制备药物中的应用 - Google Patents
PPARα(过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体α)配体在制备药物中的应用 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明涉及PPARα(过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体α)配体在制备药物中的应用,所述的药物单独或任意组合的具有如下功能,(1)激活T细胞内的活化信号;(2)激活T细胞;(3)促进T细胞分化;(4)调节DC的代谢状态;(5)恢复DC对T细胞的调控功能;(6)提高免疫检查点抑制剂的抗肿瘤效果;(7)提高抗肿瘤疫苗的治疗效果。
Description
本发明属于医药生物技术领域,具体的,涉及PPARα(过氧化物酶体增殖剂激活受体α)配体在制备药物中的应用。
肿瘤生长过程中,肿瘤细胞会采用多种免疫逃逸策略规避T细胞的免疫监视,例如:抵抗T细胞对肿瘤细胞的杀伤、高表达死亡受体诱导T细胞死亡、通过免疫检查点信号或免疫抑制性因子(TGF-β、PGE2等)抑制T细胞活化以及诱导产生大量抑制性免疫细胞亚群(调节性T细胞或髓样来源的抑制性细胞)。简而言之,肿瘤免疫逃逸的主要问题是肿瘤组织中浸润的T细胞无法被充分激活以及无法产生持久的记忆性T细胞。因此,提高或改善肿瘤微环境中T细胞的活化与存活,并产生记忆性T细胞以维持长期的抗肿瘤活性将是开发肿瘤免疫疗法的核心任务。
T细胞活化会启动一系列细胞内信号级联反应,并根据激活信号的强度和持续时间,最终引起T细胞增殖、执行免疫功能或死亡等不同的生物学事件。T细胞的完全激活需要两个互相独立的信号:第一信号是抗原特异性信号,由T细胞膜表面的T细胞受体(T cell receptor,TCR)与抗原呈递细胞表面的抗原-MHC复合物结合,引起下游酪氨酸激酶的活化;第二信号是通过细胞因子或抗原呈递细胞表面的共刺激分子,诸如B7.1(CD80)和B7.2(CD86)介导产生。如果只接受第一信号会导致T细胞失能,而单独激活第二信号也不会引起T细胞的活化。因此两个信号之间的协同作用对T细胞发挥免疫功能具有重要的意义。第一信号和第二信号的充分激活,将引起NF-κB和MAPK(JNK,p38和ERK)等重要的激酶磷酸化,并激活下游的转录因子,促进T细胞活化。而T细胞活化后,在细胞因子,例如IL-2、IL-7和IL-15的作用下,上述激酶进一步被活化,则会启动T细胞的增殖以及向记忆性T细胞分化
1,2 。有研究表明TAK1(TGF-β激活激酶1)能够整合引起T细胞发育、活化、存活等功能的信号,处于T细胞功能调控的核心位置
3 。
PPARα与TAK1之间存在相互作用,例如小鼠的肝细胞中敲除TAK1后发现,不仅PPARα的mRNA水平降低,相应的PPARα下游控制脂代谢和脂肪酸氧化相关的基因表达量也降低,同时遏制了肝细胞的脂肪酸氧化能力,导致肝细胞中脂类沉积
5 ,说明TAK1的活化可以上调PPARα的胞内表达量。以及PPARα敲除小鼠中发现T细胞中的TAK1下游的NF-κB和JNK通路被选择性活化,并导致更多的IFN-γ,TNF-α和IL-2等细胞因子的产生
6 。此外PPARα在激活剂存在的情况下能够抑制NF-κB细胞通路,说明PPARα在T细胞中是一个重要的负调控因子。但是,基于现有的理论和固有思路之限制,对于PPARα抑制剂是否能够起到同样的T细胞调节效果,目前未见报道。
尽管原有观点认为PPARα的激活剂具有抗炎作用,可以通过抑制NF-κB的转录活性抑制T细胞的活化。但是最近有研究显示,使用PPARα选择性激活剂Fenofibrate预处理过的CD8+T细胞在过继性T细胞治疗中显示出更优异的抗肿瘤效果
8 。而且泛PPAR激动剂Bezafibrate配合免疫检查点抑制剂的联用策略使肿瘤得到很好的控制,荷瘤小鼠生存期显著延长
9 。上述研究均支持我们的理论推断,但是它们的分析认为该效应得益于PPARα对T细胞代谢状态的调节而非PPARα直接影响了T细胞活化相关的信号通路。
通过系统的研究,我们前期发现,PPARα作为T细胞的胞内激活信号检查点分子,通过PPARα的配体分子与其结合,来释放被PPARα掩藏的TAK1激酶,增加下游NF-κB和JNK激酶的活化,提高T细胞的敏感性,强化T细胞活化,促进T细胞分泌更多的细胞因子(如IL-2和IFN-γ)促进自身的增殖与抗肿瘤活性(图13)。而且在与免疫治疗(包括免疫检查点抑制剂和抗肿瘤治疗性疫苗)联用中,能够增强免疫治疗对肿瘤生长的控制,更能够促进记忆性T细胞的产生,防止肿瘤的复发。
此外,由于T细胞发挥抗肿瘤活性往往需要DC的辅助,例如呈递肿瘤相关抗原、提供共刺激分子等 信号。因此,成功的抗肿瘤反应中DC的功能是不可或缺的。但是,肿瘤微环境中,免疫细胞在与肿瘤细胞高度竞争营养物质,例如葡萄糖、脂肪酸和氨基酸的过程中出与劣势。所以免疫细胞,例如DC,通常处于营养极度匮乏状态,无法达到完全活化或成熟状态。因此,DC的代谢状态能够反映其活化状态与功能。目前的研究表明DC胞内线粒体活性升高、脂肪酸氧化增强等事件会引起DC的免疫功能紊乱,使其无法充分激活T细胞,而抑制脂肪酸氧化可以重塑DC的胞内代谢途径,恢复其对T细胞的激活能力
10,11 。PPARα作为II型核激素受体超家族成员,能够接受内源性和外源性脂类分子配体的激活
12 。这些脂类分子包括饱和脂肪酸(棕榈树、硬脂酸)、不饱和脂肪酸(油酸、亚油酸、花生四烯酸)、2-油酰-1-棕榈锡甘油-3-磷酸胆碱(16:0/18:0GPC)、十六酰胺乙醇(PEA)等
13 。PPARα对脂肪酸的感应很敏感,可以被迅速激活而启动转录,调控脂肪酸β氧化和脂代谢相关基因的表达
14,15 。通过PPARα的配体对DC细胞的代谢水平进行调控可以改善免疫微环境对DC造成的免疫抑制,进而改善T细胞的抗肿瘤活性。
我们的研究表明,PPARα的配体可以降低DC的脂肪酸氧化/氧化磷酸化水平,提高糖酵解水平,恢复DC对CD8+T细胞,特别是抗原特异性CD8+T细胞的功能,同时减少CD4+调节性T细胞的产生,极大的缓解了肿瘤微环境的免疫抑制,从而达到更好的抗肿瘤活性。
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发明内容
本发明首先涉及PPARα(过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体α)配体在制备药物中的应用,所述药物的功能包括如下功能的任意一种或多种,
(1)激活T细胞内的活化信号,所述的活化信号是指JNK磷酸化水平上升,所述的T细胞优选为CD8+T细胞;
(2)激活T细胞,所述的激活T细胞指使T细胞分泌更多的IFN-γ和IL-2且同时增加T细胞的存活时间,所述的T细胞优选为CD8+T细胞,更优选的,为肿瘤浸润性CD8+T细胞;
(3)促进T细胞分化,所述的分化指促进T细胞分化为记忆性T细胞;
(4)调节树突状细胞(Dendritic Cell,DC细胞)的代谢状态,所述的调节代谢是指:下调DC细胞的脂肪酸氧化/氧化磷酸化水平,并上调糖酵解水平;所述的DC为骨髓来源的DC,更优选的,为浸润在肿瘤微环境中的DC;
(5)恢复DC对T细胞的调控功能,所述的恢复DC的调控功能指:下调CD4+T细胞转变为调节性T细胞的比例、增加肿瘤杀伤性CD8+T细胞的比例、激活肿瘤杀伤性CD8+T细胞的功能;所述的激活肿瘤杀伤性CD8+T细胞指:使肿瘤杀伤性CD8+T细胞分泌更多的IFN-γ和IL-2且同时增加肿瘤杀伤性CD8+T细胞的存活时间;
(6)提高免疫检查点抑制剂的抗肿瘤效果,所述的免疫检查点抑制剂优选为PD-L1/PD-1抗体,优选的,所述的肿瘤为免疫检查点抑制剂治疗有效的肿瘤;
(7)提高抗肿瘤疫苗的治疗效果,所述的抗肿瘤疫苗优选为通过PEG2000-DSPE胶束装载多肽/蛋白肿瘤抗原的纳米疫苗。
所述的PPARα配体优选为PPARα的抑制剂,更优选的,所述的抑制剂为GW6471分子及其结构类似物ZM0282、ZM0283、ZM0284、ZM0285、ZM0286、ZM0325、ZM0326、ZM0329、ZM0330、ZM0332、ZM0333。
本发明还涉及一组PPARα的抑制剂,所述的抑制剂为ZM0282、ZM0283、ZM0284、ZM0285、ZM0286、ZM0325、ZM0326、ZM0329、ZM0330、ZM0332、ZM0333。
本发明还涉及一种治疗肿瘤的方法,所述的方法为,同时给予治疗有效量的免疫检查点抑制剂和PPARα配体;
优选的,所述的肿瘤为免疫检查点抑制剂治疗有效的肿瘤,所述的免疫检查点抑制剂为PD-L1/PD-1抗体;
优选的,所述的PPARα配体优选为PPARα的抑制剂,更优选的,所述的抑制剂为GW6471分子及其结构类似物ZM0282、ZM0283、ZM0284、ZM0285、ZM0286、ZM0325、ZM0326、ZM0329、ZM0330、ZM0332、ZM0333。
本发明还涉及一种治疗肿瘤的方法,所述的方法为,同时给予治疗有效量的抗肿瘤疫苗和PPARα配体;
优选的,所述的抗肿瘤疫苗优选为通过PEG2000-DSPE胶束装载多肽/蛋白肿瘤抗原的纳米疫苗,所述的胶束的制备方法可参照CN201410570624的记载;
优选的,所述的PPARα配体优选为PPARα的抑制剂,更优选的,所述的抑制剂为GW6471分子及其结构类似物ZM0282、ZM0283、ZM0284、ZM0285、ZM0286、ZM0325、ZM0326、ZM0329、ZM0330、ZM0332、ZM0333。
本发明还涉及一种抗肿瘤联用制剂,所述的制剂包含:
(1)治疗有效量PPARα配体;
(2)治疗有效量的免疫检查点抑制剂或治疗有效量的抗肿瘤疫苗;
(3)必要的药用辅料。
优选的,所述的免疫检查点抑制剂为PD-L1/PD-1抗体;
优选的,所述的抗肿瘤疫苗优选为通过PEG2000-DSPE胶束装载多肽/蛋白肿瘤抗原的纳米疫苗;
优选的,所述的PPARα配体优选为PPARα的抑制剂,更优选的,所述的抑制剂为GW6471分子及其结构类似物ZM0282、ZM0283、ZM0284、ZM0285、ZM0286、ZM0325、ZM0326、ZM0329、ZM0330、ZM0332、ZM0333。
图1、T细胞中PPARα抑制剂GW6471增强T细胞活化相关激酶的磷酸化【体外实验】。
图2、PPARα抑制剂GW6471增强CD8+T细胞的存活及功能【体外实验】。
图3、PPARα抑制剂GW6471增强PD-L1抗体对MC38-OT I的抗肿瘤效果。
图4、PPARα抑制剂GW6471延长PD-L1抗体治疗的MC38-OT I荷瘤小鼠生存期。
图5、PPARα抑制剂GW6471增强PD-1抗体(PD-1 mAb)对MC38的抗肿瘤效果
图6、PPARα抑制剂GW6471对肿瘤浸润性T淋巴细胞功能及活性的影响。
图7、PPARα抑制剂GW6471增加PD-L1抗体诱导产生的记忆性CD8+T细胞比例。
图8、PPRAα抑制剂GW6471的抗肿瘤作用主要依赖于CD8+T细胞。
图9、PPARα抑制剂GW6471联合PD-L1抗体的抗肿瘤作用主要依赖于DC细胞。
图10、PPARα-/-DC的抗肿瘤作用。
图11、PPARα抑制剂GW6471增强肿瘤浸润性DC对CD8+T细胞的活化。
图12、PPARα-/-的肿瘤浸润性DC增强肿瘤抗原特异性CD8+T细胞的比例和活性。
图13、PPARα抑制剂GW6471对DC代谢状态的调控【体外实验】。
图14、PPARα抑制剂GW6471抑制肿瘤外泌体对调节性T细胞的诱导【体外实验】。
图15、PPARα抑制剂GW6471恢复DC对CD8+T细胞的活化能力【体外实验】。
图16、PPARα抑制剂GW6471增强E7疫苗对TC-1的抗肿瘤效果。
图17、PPARα抑制剂GW6471延长E7疫苗治疗的TC-1荷瘤小鼠生存期。
图18、T细胞中PPARα与TAK1相互作用机制图。
图19、qRT-PCR检测GW6471及其结构类似物对PPARα控制的下游靶基因Cpt1a表达的影响。
小鼠模型:
1、CD11c-DTR小鼠模型,该模型的特点是该小鼠的CD11c基因(该基因为DC细胞的表面标志物)前面嵌入了一个白喉毒素响应原件(DTR,DT:白喉毒素,R:响应原件),在腹腔注射该毒素的情况下,小鼠骨髓来源的CD11c阳性DC细胞将会被清除。构建该模型是因为DC的删除实验中,使用抗体的方法效率很低,故采取转基因小鼠的方式。
2、小鼠CD11c-DTR/PPARα-/-嵌合骨髓转移模型,即在第一个模型的基础上进一步敲除小鼠基因组中的PPARα,其特点是,同时转移等量的CD11c-DTR骨髓细胞和PPARα-/-骨髓细胞之后,小鼠经白喉毒素处理时,体内将只剩下PPARα-/-的DC细胞,而没有野生型PPARα功能的DC细胞。在这种情况下,无需抗体或小分子药物治疗,仅观察肿瘤的生长便可以考察DC细胞中PPARα信号通路对肿瘤生长、以及在抗肿瘤免疫中起到的作用。
实施例一:T细胞中PPARα抑制剂GW6471增强T细胞活化相关激酶的磷酸化
细胞培养及处理方法:
(1)野生型C57BL6小鼠处死后,取脾脏细胞,裂解红细胞,之后用CD8磁珠(StemCell公司)分离CD8+T细胞。
(2)使用不同浓度的Fenofibrate(20μM)或GW6471(10μM)处理CD8+T细胞20分钟后,再使用2.5ug/ml anti-CD3抗体和0.5ug/ml anti-CD28抗体激活T细胞20分钟。收集CD8+T细胞,并用Lysis Buffer冰上裂解细胞,提取胞内蛋白,进行WesternBlot实验,考察PPARα、JNK磷酸化和I-kB降解的变化。
结果如图1所示,与单独anti-CD3和anti-CD28抗体激活组相比,GW6471(结构如下式1所示)和Fenofibrate预处理组的T细胞胞内呈现出更强的JNK磷酸化水平,而I-kB的降解并未变的更强烈。同时胞浆中PPARα的含量显著降低,说明经GW6471和Fenofibrate预处理后,PPARα很有可能发生构象改变,脱离与TAK1的物理结合,转而与共刺激因子/共抑制因子形成转录调控复合物进入细胞核中,并行使其它的功能。该结果很好的证实了我们的推测,即PPARα的配体处理能够解除PPARα与TAK1的物理结合,进而释放TAK1,激活其下游激酶的功能,促进T细胞活化、存活甚至向记忆性T细胞分化。
实施例二:PPARα抑制剂GW6471和激动剂Fenofibrate增强CD8+T细胞的存活和功能
细胞培养及处理方法:
(1)野生型C57BL6小鼠处死后,取脾脏细胞,裂解红细胞,之后用CD8a磁珠(StemCell公司)分离CD8+T细胞。
(2)使用不同浓度的Fenofibrate(20μM)或GW6471(10μM)处理CD8+T细胞24、48、72小时后,收取细胞,并再使用0.5ug/ml anti-CD3抗体和0.1ug/ml anti-CD28抗体激活CD8+T细胞72小时后,收取细胞培养上清,ELISA检测上清中IFN-γ和IL-2的水平。
(3)使用不同浓度的Fenofibrate、GW6471、类似物处理CD8+T细胞24小时后,收取细胞,并使用Trizol法抽提mRNA,反转录之后,进行qRT-PCR检测Cpt1a的表达量。
如图2的结果显示,通过预处理GW6471之后,CD8+T细胞的状态得到调整,经过再刺激后,能够分泌更多的IFN-γ和IL-2。特别是预处理24小时组的CD8+T细胞,能分泌3倍于未经预处理然后再刺激组CD8+T细胞所产生的IFN-γ,而预处理72小时组的CD8+T细胞能够被激活并产生更多维持T细胞存活的IL-2。而预处理Fenofibrate 24、48和72小时之后的CD8+T细胞能够产生更多的IFN-γ,但是没有更多的IL-2产生。
进一步的,我们使用了一组GW6471化合物的结构类似物(表1)对CD8+T细胞重复上述刺激试验。结果显示,GW6471及其部分类似物的处理既能够增强CD8+T细胞的功能,还能够促进其长时间存活,而Fenofibrate处理能够增强CD8+T细胞的功能,但不影响CD8+T细胞的增殖和存活(表2)。此外,为了验证GW6471的结构类似物(表1)是否具有与GW6471类似的功能,我们使用qRT-PCR的方法检测了这些结构类似物(表1)如何影响PPARα控制的下游靶基因Cpt1a的表达,其中Fenofibrate为PPARα激动剂对照,GW6471为PPARα抑制剂对照。如图19所示,GW6471的结构类似物(表1)均能够抑制Cpt1a的表达,显示它们能够通过与GW6471类似的机制抑制PPARα的活性及改变PPARα与TAK1物理结合的能力。
表1、GW6471结构类似物的结构示意图
表2、PPARα配体对CD8+T细胞的影响
PPARα配体名称/编号 | IC 50 | EC 200 |
GW6471 | 34.61uM | 0.0022uM |
Fenofibrate | >40uM | 0.0076uM |
ZM0282 | 31.49uM | 0.0058uM |
ZM0283 | 0.3537uM | 0.0087uM |
ZM0284 | 7.495uM | 0.0258uM |
ZM0285 | 0.1303uM | 0.7892uM |
ZM0286 | 12.71uM | 致死剂量以内无法达到 |
ZM0325 | 30.9uM | 致死剂量以内无法达到 |
ZM0326 | 2.417uM | 致死剂量以内无法达到 |
ZM0329 | 40.96uM | 致死剂量以内无法达到 |
ZM0330 | 8.423uM | 致死剂量以内无法达到 |
ZM0332 | >40uM | 致死剂量以内无法达到 |
ZM0333 | >40uM | 致死剂量以内无法达到 |
EC
200:与不处理组相比,使IFN-γ产量加倍的最小剂量
IC
50:半数致死剂量。
实验例三:典型的PPARα抑制剂GW6471增强PD-1/PD-L1抗体对MC38-OT I的抗肿瘤效果、激活肿瘤浸润性T淋巴细胞的功能,增加记忆性T细胞比例并延长小鼠的存活期
细胞培养及动物模型建模方法:
(1)MC38-OT I细胞(自带抗原ovalbumin257-264,便于检测能够识别肿瘤抗原特异性T淋巴细胞)的复苏及培养:使用DMEM培养基(含10%胎牛血清)。将MC38-OT I肿瘤细胞冻存管从液氮保存罐中取出,立即放入37℃水浴中快速溶解,然后将细胞悬液移入含10ml培养基的离心桶中,900rpm离心5分钟后去除上清,用新鲜培养基重悬后,将细胞转移到细胞培养瓶中,加入10-15ml培养基混悬沉淀细胞,调整细胞浓度后,置于37℃、体积分数5%CO
2饱和湿度培养箱中培养。在维持培养过程中,每天观察细胞状态并及时更换新鲜培养基。当细胞贴壁生长至90%汇合度时,用0.05%胰酶消化,按照1:3的比例进行传代培养。实验当天,将生长状态良好,汇合度达到90%的细胞胰酶消化后,用新鲜培养基中和胰酶,900rpm离心,弃上清后加入无菌PBS重悬,计数,将细胞悬液的密度调整为5×10
6/ml待用。
(2)接种肿瘤细胞:皮下接种雌性野生型C57小鼠,每只小鼠0.1ml(每只小鼠接种50×10
4个MC38-OTI细胞)。
实验方案(一):PPARα抑制剂GW6471增强PD-L1抗体(PD-L1 mAb)对MC38-OT I的抗肿瘤效果及延长了小鼠的存活期
(1)采用鼠源结肠癌细胞系MC38-OT I(自带抗原ovalbumin257-264,便于检测能够识别肿瘤抗原特异性T淋巴细胞),对C57小鼠进行皮下接种,约在5天左右可测量到肿瘤形成(平均肿瘤体积约为50mm
3)。
(2)荷瘤小鼠组别设计,试验共分4组,分别为
a)荷瘤小鼠对照组(CTR);
b)荷瘤小鼠抗体治疗组(PD-L1 mAb);
c)荷瘤小鼠给药组(GW6471);
d)荷瘤小鼠联合治疗组(GW6471+PD-L1 mAb);
试验荷瘤小鼠共4组,每组6只。
(3)治疗方案:如图3a所示,按接种为0天计算,在接种后第7,10和17天对小鼠进行PD-L1抗体治疗,200ug每只小鼠,腹腔注射(PD-L1 mAb稀释于PBS中,浓度为2mg/ml,每只小鼠腹腔注射0.1ml)。与此同时,在接种后第11天开始对小鼠给与GW6471治疗,10mg/kg,腹腔注射,隔一天给与一次GW6471,共10次(GW6471储液为25mg/ml溶解于DMSO中,待给药前,稀释于55℃预热的PBS中至完全溶解,浓度为2mg/ml,每只小鼠腹腔注射0.1ml)。
(4)肿瘤生长及生存期统计:在给药期间,每周进行两次测量各组小鼠肿瘤生长情况,按照长×宽×宽/2计算出肿瘤体积,并绘制肿瘤生长曲线,记录小鼠死亡情况。
结果如图3b所示,相比于对照组,GW6471治疗组小鼠肿瘤生长趋势有轻微的减缓,但是效果并不显著。PD-L1抗体组小鼠肿瘤体积虽然也得到缓解,但在此治疗的基础上,联合GW6471可显著减缓MC38-OT I肿瘤的生长。与此同时如图4所示,联合GW6471和PD-L1抗体对小鼠生存期的增长也有显著的改善。
实验方案(二):PPARα抑制剂GW6471增强PD-1抗体(PD-1 mAb)对MC38-OTI的抗肿瘤效果
(1)采用鼠源结肠癌细胞系MC38-OT I(自带抗原ovalbumin257-264,便于检测能够识别肿瘤抗原特异性T淋巴细胞),对C57小鼠进行皮下接种,约在5天左右可测量到肿瘤形成(平均肿瘤体积约为50mm
3)。
(2)荷瘤小鼠组别设计,试验共分3组,分别为
a)荷瘤小鼠对照组(CTR);
b)荷瘤小鼠抗体治疗组(PD-1 mAb);
c)荷瘤小鼠联合治疗组(GW6471+PD-1 mAb);
试验荷瘤小鼠共3组,每组7只。
(3)治疗方案:按接种为0天计算,在接种后第8和11天对小鼠进行PD-1抗体治疗,50ug每只小鼠,腹腔注射(PD-1 mAb稀释于PBS中,浓度为0.5mg/ml,每只小鼠腹腔注射0.1ml)。与此同时,在接种后第5天开始对小鼠给与GW6471治疗,30mg/kg,每天灌胃给药。GW6471使用研钵研碎,稀释并混悬于0.3%CMC-Na溶液中,达到3mg/ml浓度并置于4℃保存,每天给药前将药物取出,平衡到室温后进行灌胃给药。
(4)肿瘤生长及生存期统计:在给药期间,每周进行两次测量各组小鼠肿瘤生长情况,按照长×宽×宽/2计算出肿瘤体积,并绘制肿瘤生长曲线。到接瘤后第28天时,统计肿瘤体积的变化趋势,即将每只小鼠第28天的肿瘤体积与第8天的肿瘤体积对比,计算出变化倍数。如果变化倍数为0,说明小鼠肿瘤已经消除;如果变化倍数大于0小于1,说明小鼠肿瘤得到控制,体积并未进一步增长;变化倍数大于1,说明小鼠肿瘤没有得到控制,继续进展。
结果如图5a所示,相比于对照组,PD-1抗体组和PD-1抗体联合GW6471组的小鼠肿瘤生长趋势显著减缓。而PD-1抗体组小鼠平均肿瘤体积在接瘤后第28天显示出一定的复发趋势,而联用组对肿瘤体积的控制依然很好,体现出显著的疗效优势。可以从图5b中观察到类似的趋势,即PD-1抗体联合GW6471可显著减缓MC38-OT I肿瘤的生长。
实验方案(三):PPARα抑制剂GW6471增强肿瘤浸润性T淋巴细胞功能及活性
(1)构建MC38-OT I荷瘤小鼠模型,待模型构建完毕,分为4组,每组6只小鼠,并分别给与PD-L1抗体和GW6471治疗。此方法完全同实验方案(一)。
(2)在接种后第21天,取各组小鼠肿瘤组织。利用手术剪将组织剪碎后置于2mg/ml的胶原酶Ⅳ中37℃,220rpm消化1h。然后在滤网上对组织进行研磨过滤,离心弃上清后,用PBS重悬,制备成单细胞悬液。
(3)细胞染色:将上述细胞悬液进行荧光染色,配色方案为APC-CD45,PE/Cy7-CD3,APC/Cy7-CD8,PE-Perforin,FITC-Granzyme B,Percp/Cy5.5-IFNγ,BV421-Ki67。其中CD45,CD3和CD8为针对表面抗原的抗体,直接在4℃避光染色30min。其余为针对细胞内抗原的抗体,需将细胞固定过夜后,透膜后进行染色。待染色完成后,清洗细胞后重悬进行流式细胞检测。
结果如图6所示,在PD-L1抗体治疗的基础上,
GW6471可以显著提高肿瘤浸润性CD8+T淋巴细胞分泌 perforin、Granzyme B和IFNγ的能力即杀伤肿瘤细胞的功能,同时增强了CD8+T细胞的活性(Ki67)。
实验方案(四):PPRAα抑制剂GW6471增加PD-L1抗体诱导产生的记忆性CD8+T细胞比例
(1)构建MC38-OT I荷瘤小鼠模型,待模型构建完毕,同上分为四组,每组6只小鼠,并分别给与PD-L1抗体和GW6471治疗。此方法完全同实验方案(一)。
(2)在接种后第15天,取各组小鼠肿瘤组织。利用手术剪将组织剪碎后置于2mg/ml的胶原酶Ⅳ中37℃,220rpm消化1h。然后在滤网上对组织进行研磨过滤,离心弃上清后,用PBS重悬,制备成单细胞悬液。
(3)细胞染色:将上述细胞悬液进行荧光染色,配色方案为BV605-CD45,APC/Cy7-CD8,PE-CD62L,FITC-CD44,Percp/Cy5.5-CD3,APC-KLGR1。上述所有抗体均为针对表面抗原的抗体,直接在4℃避光染色30min。待染色完成后,清洗细胞后重悬进行流式细胞检测,并将CD45+CD3+CD8+CD44+KLRG1-CD62L+的细胞视为记忆性CD8+T细胞类群。
结果如图7所示,与对照组相比,单独使用GW6471不能提高肿瘤组织中记忆性CD8+T细胞比例,而PD-L1抗体和GW6471联用PD-L1抗体组均能够显著调高该比例。更重要得是,
在PD-L1抗体治疗的基础上, GW6471可以进一步显著提高肿瘤组织中记忆性CD8+T细胞比例,使荷瘤小鼠长期获益,同时支持了图4的结果,即GW6471与PD-L1抗体联用显著延长荷瘤小鼠的生存期。
实验方案(五):PPRAα抑制剂GW6471的抗肿瘤作用主要依赖于CD8+T细胞
(1)同上构建MC38-OT I荷瘤模型。
(2)荷瘤小鼠组别设计,试验共分4组,分别为
a)荷瘤小鼠对照组(CTR);
b)荷瘤小鼠联合治疗组(GW6471+PD-L1 mAb);
c)荷瘤小鼠删除CD4组(GW6471+PD-L1 mAb+α-CD4 Ab)
d)荷瘤小鼠删除CD8组(GW6471+PD-L1 mAb+α-CD8 Ab)
试验荷瘤小鼠共4组,每组6只。
(3)治疗方案:按接种为0天计算,在接种后第7,10和17天对小鼠进行PD-L1抗体治疗,200ug每只小鼠,腹腔注射(PD-L1 mAb稀释于PBS中,浓度为2mg/ml,每只小鼠腹腔注射0.1ml)。与此同时,在接种后第11天开始对小鼠给与GW6471治疗,10mg/kg,腹腔注射,隔一天给与一次GW6471,共10次(GW6471储液为25mg/ml溶解于DMSO中,待给药前,稀释于55℃预热的PBS中至完全溶解,浓度为2mg/ml,每只小鼠腹腔注射0.1ml)。
(4)肿瘤生长统计:在给药期间,每周进行两次测量各组小鼠肿瘤生长情况,按照长×宽×宽/2计算出肿瘤体积,并绘制肿瘤生长曲线。
结果如图8所示,
删除CD8+T细胞后肿瘤生长和对照组相同,显著抵消了PD-L1抗体和GW6471的联 合治疗效果,而相比之下删除CD4+T细胞效果并没有那么明显。以上则说明GW6471同PD-L1抗体的联合治疗效果主要依赖于CD8+T细胞。
实施例四:典型PPARα抑制剂GW6471联合PD-L1抗体的抗肿瘤作用主要依赖于DC细胞,特别是PPARα-/-DC
动物模型建模和细胞培养方法:
(1)CD11c-DTR和CD11c-DTR/PPARα-/-嵌合小鼠模型构建:首先将野生型C57小鼠(雌)进行10Gy全身辐照10分钟杀死骨髓细胞。第二天,取CD11c-DTR小鼠骨髓细胞,按照5×10
6每只小鼠的细胞数量尾静脉注射到辐照小鼠体内。若构建CD11c-DTR/PPARα-/-嵌合小鼠需将CD11c-DTR小鼠和PPARα-/-小鼠骨髓细胞1:1混合后尾静脉注射到辐照小鼠体内。之后给与抗生素氨苄两周,观察其生活情况,两个月后方可进行实验。
(2)MC38-OT I细胞的复苏及培养:复苏细胞前预先将细胞培养室内超净台进行紫外照射30min,DMEM培养基(含10%胎牛血清)放置室温备用。待准备工作结束后,将肿瘤细胞冻存管从液氮保存罐中取出,立即放入37℃水浴中快速溶解,然后将细胞悬液移入含10ml培养基的离心桶中,900rpm离心5分钟后去除上清,用新鲜培养基重悬后移入细胞培养瓶中,加入10-15ml培养基混悬沉淀细胞,调整细胞浓度后,置于37℃、体积分数5%CO
2饱和湿度培养箱中培养。在维持培养过程中,每天观察细胞状态并及时更换新鲜培养基。当细胞贴壁生长至90%汇合度时,用0.05%胰酶消化,按照1:3的比例进行传代培养。实验当天,将生长状态良好,汇合度达到90%的细胞胰酶消化后,用新鲜培养基中和胰酶,900rpm离心,弃上清后加入无菌PBS重悬,计数,将细胞悬液的密度调整为5×10
6/ml待用。
(3)接种肿瘤细胞:利用1ml无菌注射器皮下接种上述构建的模型小鼠,每只小鼠0.1ml(即每只小鼠接种50×10
4个MC38-OT I细胞)。注意每次吸取细胞悬液前将细胞混合均匀。
实验方案(一):PPARα抑制剂GW6471联合PD-L1抗体的抗肿瘤效果主要依赖于DC细胞
(1)采用鼠源性结肠癌细胞系MC38-OT I(自带抗原ovalbumin257-264,便于检测特异性T淋巴细胞),对构建的CD11c-DTR小鼠进行皮下接种,约在5天左右可看到约50mm
3的肿瘤形成。
(2)荷瘤小鼠组别设计
试验共分3组,分别为
a)荷瘤小鼠对照组(CTR);
b)荷瘤小鼠注射DT组(CTR(DT));
c)荷瘤小鼠抗体治疗组(GW6471+PD-L1 mAb);
d)荷瘤小鼠联合治疗DT组(GW6471+PD-L1 mAb(DT));
试验荷瘤小鼠共4组,每组5只。
(3)治疗方案:按接种日为第0天计算,在接种后第6天,每只b)组和d)组的小鼠腹腔注射500ng DT,隔一天给一次以便删除DC。第7,10和17天对小鼠进行PD-L1抗体治疗,200ug每只小鼠,腹腔注射(PD-L1 mAb稀释于PBS中,浓度为2mg/ml,每只小鼠腹腔注射0.1ml)。与此同时,在接种后第8天开始对小鼠给与GW6471治疗,10mg/kg,腹腔注射,隔一天给与一次GW6471(GW6471储液为25mg/ml溶解于DMSO中,待给药前,稀释于55℃预热的PBS中至完全溶解,浓度为2mg/ml,每只小鼠腹腔注射1ml)。
(4)肿瘤生长及生存期统计:在给药期间,每周进行两次测量各组小鼠肿瘤生长情况,按照长×宽×宽/2计算出肿瘤体积,并绘制肿瘤生长曲线,记录小鼠死亡情况。
结果如图9所示,相比于GW6471+PD-L1 mAb治疗组,
给与DT(即删除DC)后小鼠肿瘤体积失去控 制,同对照组一样,说明该联合治疗方案依赖于DC细胞的参与。
实验方案(二):PPARα
-/-DC在抗肿瘤作用中占据重要地位
(1)在野生型C57小鼠上接种MC38-OT I细胞,待模型构建完毕,分为3组,每组9只小鼠,即荷瘤对照组(CTR),野生型DC治疗组(WT DC)和PPARα敲除DC治疗组(PPARα
-/-DC)。
(2)治疗方案:按接种为0天计算,在接种后第6、13、20天对小鼠进行DC注射治疗,每只小鼠靠近接瘤处的皮下注射5×10
6个DC细胞。其中野生型DC治疗组和PPARα敲除DC治疗组所接受的DC分别来自野生型C57小鼠和PPARα敲除小鼠。取出的骨髓细胞经体外分化成为成熟的DC后,经过2mg/ml OVA抗原的刺激过夜,再收集DC,计数,进行注射治疗。
(3)肿瘤生长统计:肿瘤生长期间,每周进行两次测量各组小鼠肿瘤生长情况,按照长×宽×宽/2计算出肿瘤体积,并绘制肿瘤生长曲线。
结果如图10所示,与对照组相比,野生型DC治疗组能够有效控制肿瘤生长。而PPARα敲除DC治疗组的治疗效果显著优于野生型DC治疗组,从而进一步体现了PPARα
-/-DC在抗肿瘤中的重要地位。
实验方案(三):GW6471和PPARα敲除对DC激活T细胞功能的影响
(1)野生型小鼠接种MC38-OTI肿瘤细胞后,小鼠分为两组:荷瘤对照组和GW6471给药组。GW6471给药组从接瘤后第7天开始腹腔注射10mg/kg GW6471,每两天给药一次,共给药6次。在接瘤后第22天,处死小鼠,手术取出肿瘤组织,研磨、消化后获得肿瘤组织细胞。
(2)体外处理:通过流式细胞分选的方法分选出肿瘤浸润性DC(CD45+MHCII+CD11c+F4/80-),与2mg/ml OVA抗原孵育48小时,之后洗去抗原,与从OTI转基因小鼠脾脏中通过磁珠分选的方法获得的OTICD8+T细胞(CFSE预染色)按照1:8的比例进行共孵育,3天后检测OTI CD8+T细胞的增殖状况和分泌IFN-γ的水平。
(3)检测方法:流式细胞仪检测CFSE稀释倍数,以此确定OTI CD8+T细胞的分裂状态。通常来说细胞增殖约明显,CFSE稀释倍数越多,平均荧光强度越低。OTI CD8+T细胞分泌的IFN-γ的水平也可以通过ELISA试剂盒来检测,来说明OTI CD8+T细胞的激活状态。
结果显示,相对于接瘤对照组,GW6471给药组的小鼠肿瘤浸润性DC能够更有效的激活OTI CD8+T细胞——增殖更强烈(图11a),且分泌更多的IFN-γ(图11b)
实验方案(四):PPARα敲除对DC激活T细胞功能的影响
(1)野生型和PPARα敲除小鼠分别接种MC38-OTI肿瘤细胞。接瘤后第20天,处死小鼠,手术取出肿瘤组织,研磨、消化后获得肿瘤组织细胞。
体外处理:在分离小鼠肿瘤内T细胞的前一天在ELISPOT板中预孵育anti-mouse IFN-γ抗体,作用浓度为5μg/ml,4℃孵育过夜,次日弃去抗体,加入封闭液(含10%胎牛血清、1%青霉素链霉素和β-巯基乙醇的RPMI 1640培养基)室温封闭2h。随后将分离得到的小鼠肿瘤T细胞按照3×105每孔加入板中,并孵育15μg/ml OVA257-264抗原肽,37℃培养箱培养48h。48h后弃培养液,加入去离子水裂解细胞,5min/次,共2次。用PBST(含0.05%Tween-20的1×PBS)溶液洗3遍,随后加入生物素标记的anti-mouse IFN-γ抗体,室温孵育2h。PBST溶液洗4遍,随后加入链亲和素标记的辣根过氧化物酶(streptavidin-HRP),室温孵育1 h。最后1×PBS洗3遍后加入AEC底物显色5-60min,加入去离子水终止反应,继续冲洗干净后将ELISPOT板子吹干。
细胞染色:将上述细胞悬液进行荧光染色,配色方案为APC-CD45,PE/Cy7-CD3,APC/Cy7-CD8,PE-Tetramer(Tet),抗体与细胞混合后,在4℃避光染色30min。之后用含有2%FBS的PBS溶液清洗一次,终止染色。
(2)检测方法:Ellispot结果通过荧光酶斑点分析仪CTL analyzer LLC进行扫描和计数分析。另外一部分肿瘤组织单细胞悬液直接进行细胞染色,由于我们使用的PE-Tetramer(Tet)抗体能够直接识别T细胞表面能够与肿瘤相关抗原配对的T细胞受体,因此这种分析方法可以直接检测得到肿瘤抗原特异性Tet+CD8+T细胞的比例。
结果显示,与野生型小鼠相比,PPARα敲除小鼠的肿瘤组织中含有更高比例的抗原特异性Tet+CD8+T细胞比例(图12a),而且这些细胞能够产生强的IFN-γ信号(图12b)。这些结果说明PPARα敲除小鼠的肿瘤浸润性DC具有更强的抗原呈递和激活CD8+T细胞的能力。
实验例五:PPARα抑制剂GW6471对DC代谢状态的调控,进而调控DC的功能
细胞培养及处理方法:
骨髓来源DC的获取:取6-8周龄C57BL/6小鼠,解剖获取长骨和胫骨,将骨髓吹出,红细胞裂解液2ml处理1min裂解红细胞,无血清培养基中和后离心,重悬获得小鼠骨髓细胞悬液,以3×10
6细胞/皿种于10cm培养皿中。完全培养基(含10%FBS、50μM巯基乙醇的RPMI 1640)加入20ng/ml mGM-CSF(重组小鼠粒-巨噬细胞集落刺激因子)培养按第0天计算,第3天补加10ml完全培养基(含20ng/ml mGM-CSF)。培养至第6天,收集未贴壁细胞为未成熟的BMDCs。经流式鉴定CD11c+的DCs纯度达90%以上,可用于后续实验。
肿瘤外泌体(Tumor-derived Exosomes,TDE)的获取:肿瘤细胞培养在含有10%已去除外泌体的胎牛血清(100,000g,2h)的培养基中48h后,收集上清。首先,4000rpm离心2h去除上清中的细胞碎片。然后,利用100kDa的超滤管以4000rpm、30min/次的速度收集上清中大于100kDa的组份。收集的组份以5:1(v:v)加入外泌体提取试剂(EXOTC10A-1,SBI),充分混合后4℃放置至少12h。待12h后沉淀出现,3000rpm离心30min,分离出沉淀物,即为外泌体。PBS按照一定的体积重悬后,BCA测定蛋白含量以标定外泌体的含量,分装后置于-80℃保存,备用。
肿瘤外泌体的处理可以改变骨髓来源DC的代谢状态和功能,模拟肿瘤微环境的影响。
实验方案(一):GW6471对DC代谢状态的调控
(1)考察DC细胞的氧化磷酸化水平:
细胞处理:Seahorse(总体细胞代谢水平检测试剂盒,购自安捷伦)的Seahorse XF24细胞培养板利用Corning
TM Cell-Tak Cell and Tissue Adhesive试剂(促进悬浮细胞黏附到细胞培养板底面)3.5μg/cm
2进行贴壁预处理后,经过外泌体或GW6471预处理48h的骨髓来源的DCs按照30万每孔接种于培养板中,每组五个复孔,0.5ml体系,细胞贴壁4h。
Seahorse海马生物能量测定(总体细胞代谢水平):探针板水化过夜。在检测之前,细胞更换为预热的525μl XF Base培养基(Seahorse Bioscience)培养,该基础培养基中另加入10mM葡萄糖,2mM L-谷氨酰胺和1mM丙酮酸钠,并用NaOH调至PH为7.4过滤后可用。Oligomycin(寡霉素),FCCP(三氟甲氧基苯腙羰基氰化物),Rotenone(魚藤酮)和Antimycin A(抗霉素A)分别用XF基础培养基稀释为1mM,1.5mM,100nM和1mM,体积为75μl加入到探针板A,B,C孔中(Rotenone和antimycin-A混合配置一起加入C孔)。待准备完毕即可上机检测细胞氧化磷酸化水平。
(2)考察DC细胞的脂肪酸氧化水平:
细胞处理:Seahorse XF24细胞培养板利用Corning
TM Cell-Tak Cell and Tissue Adhesive试剂3.5μg/cm
2进行贴壁预处理后,经过外泌体或GW6471预处理48h的骨髓来源的DCs按照30万每孔接种于培养板中,每组五个复孔,0.5ml体系,细胞在底物限制性培养基(仅含有0.5mM葡萄糖,1.0mM L-谷氨酰胺,0.5mM肉碱and 1%FBS的DMEM)中培养过夜。
Seahorse海马生物能量测定(脂肪酸氧化水平):探针板水化过夜。在上机检测前45min,细胞更换为预热的450μl FAO assay medium(脂肪酸氧化检测培养基,含111mM NaCl,4.7mM KCl,2mM MgSO
4,1.2mM Na
2HPO
4,2.5mM葡萄糖,0.5mM肉碱and 5mM HEPES磺酸缓冲盐溶液)中培养。并利用该培养基配置100μM的Etomoxir(简称ETO,肉碱棕榈酰基转运蛋白1的抑制剂)75μl,加入探针板A孔中。待准备完毕即可上机检测脂肪酸氧化程度。
(3)考察DC细胞的乳酸分泌水平:
细胞处理:骨髓来源的DC按照30万每孔接种于24孔细胞培养板中,经过外泌体或GW6471预处理48h后,收集上清。
检测方式:使用比色法乳酸检测试剂盒(Lactate Colorimetric Assay Kit,Biovision)检测上清中的乳酸含量,并读取570nm处吸光值进行定量分析。
结果显示,肿瘤外泌体(TDE)能够显著增加DC细胞的耗氧量(OCR)——细胞氧化磷酸化水平的标志(图13a),以及脂肪酸氧化水平(图13b),同时降低了乳酸的分泌量(图13c)——细胞糖酵解水平的标注。因此,肿瘤外泌体在体外能够模拟肿瘤微环境对DC代谢状态的调控。在此基础上,GW6471能够显著降低DC的氧化磷酸化水平、脂肪酸氧化水平,并恢复糖酵解水平(图13),而且GW6471引起的代谢状态改变有助于DC功能的恢复。
实验方案(二):GW6471对DC诱导产生调节性T细胞的影响
小鼠模型介绍:
Foxp3-GFP转基因小鼠的特点是通过基因编辑手段,将表达绿色荧光蛋白(GFP)的基因置于负责CD4+调节性T细胞发育的转录因子Foxp3的启动子之后。因此,我们可以方便的通过荧光检测的方法(GFP阳性即为Foxp3阳性),而非以往比较复杂的胞内蛋白染色的方法,来考察小鼠体内或体外CD4+T细胞转变成调节性T细胞的状况。
OTI(C57BL/6-Tg(TcraTcrb)1100Mjb/J)转基因小鼠的特点是通过基因编辑手段,使该小鼠的CD8+T细胞的T细胞受体能够特异性识别OVA蛋白的第257-264位多肽的结构,并被激活、增殖。该转基因小鼠常用于考察抗原特异性免疫反应的研究中。
(1)细胞处理:首先将BMDCs用外泌体以及15uM GW6471预处理48h。另外,取Foxp3-GFP转基因小鼠的脾细胞,通过磁珠分选出CD4+细胞,离心后计数。然后,将以上预处理的DCs(2×10
4)与CFSE(羧基荧光素二醋酸琥珀酰亚胺酯,常用来标记并监控细胞的增殖状态)标记的取自OTI转基因小鼠脾脏的CD8+T细胞(2×10
5)以1:10的比例共培养与U型底96孔板中。第四天时加入100U/孔重组小鼠IL-2细胞因子促进T细胞存活。
(2)检测方式:共培养7天后,细胞通过流式分析CD4+Foxp3+细胞的比例。
结果显示,肿瘤外泌体预处理的DC能够诱导更多的调节性T细胞(CD4+Foxp+)产生(图14),而GW6471可以显著降低调节性T细胞,使之恢复到未经处理的对照组水平(图14)。
实验方案(三):GW6471恢复DC对CD8+T细胞的活化作用
(1)细胞处理:首先将BMDCs用外泌体和2mg/ml OVA抗原,以及15uM GW6471共同孵育48h。另外,取OT I转基因小鼠的脾细胞,通过磁珠分选出CD8+细胞,离心后计数。然后,将以上预处理的DCs(5×10
4)与OTI CD8+T细胞(4×10
5)以1:8的比例共培养与U型底96孔板中。
(2)检测方式:共培养3天后,收集上清,通过ELISA的方法检测OTI CD8+T细胞分泌的IFN-γ。
结果显示,肿瘤外泌体预处理的DC能够抑制CD8+T细胞的活化,而GW6471显著提高了OTI CD8+T细胞分泌的IFN-γ水平(图15),充分说明GW6471恢复了DC对CD8+T的活化。
实验例六:PPARα抑制剂GW6471增强E7疫苗对TC-1的抗肿瘤效果并延长小鼠的生存期
(一)、细胞培养及动物模型建模方法:
(1)TC-1细胞的复苏及培养:复苏细胞前预先将细胞培养室内超净台进行紫外照射30min,RPMI1640培养基(含10%胎牛血清)放置室温备用。待准备工作结束后,将肿瘤细胞冻存管从液氮保存罐中取出,立即放入37℃水浴中快速溶解,然后将细胞悬液移入含10ml培养基的离心桶中,900rpm离心5分钟后去除上清,用新鲜培养基重悬后,转移入细胞培养瓶中,加入10-15ml培养基混悬沉淀细胞,调整细胞浓度后,置于37℃、体积分数5%CO
2饱和湿度培养箱中培养。在维持培养过程中,每天观察细胞状态并及时更换新鲜培养基。当细胞贴壁生长至90%汇合度时,用0.05%胰酶消化,按照1:3的比例进行传代培养。实验当天,将生长状态良好,汇合度达到90%的细胞胰酶消化后,用新鲜培养基中和胰酶,900rpm离心,弃上清后加入无菌PBS重悬,计数,将细胞悬液的密度调整为5×10
5/ml待用。
(2)接种肿瘤细胞:利用1ml无菌注射器皮下接种雌性野生型C57小鼠,每只小鼠0.1ml(即每只小鼠接种5×10
4个TC-1细胞)。注意每次吸取细胞悬液前将细胞混合均匀。约在7天左右可看到约50mm
3的肿瘤形成。
(二)、治疗方案:
(3)荷瘤小鼠组别设计
试验共分4组,分别为
d)荷瘤小鼠对照组(CTR);
e)荷瘤小鼠疫苗治疗组(E7 vaccine)(制备方法可参见CN201410570624);
f)荷瘤小鼠给药组(GW6471);
g)荷瘤小鼠联合治疗组(GW6471+E7 vaccine);
试验荷瘤小鼠共4组,每组10只。
(3)治疗方案:按接种为0天计算,在接种后第7,14和21天对小鼠进行E7疫苗治疗(疫苗的制备参见本实验室在先工作:CN201410570624.7),E7(20)/MPLA/PEG-PE(20/10/1000w/w/w)/每只小鼠,皮下注射。与此同时,在接种后第8天开始对小鼠给与GW6471治疗,10mg/kg,腹腔注射,隔一天给与一次GW6471,共10次(GW6471储液为25mg/ml溶解于DMSO中,待给药前,稀释于55℃预热的PBS中至完全溶解,浓度为2mg/ml,每只小鼠腹腔注射1ml)。
(4)肿瘤生长及生存期统计:在给药期间,每周进行两次测量各组小鼠肿瘤生长情况,按照长×宽×宽/2计算出肿瘤体积,并绘制肿瘤生长曲线,记录小鼠死亡情况。
结果如图16所示,相比于E7疫苗治疗组,联合GW6471可进一步显著减缓TC-1的肿瘤生长。与此同时如图17所示,联合GW6471和E7疫苗对小鼠生存期的增长也有显著的改善。
最后需要说明的是,以上实施例仅用作帮助本领域技术人员理解本发明的实质,不用做对保护范围的限定。
Claims (7)
- PPARα配体在制备药物中的应用,所述的药物的功能包括如下功能的任意一种或多种:(1)激活T细胞的活化信号,所述的活化信号是使JNK磷酸化水平上升,所述的T细胞优选为CD8+T细胞;(2)激活T细胞,所述的激活T细胞指使T细胞分泌更多的IFN-γ和IL-2且同时增加T细胞的存活时间,所述的T细胞优选为CD8+T细胞,更优选的,为肿瘤浸润性CD8+T细胞;(3)促进T细胞分化,所述的分化指促进T细胞分化为记忆性T细胞;(4)调节树突状细胞(Dendritic Cell,DC细胞)的代谢状态,所述的调节代谢是指:下调DC细胞的脂肪酸氧化/氧化磷酸化水平,并上调糖酵解水平;所述的DC为骨髓来源的DC,更优选的,为浸润在肿瘤微环境中的DC;(5)恢复DC对T细胞的调控功能,所述的恢复DC的调控功能指:下调CD4+T细胞转变为调节性T细胞的比例、增加肿瘤杀伤性CD8+T细胞的比例、激活肿瘤杀伤性CD8+T细胞的功能;所述的激活肿瘤杀伤性CD8+T细胞指:使肿瘤杀伤性CD8+T细胞分泌更多的IFN-和IL-2且同时增加肿瘤杀伤性CD8+T细胞的存活时间;(6)提高免疫检查点抑制剂的抗肿瘤效果,所述的免疫检查点抑制剂优选为PD-L1/PD-1抗体,优选的,所述的肿瘤为免疫检查点抑制剂治疗有效的肿瘤;(7)提高抗肿瘤疫苗的治疗效果,所述的抗肿瘤疫苗优选为以PEG2000-DSPE胶束装载多肽/蛋白肿瘤抗原的纳米疫苗。
- 根据权利要求1所述的应用,其特征在于,所述的PPARα配体为PPARα的抑制剂,优选的,所述的PPARα的抑制剂为GW6471分子及其结构类似物ZM0282、ZM0283、ZM0284、ZM0285、ZM0286、ZM0325、ZM0326、ZM0329、ZM0330、ZM0332、ZM0333。
- 一组PPARα的抑制剂,所述的抑制剂为ZM0282、ZM0283、ZM0284、ZM0285、ZM0286、ZM0325、ZM0326、ZM0329、ZM0330、ZM0332、ZM0333。
- 一种抗肿瘤联用制剂,所述的制剂包含:(1)治疗有效量PPARα配体;(2)治疗有效量的免疫检查点抑制剂或治疗有效量的抗肿瘤疫苗;(3)必要的药用辅料。
- 根据权利要求4所述的联用制剂,其特征在于,所述的PPARα配体为PPARα的抑制剂,优选的,所述的PPARα的抑制剂为GW6471分子及其结构类似物ZM0282、ZM0283、ZM0284、ZM0285、ZM0286、ZM0325、ZM0326、ZM0329、ZM0330、ZM0332、ZM0333。
- 根据权利要求4或5所述的联用制剂,其特征在于,所述的免疫检查点抑制剂为PD-L1/PD-1抗体。
- 根据权利要求4或5所述的联用制剂,其特征在于,所述的抗肿瘤疫苗为以PEG2000-DSPE胶束装载多肽/蛋白肿瘤抗原的疫苗。
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