CN116355468A - 防冰涂层以及风机叶片 - Google Patents
防冰涂层以及风机叶片 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明提供了一种防冰涂层以及具有该防冰涂层的风机叶片,能够兼顾电热除冰和疏水涂层防冰,并且涂层的材质均一,多个碳纤维上的SiO2颗粒互相之间具有强化学键(Si‑O),能够与线性的碳纤维配合形成纵横的网络结构,提高了涂层整体的强度,特别地,碳纤维的表面接枝疏水改性纳米SiO2颗粒后,形成了微观层面的纳米凸点结构,即类似于荷叶表面的微凸结构,能够使得涂层表面具有超疏水性能,并且纳米凸点结构能够捕捉空气形成空气层,使得防冰涂层在湿润环境下具有更高的防腐性能。该防冰涂层包括由疏水改性纳米SiO2和碳纤维复合形成的表面层,多个疏水改性纳米SiO2颗粒接枝于碳纤维的表面,表面层形成为超疏水结构。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及防冰技术领域,具体为一种防冰涂层以及风机叶片。
背景技术
覆冰结霜现象给人们的生产和生活带来极大的不便,并且会造成巨大的经济损失,特别是对于一些需要在寒冷环境下运行的设备,例如风力发电的叶片,船体和飞机的涡轮机叶片,一旦正在运行的设备表面有冰层粘附就会导致这些设备自重急剧增加、运行时的重心偏移、周围的流场改变,极大的影响了设备的正常运转,甚至可能导致设备损坏而引发严重的后果。
为了解决设备的结冰或结霜问题,现有技术中提出了许多的主动除冰策略,包括加热除冰、机械除冰、超声波除冰等。其中,加热除冰分为电热除冰和光热除冰,电热除冰虽然能够持续地加热除冰,光热转换机构则受环境影响较大,除冰效果不够稳定;进一步地,现有技术中还提出了疏水涂层被动除冰策略,利用超疏水结构、疏水材料等表面涂层材料降低物体表面的冰粘附性的方式抑制物体的表面冰晶的粘附生长,但对已经结冰的表面效果不佳。
对此,现有技术中还提出了将疏水层沉积/组装于导电层的表面,从而使得防冰涂层既能够被动的疏水防冰,又能够在发生结冰情况后,进行电热除冰,例如将二氧化硅颗粒沉积于碳纤维层表面形成超疏水结构的技术方案,但多层不同材质的涂层组装,涂层材质不均一容易影响涂层的强度,组装缝隙也会加速污渍对涂层在高湿度环境下的腐蚀。
发明内容
针对以上问题,本发明提供了一种防冰涂层以及具有该防冰涂层的风机叶片,能够在兼顾电热除冰和疏水涂层防冰同时,解决现有的防冰涂层材质不均一防腐效果不佳的问题。
本发明一方面提供了一种防冰涂层,包括由疏水改性纳米SiO2和碳纤维复合形成的表面层,多个疏水改性纳米SiO2颗粒接枝于碳纤维的表面,表面层具有超疏水结构。
根据该技术方案,首先,疏水改性纳米SiO2具有疏水性能,从而能够使得涂层具有延缓结冰时间性能,抑制冰在涂层表面的结晶,进一步地,疏水改性纳米SiO2和碳纤维复合形成为导电的表面层,且具有一定的阻尼,能够在涂层表面已经结冰的情况下,上电加热表面层,实现主动除冰,从而兼顾电热除冰和疏水涂层防冰。
其次,SiO2颗粒接枝于碳纤维的表面形成整体复合的涂层,相较于将SiO2颗粒沉积于材料表面的情况,涂层的材质均一,并且多个碳纤维上的SiO2颗粒互相之间具有强化学键(Si-O),能够与线性的碳纤维配合形成纵横的网络结构,提高了涂层整体的强度。
最后,申请人研究发现,碳纤维的表面接枝疏水改性纳米SiO2颗粒后,形成了微观层面的纳米凸点结构,即类似于荷叶表面的微凸结构,能够使得涂层表面具有超疏水性能,并且纳米凸点结构能够捕捉空气形成空气层,隔绝环境中的腐蚀液体,使得防冰涂层在湿润环境下具有更高的防腐性能。
作为优选的技术方案,疏水改性纳米SiO2为纳米SiO2颗粒和1H,1H,2H,2H-全氟癸基三甲氧基硅烷在醇溶液中复合后干燥研磨制得的。
根据该技术方案,1H,1H,2H,2H-全氟癸基三甲氧基硅烷在水解后释放低分子醇,由此产生的活泼性硅醇,能与二氧化硅上的羟基等含氧基团产生化学键合,在二氧化硅表面形成自组装的单分子氟硅膜层,降低二氧化硅的表面能,从而实现降低冰粘附性,防冰自清洁的效果。另外,藉由氟硅膜能够进一步降低二氧化硅的表面张力,使得疏水改性二氧化硅颗粒能够渗透于碳纤维内部,在碳纤维内部均匀分散形成交联网,从而制得的涂层具有更高的强度和防腐性能。
作为优选的技术方案,纳米SiO2与1H,1H,2H,2H-全氟癸基三甲氧基硅烷的摩尔比为1~1.5。
根据该技术方案,1H,1H,2H,2H-全氟癸基三甲氧基硅烷过少会影响二氧化硅颗粒表面的氟硅膜层的形成,从而降低疏水改性纳米SiO2的疏水性能,而1H,1H,2H,2H-全氟癸基三甲氧基硅烷过多则会影响后续的接枝过程。因此当纳米SiO2与1H,1H,2H,2H-全氟癸基三甲氧基硅烷的摩尔比控制在1~1.5范围内时,更利于提升防冰涂层的性能。
作为优选的技术方案,表面层的前驱体由碳纤维与疏水改性纳米SiO2分别加入偶联剂后,在有机溶剂中混合制得,碳纤维为预先经强酸表面处理的碳纤维材料,偶联剂至少包括具有氨基的硅烷偶联剂。
根据该技术方案,碳纤维的表面经强酸氧化后,表面产生高含量的极性基团,例如羧酸(-COOH)、酯基(-COOR)、羟基(-OH)等,而经硅烷偶联剂处理后的疏水改性纳米SiO2表面包裹有具有氨基的硅烷,这些极性基团能够与疏水改性纳米SiO2表面氨基的反应实现接枝,从而多个疏水改性纳米SiO2能够接枝于碳纤维的表面,形成粗糙的纳米凸点结构。
作为优选的技术方案,疏水改性纳米SiO2与碳纤维的质量比为0.3-0.6。
根据该技术方案,疏水改性纳米SiO2与碳纤维的质量比在0.3-0.6范围内时,接枝率较高,且制得的防冰涂层具有优良的导电和防冰性能。
作为优选的技术方案,碳纤维的偶联剂为氟硅烷偶联剂。
根据该技术方案,氟硅烷偶联剂能够进一步降低碳纤维的表面能,提升防冰涂层总体的疏水性能,并且有利于二氧化硅与碳纤维混合时能够均匀分散,提高接枝率。
作为优选的技术方案,前驱体还包括溶解于有机溶剂的聚偏二氟乙烯(PVDF),有机溶剂为二甲基乙酰胺、N-甲基吡咯烷酮、二甲基甲酰胺、二甲基亚砜中的一种或多种组合。
根据该技术方案,在有机溶剂中添加PVDF,能够填充粘合多根接枝碳纤维内部的粗糙表面,并且进一步提升了涂层的疏水防冰性能。
本发明的第二方面还提供了一种风机叶片,该风机叶片设置有上述任一技术方案中的防冰涂层。
附图说明
图1是本发明实施方式中制备的防冰涂层前驱体的扫描电镜图。
图2是不同的防冰涂层的冰块滑动角与温度的关系的折线图。
具体实施方式
下面将结合本发明实施例中的附图,对本发明实施例中的技术方案进行清楚、完整地描述,显然,所描述的实施例仅仅是本发明一部分实施例,而不是全部的实施例。基于本发明中的实施例,本领域普通技术人员在没有做出创造性劳动前提下所获得的所有其他实施例,都属于本发明保护的范围。
术语说明
需要说明的是,术语“超疏水结构”指的是防冰涂层表面的微柱或微孔纳米结构,具体而言,微柱或微孔纳米结构阵列以与荷叶表面相似的结构与尺寸形成,能够增加水的接触角,达到超疏水效果。
本实施方式提供了一种防腐防冰涂层,包括由疏水改性纳米SiO2和碳纤维复合形成的表面层,多个疏水改性纳米SiO2颗粒接枝于碳纤维的表面,表面层形成为超疏水结构。
其中,疏水改性纳米SiO2可以优选地由纳米SiO2颗粒和1H,1H,2H,2H-全氟癸基三甲氧基硅烷在醇溶液中复合后干燥研磨制得。复合后的疏水改性纳米SiO2表面包覆有低表面能的氟硅膜,从而具有疏水特性,并且能够渗入碳纤维的纤维交联结构中,进一步优选地,纳米SiO2与1H,1H,2H,2H-全氟癸基三甲氧基硅烷的摩尔比为1~1.5。
疏水改性纳米SiO2与碳纤维接枝的方式可以为:将碳纤维预先利用强酸进行表面处理,再将表面处理后的碳纤维浸入含有第一偶联剂的乙醇溶液中反应,洗涤、烘干得到第一偶联剂复合的碳纤维材料;然后将疏水改性纳米SiO2分散于第二偶联剂溶液中,再真空干燥、研磨得到第二偶联剂复合的疏水改性纳米SiO2颗粒,最后将第一偶联剂复合的碳纤维材料和第二偶联剂复合的疏水改性纳米SiO2颗粒在有机溶剂中混合分散,得到表面层的前驱体,将该前驱体涂覆/旋涂/喷涂于物体表面干燥后形成防冰涂层。
其中,第一偶联剂可以为氟硅烷偶联剂,第二偶联剂为具有氨基的硅烷偶联剂,碳纤维的表面经强酸氧化后,能够在其表面产生高含量的极性基团,例如羧酸(-COOH)、酯基(-COOR)、羟基(-OH)等,并且基本不会对碳纤维内部结构造成影响,而经硅烷偶联剂处理后的疏水改性纳米SiO2表面包裹有具有氨基的硅烷,两者混合后,碳纤维表面的极性基团能够与疏水改性纳米SiO2表面氨基的反应,实现二氧化硅接枝与碳纤维表面,形成粗糙的纳米凸点结构。
进一步优选地,疏水改性纳米SiO2与碳纤维的质量比为0.3-0.6,疏水改性纳米SiO2与碳纤维的质量比在0.3-0.6范围内时,接枝率较高,多个二氧化硅颗粒附着于碳纤维表面,能够提升涂层表面的微凸密度,从而获得更好的超疏水性,同时避免碳纤维含量低使得涂层导电率降低,保证制得的防冰涂层具有优良的导电和防冰性能。
其中,优选地,前驱体还包括溶解于有机溶剂的PVDF,有机溶剂为二甲基乙酰胺、N-甲基吡咯烷酮、二甲基甲酰胺、二甲基亚砜中的一种或多种组合,PVDF能够溶解于上述有机溶剂中,从而填充并粘合多根接枝碳纤维内部的粗糙表面,并且PVDF材料也能进一步提升涂层的疏水防冰性能。
在本实施方式中,首先,经1H,1H,2H,2H-全氟癸基三甲氧基硅烷疏水改性的纳米SiO2具有优良疏水性能和防腐性能,从而能够使得涂层具有延缓结冰时间性能,抑制冰在涂层表面的结晶,进一步地,疏水改性纳米SiO2和碳纤维复合形成为导电的表面层,且具有一定的阻尼,能够在涂层表面已经结冰的情况下,上电加热表面层,实现主动除冰,从而兼顾电热除冰和疏水涂层防冰。
其次,SiO2颗粒接枝于碳纤维的表面形成整体复合的涂层,相较于将SiO2颗粒沉积于材料表面的情况,涂层的材质均一,并且改性后的SiO2颗粒具有较低的表面张力,能够渗透碳纤维的交织结构中,填补碳纤维内部结构的同时,SiO2颗粒互相之间的强化学键(Si-O)还能够与线性的碳纤维配合形成纵横的网络结构,提高了涂层整体的强度。
最后,碳纤维的表面接枝疏水改性纳米SiO2颗粒后,多个SiO2颗粒粘附于碳纤维表面,形成了微观层面的纳米凸点结构,即类似于荷叶表面的微凸结构,能够使得涂层表面具有超疏水性能,并且纳米凸点结构能够捕捉空气形成空气层,使得防冰涂层在湿润环境下具有更高的防腐性能。
下面以实验进一步证明本实施方式提供的防冰涂层的防冰性能。
1.材料制备
1.1制备疏水改性SiO2
将1mol的纳米SiO2(粒径15±5nm)和1mol的1H,1H,2H,2H-全氟癸基三甲氧基硅烷在无水乙醇溶液中混合分散后,经烘干研磨得到疏水改性的二氧化硅颗粒(粒径30±5nm)。
1.2碳纤维的表面处理
先将碳纤维材料放入乙醇丙酮混合液中反复冲洗20h,除去碳纤维表面的保护胶料层,再烘干,加入浓硝酸恒温氧化2h后,烘干得到表面具有极性基团的碳纤维。
1.3制备前驱体
将疏水改性的二氧化硅颗粒超声分散于甲苯中,加入少量的3-氨基丙基三乙氧基硅烷(KH560)作为偶联剂,恒温90℃反应6h后冷却至室温,最后真空干燥得到偶联剂复合的疏水改性二氧化硅颗粒(粒径50±10nm)。
将表面处理后的碳纤维浸入含有十七氟癸基三甲氧基硅烷的甲苯溶液中,在氮气气氛下反应3h,然后洗涤、真空烘烤至恒重,得到偶联剂复合的碳纤维材料。
分别按3:10、4:10、5:10、6:10的质量比例向100mL二甲基乙酰胺溶液(有机溶剂)中依次加入疏水改性二氧化硅颗粒和碳纤维,超声分散后,加热至60℃,恒温反应6h,冷却至室温得到表面接枝二氧化硅颗粒的碳纤维材料前驱体。
将4g PVDF溶解于100mL二甲基乙酰胺溶液中,再按照4:10的质量比例向混合溶液中依次加入疏水改性二氧化硅颗粒和碳纤维,超声分散后,加热至60℃,恒温反应6h,冷却至室温得到表面接枝二氧化硅颗粒的碳纤维材料前驱体。
1.4制备防冰涂层
向碳钢上涂覆一定厚度的前驱体,在100℃的环境下干燥1h,即得到本实施方式中的样品1(质量比例3:10)、样品2(质量比例4:10)、样品3(质量比例5:10)、样品4(质量比例6:10)、样品5(加入PVDF)。
2.材料表征
2.1微观形貌
用扫描电子显微镜观察前驱体内的接枝碳纤维的微观形貌,图1是本实施方式的前驱体中接枝碳纤维的扫描电镜图。如图1所示,可以看到本实施方式中制备的防冰涂层中,碳纤维表面形成多个凸点结构,这是由于多个二氧化硅颗粒接枝于碳纤维表面形成的。
2.2物理性质测量
在常温下测量样品1-5以及对照样品的厚度、电阻率、燃点以及抗拉强度。实验结果如表1所示。
由表1中的电阻率以及电导率数据,可以看出本实施方式提供的防冰涂层具有优良的导电性和阻尼,并且能够上电发热除冰,还能够对雷击电流进行疏导,特别地,随着碳纤维掺杂量的增加,防冰涂层的导电率升高、电阻率下降,从而本领域技术人员能够根据需求通过改变碳纤维和疏水改性二氧化硅的掺杂比例来控制制备的防冰涂层的导电性能。
由表1中的最高耐火温度数据可知,本实施方式提供的防冰涂层具有较高的耐火温度,能够适应于更高温的环境,并且,随着二氧化硅的掺杂比例提升,防冰涂层的耐火温度也随之提升。
由表1中的极限抗拉强度数据,可以看出本实施方式提供的防冰涂层具有极高的抗拉强度,这是由于低表面能的二氧化硅能够渗透进入碳纤维网络内部,填补碳纤维网络缝隙,在各个碳纤维之间形成强作用力的Si-O键,从而使得防冰涂层内形成交错纵横的联结网络,大大提升了防冰涂层的强度。
2.3疏水性能
对样品1-5进行水滴黏附实验和液滴反弹实验,通过视频观测记录水滴在防冰涂层表面的形态以及黏附情况。
在水滴黏附实验中,样品1-5的静水接触角和滚动角均能够保持在156°和6°左右,特别是样品5的静水接触角为162°和3.8°,具有极佳的疏水性能,再用针去接触样品1-5表面的水滴,水滴容易被针带走,不粘附在涂层表面,这表明本实施方式制备的防冰涂层具有较好的超疏水性能。
在液滴反弹实验中,当5μL的液滴撞击涂层表面时,液滴先在表面扩散,然后快速反弹,表明样品1-5均具有良好的超疏水性。而且,进一步采用大水流对涂层表面进行冲洗,样品1-5的表面均能保持干燥,水滴在涂层表面自由滑动。实验证明本实施方式提供的防冰涂层具有良好的超疏水和自清洁性能。
2.4防冰性能
将样品1-5分别冷却至-10℃、-20℃、-30℃、-40℃、-50℃。具体地,温度控制容器中设置一个可升降的平台放置,平台下方设置液氮降温,通过调节升降平台与液氮装置之间的距离控制温度。将升降平台调节至合适高度后,待平台上的与周围温度一致,将同样大小的冰块(10mm*10mm*10mm)放置在上,并保持10min,然后控制升降平台缓慢地向一侧倾斜,记录冰块滑动时的平台倾斜的角度为滑动角。
图2是表示不同的防冰涂层的冰块滑动角与温度的关系的折线图。如图2所示,样品1-5在-10℃以上的温度中滑动角基本不变。样品1在低于-20℃的温度中,滑动角开始增加,这是由于疏水改性二氧化硅掺杂量较少,而样品2-3在-30℃以上的温度中滑动角也开始增加,样品4-5在-30℃以上的温度均保持滑动角基本不变,这是由于样品4中疏水改性二氧化硅的掺杂量高,样品5中另外掺杂了疏水材料(PVDF),因此具有更好的防冰效果,能够有效降低冰的粘附性,抑制涂层表面的冰的结晶成核。
2.6防腐性能
将样品5分别浸在水、浓H2SO4溶液、浓NaOH溶液和NaCl溶液中,10天后测量试样的接触角。样品5在水、酸、碱、盐中浸泡10天后,接触角分别从162°降至160°,157°,154°,158°,表面本实施方式中的防冰涂层在湿润和强腐蚀的环境下仍旧能够在长时间内保持优良的防冰疏水性能。
在本发明的其他实施方式中,本发明还提供了一种具有上述防冰涂层的风机叶片。
以上仅为本发明的较佳实施例而已,并不用以限制本发明,凡在本发明的精神和原则之内所作的任何修改、等同替换和改进等,均应包含在本发明的保护范围之内。
Claims (8)
1.一种防冰涂层,其特征在于,包括由疏水改性纳米SiO2和碳纤维复合形成的表面层,多个所述疏水改性纳米SiO2颗粒接枝于所述碳纤维的表面,所述表面层具有超疏水结构。
2.如权利要求1所述的防冰涂层,其特征在于,所述疏水改性纳米SiO2为纳米SiO2颗粒和1H,1H,2H,2H-全氟癸基三甲氧基硅烷在醇溶液中复合后干燥研磨制得的。
3.如权利要求2所述的防冰涂层,其特征在于,所述纳米SiO2与所述1H,1H,2H,2H-全氟癸基三甲氧基硅烷的摩尔比为1~1.5。
4.如权利要求2所述的防冰涂层,其特征在于,所述表面层的前驱体由所述碳纤维与所述疏水改性纳米SiO2分别加入偶联剂后,在有机溶剂中混合制得,所述碳纤维为预先经强酸表面处理的碳纤维材料,所述偶联剂至少包括具有氨基的硅烷偶联剂。
5.如权利要求4所述的防冰涂层,其特征在于,所述疏水改性纳米SiO2与所述碳纤维的质量比为0.3-0.6。
6.如权利要求4所述的防冰涂层,其特征在于,所述碳纤维的偶联剂为氟硅烷偶联剂。
7.如权利要求4所述的防冰涂层,其特征在于,所述前驱体还包括溶解于所述有机溶剂的聚偏二氟乙烯,所述有机溶剂为二甲基乙酰胺、N-甲基吡咯烷酮、二甲基甲酰胺、二甲基亚砜中的一种或多种组合。
8.一种风机叶片,其特征在于,所述风机叶片设置有如权利要求1-7中任一项所述的防冰涂层。
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CN110512415A (zh) * | 2019-08-27 | 2019-11-29 | 青岛大学 | 一种通过开环加成反应在碳纤维表面接枝纳米二氧化硅的方法 |
CN113372803A (zh) * | 2021-07-01 | 2021-09-10 | 西北大学 | 一种防腐防冰自清洁超疏水涂料及其制备方法和应用 |
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CN105032731A (zh) * | 2015-08-05 | 2015-11-11 | 北京航空航天大学 | 一种超疏水涂层与加热涂层复合的节能防除冰涂层制备方法 |
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