CN116330754A - 一种具有辐射制冷和相变蓄冷效应的防晒降温材料及其制备方法和应用 - Google Patents
一种具有辐射制冷和相变蓄冷效应的防晒降温材料及其制备方法和应用 Download PDFInfo
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- CN116330754A CN116330754A CN202310320383.XA CN202310320383A CN116330754A CN 116330754 A CN116330754 A CN 116330754A CN 202310320383 A CN202310320383 A CN 202310320383A CN 116330754 A CN116330754 A CN 116330754A
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Abstract
本发明属于新能源与节能材料技术领域,具体涉及一种具有辐射制冷和相变蓄冷效应的防晒降温材料及其制备方法和应用。所述的材料按顺序包括散热层、透气层I、蓄冷层、透气层II,其中,散热层在太阳光谱范围的反射率不低于90%,在大气窗口波长范围内的红外发射率不低于90%,蓄冷层通过相变蓄冷效应调整温度,透气层I和透气层II具有良好的水蒸气传输速率。本发明的防晒降温材料的优势在于:1、能够主动制冷且具备紫外线防护功能;2、有效调节被覆盖物的温度,避免温度急剧升高;3、节能、成本低廉且应用范围较广,可以应用在日化、服装、汽车等热管理领域。4、具有很好的疏水性,耐脏污。因此具有广阔的市场和工业化应用前景。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于新能源与节能材料技术领域,具体涉及一种具有辐射制冷和相变蓄冷效应的防晒降温材料及其制备方法和应用。
背景技术
近来,由于气候变化,极端高温事件也变得更加频繁和激烈,为生活环境降温已成为一项紧迫的挑战。在炎热的环境中,建筑物温度会急剧上升,人类需要靠空调等制冷设备才能维持舒适的室内环境,然而制冷设备需要能源供给,而消耗能源也会同步产生热量,并释放温室气体,加剧了气候变暖现象,更进一步加剧了冷却需求;此外,外出时停放在户外的汽车也会受到强烈阳光的曝晒,短时间之内车内温度剧烈升温,甚至会达到60℃左右,这不仅会对出行造成诸多不便、对人身安全产生巨大威胁,更会给汽车带来诸多伤害,损耗器械寿命,发生危险车况;同时,暴露在酷热中也会影响人类的皮肤健康更甚至影响身体健康,尤其对有户外需求的人类的环境造成巨大挑战。因此户外制冷对人类的可持续发展至关重要。
专利CN114685816A公开了一种水凝胶相变蓄冷材料,通过水本身的相变潜热进行降温,但水的相变潜热较小,蓄冷的效果较差、持续性时间较短,且温度升高或降低后凝胶会变硬,不能贴合所覆盖物的表面;专利CN115216276A提出了一种果冻状凝胶型高焓值相变蓄冷剂,但只适用于0℃以下,室外遮阳降温所需要的蓄冷剂相变温度需要与室外温度相匹配,且相变蓄冷效应持续的降温时间还需进一步提升。
发明内容
针对目前现有技术存在的缺点和不足之处,本发明的目的在于提供一种具有辐射制冷和相变蓄冷效应的防晒降温材料及其制备方法和应用。本发明中,辐射冷却是一种被动冷却过程,能够选择性地反射大部分太阳光(波长为0.3–2.5μm),同时以红外辐射的形式通过大气透明窗口(主要是8–13μm)向宇宙传输热量,这种全天候被动式冷却不需要任何额外的能量输入,而且利用辐射冷却原理制备的辐射制冷材料具有高近红外反射率、无紫外线损伤特性等优点;同时相变蓄冷利用相变材料高潜热进行降温,绿色、环保、节能并且能够降低制冷成本。
为了实现上述发明目的,本发明采用如下技术方案包括:
本发明提供一种具有辐射制冷和相变蓄冷效应的防晒降温材料,所述的材料按顺序包括散热层、透气层I、蓄冷层、透气层II,其中,散热层在太阳光谱范围的反射率不低于90%,在大气窗口波长范围内的红外发射率不低于90%,蓄冷层通过相变蓄冷效应调整温度,透气层I和透气层II的水蒸气传输速率不低于5000g/m2/24h。
通过采用所述技术方案,本发明的散热层可以强烈反射阳光并向外层空间发射热辐射,降低物体的表面温度,在太阳光谱范围(波长300至2500nm)的反射率不低于90%,在大气窗口波长范围内(波长8至13μm)的红外发射率不低于90%,具有优秀的辐射制冷效果,并能实现全波段的优异的太阳光防护效果,在可持续发展的节能方面显示出巨大潜力;蓄冷层能够在相变温度以下存储大量冷气,相变过程中均匀的释放出来,保证室外所覆盖物的温度不快速升高;透气层可封装蓄冷层并作为散热层的基底,同时有良好的水蒸气传输速率,可以进一步提高冷却性能。
优选的,所述散热层包括散热剂。更优选的,所述散热剂包括有机聚合物与无机微纳米颗粒的混合物、有机聚合物微球的至少一种。更优选的,所述散热剂以质量份记包括:5~20质量份的有机聚合物,10~30质量份的无机微纳米颗粒和0~20质量份的有机聚合物微球。
优选的,所述有机聚合物选自聚二甲基硅氧烷、聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯、聚偏氟乙烯、聚氧化乙烯、聚乳酸的至少一种。更优选的,有机聚合物的辐射冷却性能是由聚合物的官能团/键决定的,它们在红外区域的振动吸收与大气透过率窗口重叠,有很强的红外辐射,如PVDF中的C-F,PMMA中的C-O-C键,PEO中的C-OH键等。
优选的,所述无机微纳米颗粒选自二氧化钛、三氧化二铝、二氧化硅、硫酸钡或者中空玻璃微珠的至少一种。更优选所述无机微纳米颗粒的粒径为1nm-1000μm。更优选的,基于米氏散射定律,所述无机微纳米颗粒的宽的粒径分布可通过散射阳光来实现高反射率。
优选的,所述有机聚合物微球选自聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯微球、聚乳酸微球、聚苯乙烯微球、醋酸纤维素微球的至少一种。更优选的,所述有机聚合物微球粒径为1nm-100μm。更优选的,有机聚合物微球的球状或者球状中空结构可以进一步提高太阳反射率,有机聚合物微球拥有高发射率的同时也能有效地散射太阳光。
优选的,所述散热层还包括防晒剂,更优选的,所述防晒剂选自二氧化钛、氧化锌、甲氧基肉桂酸乙基己酯、氰双苯丙烯酸辛酯、邻氨基苯甲酸甲酯、羟苯甲酮、奥利克林、水杨酸三甲环己酯中的至少一种。更优选的,所述防晒剂能够有效反射或者吸收紫外线,阻隔紫外线对人体的伤害,进一步增强防晒效果。更优选的,所述防晒剂的投料量以质量份记为10~20质量份的防晒剂。
优选的,所述透气层I和透气层II为具有疏水性的透气材料,所述透气材料包括棉布、麻布、无纺布、纤维素基织物、化纤布料的至少一种,透气材料可以经疏水剂处理后具有疏水性,所述疏水剂优选为硅烷偶联剂、氟硅偶联剂的至少一种。经疏水剂处理是将疏水剂通过涂、刷、喷、浸渍等操作对透气材料表面进行疏水处理,取出室温晾干一定时间如24小时;更优选的,硅烷偶联剂选自三甲基氯硅烷、二甲基二氯硅烷、二甲基二乙氧基硅烷、甲基三氯硅烷、三甲基乙氧基硅烷、乙烯基三甲氧基硅烷、γ-氨丙基三乙氧基硅烷的至少一种;氟硅偶联剂选自全氟辛基三氯硅烷、十三氟辛基三甲氧基硅烷、十三氟辛基三乙氧基硅烷、十七氟癸基三甲氧基硅烷、十七氟癸基三乙氧基硅烷、三十七氟硅烷偶联剂中的至少一种。通过对材料进行疏水处理,防止水分泄露。
优选的,所述蓄冷层包括高分子凝胶基质和相变蓄冷材料。更优选的,所述蓄冷层以质量份记包括:2~5质量份的高分子凝胶基质、20~40质量份的相变蓄冷材料。
优选的,所述高分子凝胶基质选自卡波姆、羟丙甲纤维素、甲基纤维素、羧甲基纤维素钠、壳聚糖的至少一种,所述相变蓄冷材料为封装有蓄冷剂的相变蓄冷微胶囊;更优选的,所述蓄冷剂为具有相变蓄冷作用的蓄冷剂,蓄冷剂的相变温度均在25~35℃,相变潜热均不低于100J/g,通过与环境的热交换,可以有效改善对外界环境温度的适应性能,对人体的热舒适性至关重要;更优选蓄冷剂选自相变温度与室外体表温度相匹配的石蜡、十水硫酸钠、癸酸、十四醇的至少一种,微胶囊壳材选自聚氨酯、蜜胺树脂、明胶、阿拉伯胶、聚烯烃、脲醛树脂中的至少一种,更优选相变微胶囊是直径5-200um的微小胶囊,能够包封和保护其囊心内物质蓄冷剂,相变微胶囊材料能够很好解决固液相变材料变为液体时的形状和体积变化问题。
优选的,本发明所述的防晒降温材料的厚度为300~2000μm,散热层的厚度为50~400μm,蓄冷层厚度为50~400μm,透气层Ⅰ和Ⅱ的厚度分别为100~500μm。
优选的,散热层的孔隙率在10~70%,孔径在0.4~5μm。
本发明还提供一种上述任一具有辐射制冷和相变蓄冷效应的防晒降温材料的制备方法,包括以下步骤:
(1)将5~20质量份的有机聚合物溶解于60~80质量份的有机溶剂中,再加入10~20份的防晒剂混合均匀,之后再加入10~30质量份的无机微纳米颗粒和0~20质量份的有机聚合物微球并混合均匀,得到溶液A;
优选的,所述有机溶剂选自N-甲基吡咯烷酮、N,N-二甲基甲酰胺、甲苯、四氢呋喃、丙酮的至少一种;
优选的,有机聚合物和有机溶剂在60℃下搅拌1~2h,直至有机聚合物完全溶解;搅拌速率优选为100-500r/min;
优选的,加入防晒剂后搅拌1~2h,搅拌速率优选100-500r/min,搅拌均匀;
优选的,加入无机微纳米颗粒和有机聚合物微球后于室温下搅拌2~6h,搅拌速率优选100-500r/min,搅拌均匀;
(2)将2~5质量份的高分子凝胶基质、20~40质量份的相变蓄冷材料与80~100质量份的水室温下进行搅拌得到溶液B;
优选的,搅拌10~30min,搅拌速率优选为100-300r/min,使得水和凝胶基质形成凝胶,且相变蓄冷材料微胶囊在凝胶中均匀分布;
(3)在透气层I的一面涂覆溶液A,烘干后得到以透气层I为基底的散热层;另将溶液B立即分别涂覆在透气层I的另一面以及透气层II的一面,叠放并烘干后得到本发明所述的具有辐射制冷和相变蓄冷效应的防晒降温材料;
优选的,在透气层Ⅰ的一面使用不同厚度的刮刀在自动涂覆机上匀速涂覆溶液A,放置于60~100℃的烘箱1~2h,烘干后取出,得到以透气层为基底的50~400μm散热层;
涂覆溶液B后,并将涂覆有溶液B的两面面对面叠放在一起后,放在40~70℃烘箱烘制1~2h进行烘干。
本发明还提供一种上述任一具有辐射制冷和相变蓄冷效应的防晒降温材料在热管理领域的应用。所述热管理领域包括日化、服装、汽车等涉及到降温需求的热管理领域。
与现有技术相比,本发明的有益效果是:本发明所述材料按顺序包括散热层、透气层Ⅰ、蓄冷层、透气层Ⅱ,其中,散热层主要由有机聚合物、无机微纳米颗粒和防晒剂组成,还可以进一步包括有机聚合物微球,具有辐射冷却性能,在太阳光谱范围的反射率不低于90%,在大气窗口波长范围内的红外发射率不低于90%,能够主动降低表面温度,反射阳光并将额外的热量以红外的形式散发出去;透气层由透气透湿性好的布料组成,可封装蓄冷层并作为散热层的基底,有良好的水蒸气传输速率,进一步提高冷却性能,同时经疏水剂进行处理,具有疏水性能,防止水分泄露;蓄冷层主要由高分子凝胶基质和相变蓄冷材料组成,其中相变蓄冷材料的相变温度与室外温度相匹配,通过与环境的热交换,可以有效改善对外界环境温度的适应能力,减缓所覆盖物的温度的变化。同时本发明还提供了一种方法简易、成本低廉、节能降耗的防晒降温材料的制备方法。本发明的防晒降温材料的优势在于:1、能够主动制冷且具备紫外线防护功能;2、有效调节被覆盖物的温度,避免温度急剧升高;3、节能、成本低廉且应用范围较广,可以应用在日化、服装、汽车等热管理领域。4、具有很好的疏水性,耐脏污。因此具有广阔的市场和工业化应用前景。
附图说明
图1为本发明所述的遮阳降温材料的一种结构示意图;图中:1-散热层、2-透气层I、3-蓄冷层、4-透气层II。
具体实施方式
下面结合附图,并结合具体实施例及数据对本发明的技术方案进行进一步的说明,但具体实施例对于本发明所述的技术方案不构成限制。
实施例1
(1)将5质量份(1质量份优选为0.1g)的聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯溶解于75质量份的N,N-二甲基甲酰胺中,再加入20份的奥利克林混合搅拌1h,搅拌速度为300r/min,再加入10质量份的聚苯乙烯微球和10质量份的二氧化硅于室温下搅拌6h,搅拌速度为300r/min,得到溶液A。
(2)将4质量份的甲基纤维素、35质量份的由聚烯烃作为壳材的10μm癸酸相变微胶囊与100质量份的去离子水室温下进行搅拌20min,搅拌速率为200r/min,得到溶液B。
(3)在500μm棉布Ⅰ的一面使用刮刀在自动涂覆机上匀速涂覆溶液A,放置于60℃的烘箱1h,烘干后取出得到以棉布Ⅰ为基底的散热层,散热层的厚度为100μm,孔隙率为60%,平均孔径为2μm;另将B溶液立即分别涂覆在棉布Ⅰ的另一面以及500μm厚的棉布Ⅱ的一面,并叠放在一起,涂覆厚度为100μm,放在40℃烘箱烘制2h,烘干取出之后得到防晒降温材料。
本实施例得到的防晒降温材料厚度约为1200μm,在太阳光谱范围(波长300至2500nm)的反射率为90%,在大气窗口波长范围内(波长8至13μm)的红外发射率为90%,高温下最大相变潜热为224.68J/g,最大拉伸断裂强度为150N/5cm,最大断裂伸长率为50%。
对比例1
(1)将5质量份的聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯溶解于75质量份的N,N-二甲基甲酰胺中,再加入20份的奥利克林混合搅拌1h,搅拌速度为300r/min,再加入10质量份的聚苯乙烯微球和10质量份的二氧化硅于室温下搅拌6h,搅拌速度为300r/min,得到溶液A。
(2)将4质量份的甲基纤维素与100质量份的去离子水室温下进行搅拌20min,搅拌速率为200r/min,得到溶液B。
(3)在500μm棉布Ⅰ的一面使用刮刀在自动涂覆机上匀速涂覆溶液A,放置于60℃的烘箱1h,烘干后取出得到以棉布Ⅰ为基底的散热层,散热层的厚度为100μm,孔隙率为60%,平均孔径为2μm;另将B溶液立即分别涂覆在棉布Ⅰ的另一面以及500μm厚的棉布Ⅱ的一面,并叠放在一起,涂覆厚度为100μm,放在40℃烘箱烘制2h,烘干取出之后得到防晒降温材料对比例1。
本对比例得到的防晒降温材料的厚度约为1200μm,在太阳光谱范围(波长300至2500nm)的反射率为90%,在大气窗口波长范围内(波长8至13μm)的红外发射率为90%,高温下最大相变潜热为80.21J/g,最大拉伸断裂强度为150N/5cm,最大断裂伸长率为50%,且高温或者低温下水凝胶因为失水就会变硬,难以贴合被覆盖物。
实施例2
(1)将15质量份的聚偏氟乙烯溶解于60质量份的N-甲基吡咯烷酮中,搅拌速度为300r/min,再加入20份的氧化锌和15质量份的硫酸钡于室温下搅拌4h,搅拌速度为500r/min,搅拌均匀之后向混合液中得到溶液A。
(2)将2质量份的卡波姆940、20质量份的由聚氨酯作为壳材的50μm十水硫酸钠相变微胶囊与100质量份的去离子水室温下进行搅拌30min,搅拌速率为100r/min,得到溶液B。
(3)在300μm无纺布Ⅰ的一面使用刮刀在自动涂覆机上匀速涂覆溶液A,放置于80℃的烘箱2h,烘干后取出得到以无纺布Ⅰ为基底的散热层,散热层的厚度为200μm,孔隙率为50%,平均孔径为3μm;另将B溶液立即分别涂布在无纺布Ⅰ的另一面以及300μm厚的无纺布Ⅱ的一面,并叠放在一起,涂覆厚度为300μm,放在60℃烘箱烘制1h,烘干取出之后得到防晒降温材料。
本实施例得到的防晒降温材料的厚度约为1100μm,在太阳光谱范围(波长300至2500nm)的反射率为90%,在大气窗口波长范围内(波长8至13μm)的红外发射率为98%,高温下最大相变潜热为309.31J/g,最大拉伸断裂强度为130N/5cm,最大断裂伸长率为60%。
对比例2
(1)将15质量份的聚偏氟乙烯溶解于60质量份的N-甲基吡咯烷酮中,搅拌速度为300r/min,再加入20份的氧化锌和15质量份的硫酸钡于室温下搅拌4h,搅拌速度为500r/min,搅拌均匀之后向混合液中得到溶液A。
(2)将2质量份的卡波姆940与100质量份的去离子水室温下进行搅拌30min,搅拌速率为100r/min,得到溶液B。
(3)在300μm无纺布Ⅰ的一面使用刮刀在自动涂覆机上匀速涂覆溶液A,放置于80℃的烘箱2h,烘干后取出得到以无纺布Ⅰ为基底的散热层,散热层的厚度为200μm,孔隙率为50%,平均孔径为3μm;另将B溶液立即分别涂布在无纺布Ⅰ的另一面以及300μm厚的无纺布Ⅱ的一面,并叠放在一起,涂覆厚度为300μm,放在60℃烘箱烘制1h,烘干取出之后得到防晒降温材料对比例2。
本对比例得到的防晒降温材料的厚度约为1100μm,在太阳光谱范围(波长300至2500nm)的反射率为90%,在大气窗口波长范围内(波长8至13μm)的红外发射率为98%,高温下最大相变潜热为159.42J/g,最大拉伸断裂强度为130N/5cm,最大断裂伸长率为60%。
实施例3
(1)将20质量份的聚氧化乙烯溶解于70质量份的N,N-二甲基甲酰胺中,再加入20份的甲氧基肉桂酸乙基己酯混合搅拌2h,搅拌速度为400r/min,之后再加入30质量份的中空玻璃微珠于室温下搅拌3h,搅拌速度为500r/min,得到溶液A。
(2)将5质量份的甲基纤维素、20质量份的由蜜胺树脂作为壳材的100μm石蜡相变微胶囊与100质量份的去离子水室温下进行搅拌10min,搅拌速率为200r/min,得到溶液B。
(3)在200μm麻布Ⅰ的一面使用刮刀在自动涂覆机上匀速涂覆溶液A,放置于70℃的烘箱1h,烘干后取出得到以麻布Ⅰ为基底的散热层,散热层的厚度为400μm,孔隙率为65%,平均孔径为1μm;另将B溶液立即分别涂覆在麻布Ⅰ的另一面以及200μm厚的麻布Ⅱ的一面,并叠放在一起,涂覆厚度为100μm,放在70℃烘箱烘制1h,烘干取出之后得到防晒降温材料。
本实施例得到的防晒降温材料的厚度约为900μm,在太阳光谱范围(波长300至2500nm)的反射率为92%,在大气窗口波长范围内(波长8至13μm)的红外发射率为96%,高温下最大相变潜热为260.68J/g,最大拉伸断裂强度为180N/5cm,最大断裂伸长率为60%。
对比例3
(1)将20质量份的聚氧化乙烯溶解于70质量份的N,N-二甲基甲酰胺中,再加入20份的甲氧基肉桂酸乙基己酯混合搅拌2h,搅拌速度为400r/min,之后再加入30质量份的中空玻璃微珠于室温下搅拌3h,搅拌速度为500r/min,得到溶液A。
(2)将5质量份的甲基纤维素与100质量份的去离子水室温下进行搅拌10min,搅拌速率为200r/min,得到溶液B。
(3)在200μm麻布Ⅰ的一面使用刮刀在自动涂覆机上匀速涂覆溶液A,放置于70℃的烘箱1h,烘干后取出得到以麻布Ⅰ为基底的散热层,散热层的厚度为400μm,孔隙率为65%,平均孔径为1μm;另将B溶液立即分别涂覆在麻布Ⅰ的另一面以及200μm厚的麻布Ⅱ的一面,并叠放在一起,涂覆厚度为100μm,放在70℃烘箱烘制1h,烘干取出之后得到防晒降温材料对比例3。
本对比例得到的防晒降温材料的厚度约为900μm,在太阳光谱范围(波长300至2500nm)的反射率为92%,在大气窗口波长范围内(波长8至13μm)的红外发射率为96%,高温下最大相变潜热为109.86J/g,最大拉伸断裂强度为180N/5cm,最大断裂伸长率为60%。
实施例4
(1)将10质量份的聚二甲基硅氧烷溶解于65质量份的甲苯溶液,再加入20份的二氧化钛和25质量份的纳米三氧化二铝于室温下搅拌5h,搅拌速度为400r/min,得到溶液A。
(2)将5质量份的羧甲基纤维素钠、20质量份的以脲醛树脂作为壳材的150μm石蜡相变微胶囊与80质量份的去离子水室温下进行搅拌15min,搅拌速率为300r/min,得到溶液B。
(3)在400μm纤维素基织物Ⅰ的一面使用刮刀在自动涂覆机上匀速涂覆溶液A,放置于75℃的烘箱1h,烘干后取出得到以纤维素基织物Ⅰ为基底的散热层,散热层的厚度为300μm,孔隙率为45%,平均孔径为4μm;另将B溶液立即分别涂覆在400μm厚的纤维素基织物Ⅰ的另一面以及纤维素基织物Ⅱ的一面,并叠放在一起,涂覆厚度为200μm,放在50℃烘箱烘制2h,烘干取出之后得到防晒降温材料。
本实施例得到的防晒降温材料的厚度约为1300μm,在太阳光谱范围(波长300至2500nm)的反射率为90%,在大气窗口波长范围内(波长8至13μm)的红外发射率为92%,高温下最大相变潜热为170.72J/g,最大拉伸断裂强度为70N/5cm,最大断裂伸长率为45%。
对比例4
(1)将10质量份的聚二甲基硅氧烷溶解于65质量份的甲苯溶液,再加入20份的二氧化钛和25质量份的纳米三氧化二铝于室温下搅拌5h,搅拌速度为400r/min,得到溶液A。
(2)将5质量份的羧甲基纤维素钠与80质量份的去离子水室温下进行搅拌15min,搅拌速率为300r/min,得到溶液B。
(3)在400μm纤维素基织物Ⅰ的一面使用300μm的刮刀在自动涂覆机上匀速涂覆溶液A,放置于75℃的烘箱1h,烘干后取出得到以纤维素基织物Ⅰ为基底的散热层,散热层的厚度为300μm,孔隙率为45%,平均孔径为4μm;另将B溶液立即分别涂覆在纤维素基织物Ⅰ的另一面以及400μm厚的纤维素基织物Ⅱ的一面,并叠放在一起,涂覆厚度为200μm,放在50℃烘箱烘制2h,烘干取出之后得到防晒降温材料。
本对比例得到的防晒降温材料的厚度约为1300μm,在太阳光谱范围(波长300至2500nm)的反射率为90%,在大气窗口波长范围内(波长8至13μm)的红外发射率为92%,高温下最大相变潜热为68.59J/g,最大拉伸断裂强度为70N/5cm,最大断裂伸长率为45%。
实施例5
(1)将20质量份的聚乳酸溶解于80质量份的四氢呋喃溶液,再加入20份的甲氧基肉桂酸乙基己酯混合搅拌2h,搅拌速度为400r/min,再加入10质量份的二氧化硅于室温下搅拌6h,搅拌速度为200r/min,得到溶液A。
(2)将5质量份的壳聚糖、30质量份的以明胶作为壳材的100μm十四醇相变微胶囊与100质量份的去离子水室温下进行搅拌30min,搅拌速率为300r/min,得到溶液B。
(3)在100μm化纤布Ⅰ的一面使用刮刀在自动涂覆机上匀速涂覆溶液A,放置于70℃的烘箱1h,烘干后取出得到以化纤布Ⅰ为基底的散热层,散热层的厚度为350μm,孔隙率为56%,平均孔径为1.2μm;另将B溶液立即分别涂覆在化纤布Ⅰ的另一面以及100μm厚的化纤布Ⅱ的一面,并叠放在一起,涂布厚度为70μm,放在40℃烘箱烘制2h,烘干取出之后得到防晒降温材料。
本实施例得到的防晒降温材料的厚度约为620μm,在太阳光谱范围(波长300至2500nm)的反射率为90%,在大气窗口波长范围内(波长8至13μm)的红外发射率为90%,高温下最大相变潜热为122.63J/g,最大拉伸断裂强度为88N/5cm,最大断裂伸长率为45%。
对比例5
(1)将20质量份的聚乳酸溶解于80质量份的四氢呋喃溶液,再加入20份的甲氧基肉桂酸乙基己酯混合搅拌2h,搅拌速度为400r/min,再加入10质量份的二氧化硅于室温下搅拌6h,搅拌速度为200r/min,得到溶液A。
(2)将5质量份的壳聚糖与100质量份的去离子水室温下进行搅拌30min,搅拌速率为300r/min,得到溶液B。
(3)在100μm化纤布Ⅰ的一面使用350μm的刮刀在自动涂覆机上匀速涂覆溶液A,放置于70℃的烘箱1h,烘干后取出得到以化纤布Ⅰ为基底的散热层,散热层的厚度为350μm,孔隙率为56%,平均孔径为1.2μm;另将B溶液立即分别涂覆在化纤布Ⅰ的另一面以及100μm厚的化纤布Ⅱ的一面,并叠放在一起,涂布厚度为70μm,放在40℃烘箱烘制2h,烘干取出之后得到防晒降温材料。
本对比例得到的防晒降温材料的厚度约为620μm,在太阳光谱范围(波长300至2500nm)的反射率为90%,在大气窗口波长范围内(波长8至13μm)的红外发射率为90%,高温下最大相变潜热为61.77J/g,最大拉伸断裂强度为88N/5cm,最大断裂伸长率为45%。
试验例
将实施例1-5和对比例1-5制得的遮阳降温材料贴合手臂上,并对比裸露的皮肤温度和各实施例所使用的相应透气层(双层)的温度,在平均气温为35℃,平均太阳辐照度600W/m2的实验条件下进行温度测试4h(10:00~14:00),每隔一小时记录一次手臂的温度,平均温度测试结果列于表1中。
表1各实施例和对比例的温度对比
从表1可以看出,实施例1-5温度均低于对比例温度,低于裸露的手臂温度3~5℃,低于相应双层透气层温度1~4℃,可知本发明的遮阳防晒降温材料能够有效主动降低温度,满足相应热管理需求。
上述所描述的实施例是本发明的一部分实施例,而不是全部的实施例。本发明不限于上述实施例,还可以根据本发明的发明创造的目的做出多种变化。凡在本发明的原则范围内所做的任何修改、补充和等同替换等,均应包含在本发明的保护范围之内。
Claims (10)
1.一种具有辐射制冷和相变蓄冷效应的防晒降温材料,其特征在于,所述的材料按顺序包括散热层、透气层I、蓄冷层、透气层II,其中,散热层在太阳光谱范围的反射率不低于90%,在大气窗口波长范围内的红外发射率不低于90%,蓄冷层通过相变蓄冷效应调整温度,透气层I和透气层II的水蒸气传输速率不低于5000g/m2/24h。
2.根据权利要求1所述一种具有辐射制冷和相变蓄冷效应的防晒降温材料,其特征在于,所述散热层包括散热剂,所述散热剂包括有机聚合物与无机微纳米颗粒的混合物、有机聚合物微球的至少一种。
3.根据权利要求2所述一种具有辐射制冷和相变蓄冷效应的防晒降温材料,其特征在于,所述散热剂以质量份记包括:5~20质量份的有机聚合物,10~30质量份的无机微纳米颗粒和0~20质量份的有机聚合物微球。
4.根据权利要求2所述一种具有辐射制冷和相变蓄冷效应的防晒降温材料,其特征在于,所述有机聚合物选自聚二甲基硅氧烷、聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯、聚偏氟乙烯、聚氧化乙烯、聚乳酸的至少一种;所述无机微纳米颗粒选自二氧化钛、三氧化二铝、二氧化硅、硫酸钡或者中空玻璃微珠的至少一种;所述有机聚合物微球选自聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯微球、聚乳酸微球、聚苯乙烯微球、醋酸纤维素微球的至少一种。
5.根据权利要求2所述一种具有辐射制冷和相变蓄冷效应的防晒降温材料,其特征在于,所述散热层还包括防晒剂,所述防晒剂选自二氧化钛、氧化锌、甲氧基肉桂酸乙基己酯、氰双苯丙烯酸辛酯、邻氨基苯甲酸甲酯、羟苯甲酮、奥利克林、水杨酸三甲环己酯中的至少一种。
6.根据权利要求1所述一种具有辐射制冷和相变蓄冷效应的防晒降温材料,其特征在于,所述蓄冷层包括高分子凝胶基质和相变蓄冷材料,所述高分子凝胶基质选自卡波姆、羟丙甲纤维素、甲基纤维素、羧甲基纤维素钠、壳聚糖的至少一种;所述相变蓄冷材料为封装有蓄冷剂的相变蓄冷微胶囊,蓄冷剂的相变温度在25~35℃,相变潜热不低于100J/g。
7.根据权利要求1所述一种具有辐射制冷和相变蓄冷效应的防晒降温材料,其特征在于,本发明所述的防晒降温材料的厚度为300~2000μm,散热层的厚度为50~400μm,蓄冷层厚度为50~400μm,透气层I和II的厚度分别为100~500μm。
8.一种权利要求1-7任一项所述具有辐射制冷和相变蓄冷效应的防晒降温材料的制备方法,其特征在于,包括以下步骤:
(1)将有机聚合物溶解于有机溶剂中,再加入防晒剂混合均匀,之后再加入无机微纳米颗粒和有机聚合物微球并混合均匀,得到溶液A;
(2)将高分子凝胶基质、相变蓄冷材料与水室温下进行搅拌得到溶液B;
(3)在透气层I的一面涂覆溶液A并烘干;另将溶液B分别涂覆在透气层I的另一面以及透气层II的一面,叠放并烘干后得到防晒降温材料。
9.根据权利要求8所述一种具有辐射制冷和相变蓄冷效应的防晒降温材料的制备方法,其特征在于,所述步骤(1)中有机溶剂选自N-甲基吡咯烷酮、N,N-二甲基甲酰胺、甲苯、四氢呋喃、丙酮的至少一种。
10.一种权利要求1-7任一项所述具有辐射制冷和相变蓄冷效应的防晒降温材料在热管理领域的应用。
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