CN116322239A - Solvent system, perovskite active layer and preparation method thereof, and perovskite solar cell and preparation method thereof - Google Patents
Solvent system, perovskite active layer and preparation method thereof, and perovskite solar cell and preparation method thereof Download PDFInfo
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- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 34
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- 238000004528 spin coating Methods 0.000 claims description 28
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- 239000002243 precursor Substances 0.000 claims description 26
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 23
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- MCEWYIDBDVPMES-UHFFFAOYSA-N [60]pcbm Chemical compound C123C(C4=C5C6=C7C8=C9C%10=C%11C%12=C%13C%14=C%15C%16=C%17C%18=C(C=%19C=%20C%18=C%18C%16=C%13C%13=C%11C9=C9C7=C(C=%20C9=C%13%18)C(C7=%19)=C96)C6=C%11C%17=C%15C%13=C%15C%14=C%12C%12=C%10C%10=C85)=C9C7=C6C2=C%11C%13=C2C%15=C%12C%10=C4C23C1(CCCC(=O)OC)C1=CC=CC=C1 MCEWYIDBDVPMES-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
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- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silver Chemical compound [Ag] BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
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- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 abstract description 9
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- 230000031700 light absorption Effects 0.000 description 3
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
- Y02E10/50—Photovoltaic [PV] energy
- Y02E10/549—Organic PV cells
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Abstract
The invention discloses a solvent system, a perovskite active layer and a preparation method thereof, and a perovskite solar cell and a preparation method thereof. The perovskite solar cell adopts an optimized solvent system, a high-efficiency preparation method and a combination of various materials, so that the photoelectric conversion efficiency and stability of the cell can be improved, and the perovskite solar cell is expected to become one of important development directions of future solar cells.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of perovskite solar cells, in particular to a solvent system, a perovskite active layer and a preparation method thereof, and a perovskite solar cell and a preparation method thereof.
Background
Perovskite is a material structure with very strong light-electricity conversion efficiency, and has wide application and high attention. Perovskite (a type of crystalline material having a molecular formula of ABX 3), originally discovered by german scientist GustavRose in 1839 that the elemental composition was CaTiO3 mineral, and substances having such a crystal structure were hereinafter collectively referred to as perovskite. In the perovskite octahedral structure, a is a larger cation, B is a smaller cation, X is an anion, each a ion is surrounded by an octahedron composed of B and X ions together, and the crystal structure thereof is shown in fig. 1. Perovskite materials are considered as one of the most promising photoelectric materials of the next generation due to the advantages of high light absorption coefficient, high carrier mobility, simple synthesis method and the like.
Solution processing of perovskite solar cells (perovskite solar cells) is a great prospect for high-throughput production of low-cost devices. While perovskite solar cells have made great advances in power conversion efficiency, challenges remain in terms of reproducibility of simultaneously improved precursor solution stability.
Disclosure of Invention
The technical problem to be solved by the invention is to overcome the technical defects, and provide a solvent system, a perovskite active layer and a preparation method thereof, and a perovskite solar cell and a preparation method thereof.
In order to solve the technical problems, the technical scheme provided by the invention is as follows:
a solvent system consisting of threonine, N-ethyl-2-pyrrolidone, and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMF).
Preferably, the volume ratio of the dimethyl sulfoxide to the N-ethyl-2-pyrrolidone is 0.3:1-5:1.
Preferably, the volume ratio of the dimethyl sulfoxide to the N-ethyl-2-pyrrolidone is 0.3:1-3:1.
Preferably, the molar ratio of one of threonine and N-ethyl-2-pyrrolidone to Pb ions in the perovskite precursor solution in the preparation process of the perovskite solar cell is 0.5:1-0.9:1.
Preferably, the molar ratio of one of the threonine and the N-ethyl-2-pyrrolidone to Pb ions is 0.5:0.7 to 0.9:1.
a perovskite active layer formed by adding the above solvent system to a perovskite precursor solution and coating the perovskite active layer on an electron transport layer.
The preparation method of the perovskite active layer specifically comprises the following steps:
(a) Preparing a precursor liquid: the method comprises selecting Methyl Ammonium Iodide (MAI) and lead iodide (PbI) 2 ) 1:1 in a solvent system;
(b) Film deposition: the film forming preparation is carried out by selecting any one of spin coating method, wire rod coating method, doctor blade coating method, slit extrusion coating method, screen printing, gravure printing or relief printing.
Preferably, the step (b) is prepared by spin coating, and comprises the following three steps:
dripping a precursor to the surface of the electron transport layer;
(II) preparing a film by starting spin coating, and uniformly spin coating to obtain a perovskite active layer;
(III) annealing at a low temperature.
The perovskite solar cell comprises the perovskite active layer, wherein a hole transport layer and a metal electrode are sequentially stacked on the upper surface of the perovskite active layer, and an electron transport layer and a glass substrate material are sequentially stacked on the lower surface of the perovskite active layer;
the substrate material adopts hard substrates such as commercial high-permeability FTO glass, ITO glass and the like, or flexible substrate material covered with ITO;
the electron transport layer is one or the combination of more than two of TiO2, snO2, PCBM, C60 and BCP;
preferably, the electron transport layer is a combined film of SnO2 and TiO2, wherein the SnO2 film is prepared above the FTO film by adopting a hydrothermal deposition process, and the thickness of the film is 5-10 nm; the TiO2 film is deposited above the FTO conductive film layer by adopting a high-temperature spraying process, and the thickness of the film is 5-10 nm.
The thickness of the hole transport layer material is 100-200 nm, and the hole transport layer material is formed by mixing Spiro-OMeTAD with CBZ, 1ul of Li-TFSIFK209 and TBP;
the metal electrode layer is a composite electrode of one or more of gold, copper, silver, aluminum and conductive carbon material electrodes.
A method of fabricating a perovskite solar cell comprising the steps of:
(one) cleaning a substrate;
(II) preparing a hole transport layer;
(III) preparing a perovskite active layer precursor solution;
(IV) preparing a perovskite active layer;
(V) preparing an electron transport layer;
and (six) metal electrode evaporation.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the advantages that:
1. the high-efficiency perovskite active layer preparation method is adopted, so that the energy conversion efficiency of the solar cell is high.
2. The hard substrate such as commercial high-permeability FTO glass and ITO glass or the flexible substrate material covered with ITO is adopted, so that the high-permeability FTO glass has higher stability and durability.
3. One or more than two of TiO2, snO2, PCBM, C60, BCP and other materials are adopted as an electron transport layer, so that the electron transport efficiency is improved.
4. The combination of the Spiro-OMeTAD, CBZ, li-TFSI, TBP, FK209 and other materials is adopted as the hole transport layer, which is beneficial to improving the filling factor and open circuit voltage of the solar cell.
In a word, the perovskite solar cell adopts an optimized solvent system and a high-efficiency preparation method, and the combination of various materials can improve the photoelectric conversion efficiency and stability of the cell, and is expected to become one of important development directions of future solar cells.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of the basic structure of a perovskite solar cell of the present invention;
fig. 2 is a graph showing electrical properties of perovskite solar cells prepared in examples and comparative examples according to the present invention.
Reference numerals: 1. 2 parts of a substrate material, 2 parts of an electron transport layer, 3 parts of a perovskite active layer, 4 parts of a hole transport layer, 5 parts of a metal electrode.
Detailed Description
Other advantages and effects of the present invention will become apparent to those skilled in the art from the following disclosure, which describes the embodiments of the present invention with reference to specific examples. The invention may be practiced or carried out in other embodiments, and details in this specification may be modified or changed from various points of view and applications without departing from the spirit of the invention, and furthermore, the meaning of "and/or" appearing throughout the text includes three juxtaposed schemes, for example, "a and/or B", including a scheme, or B scheme, or a scheme where a and B are satisfied simultaneously. In addition, the technical solutions of the embodiments may be combined with each other, but it is necessary to base that the technical solutions can be realized by those skilled in the art, and when the technical solutions are contradictory or cannot be realized, the combination of the technical solutions should be regarded as not exist and not within the protection scope of the present invention. All other embodiments, which can be made by those skilled in the art based on the embodiments of the invention without making any inventive effort, are intended to be within the scope of the invention.
The present application provides a solvent system consisting of threonine, N-ethyl-2-pyrrolidone, and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMF).
The solvent system herein is suitable for use in a variety of perovskite systems such as MAPbI 3 ，FAPbI 3 、CsFAPbI 3 、CsFAPbI 3- X Br x Etc.
Wherein the structural formula of threonine is as follows:
wherein the structural formula of the N-ethyl-2-pyrrolidone is shown as follows:
in one embodiment, the volume ratio of dimethyl sulfoxide to N-ethyl-2-pyrrolidone is 0.3:1 to 5:1, and in the range of this volume ratio, better reaction conditions can be provided.
In one embodiment, the volume ratio of dimethyl sulfoxide to N-ethyl-2-pyrrolidone is 0.3:1 to 3:1, and in this volume ratio range, better reaction conditions can be provided.
In one embodiment, the molar ratio of one of the threonine and the N-ethyl-2-pyrrolidone to Pb ions in the perovskite precursor solution during the preparation of the perovskite solar cell is 0.5:1-0.9:1.
In one embodiment, the molar ratio of one of the threonine and the N-ethyl-2-pyrrolidone to Pb ions is 0.5:0.7 to 0.9:1.
the application also provides a perovskite active layer, wherein the perovskite active layer 3 is formed by adding the solvent system into a perovskite precursor solution and coating the perovskite precursor solution on the electron transport layer 2.
Wherein the perovskite active layer 3 is made of an ABX3 type compound, wherein A is selected from K+, rb+, cs+, CH3 NH3+ or CH (NH 2) 2+, B is Pb2+, and X is Cl-, br-, I-or SCN-. Preferably, the perovskite active layer thickness is 100 to 1000nm.
The application also provides a preparation method of the perovskite active layer, which specifically comprises the following steps:
(a) Preparing a precursor liquid: the method comprises selecting Methyl Ammonium Iodide (MAI) and lead iodide (PbI) 2 ) 1:1 in a solvent system;
(b) Film deposition: the film forming preparation is carried out by selecting any one of spin coating method, wire rod coating method, doctor blade coating method, slit extrusion coating method, screen printing, gravure printing or relief printing.
The solution processing film forming process of the perovskite active layer 3 is preferably spin-on spin coating, doctor blade coating, and slit extrusion coating film preparation process. The spin coating method of spin coating of the said spin coating of desk-top type, preferably coating speed 1000-6000 rpm/min (rotate/minute); the scraper coating method adopts a flat plate type coating machine to coat films, the coating speed is 0.02-1 m/min (meter/min), and the coating width is 0.2-5 cm; the slit coating process has the solution supply speed of 5-500 microliters/min, the coating speed of 0.2-2 m/min, the substrate temperature of 25-100 ℃ during coating, the coating width of 0.2-5 cm and the slit width of 10-50 microns.
Further, the step (b) is prepared by a spin coating method, and the high-efficiency perovskite light absorption layer is prepared by a one-step spin coating method, and comprises the following three steps:
dripping a precursor onto the surface of the electron transport layer 2;
(II) preparing a film by starting spin coating, and uniformly spin coating to obtain a perovskite active layer;
(III) annealing at a low temperature.
The perovskite active layer 3 is prepared by spin coating, wherein the perovskite active layer 3 is divided into two stages, the first stage is a slow stage, the preferable spin coating speed is 1000-3000 rpm/min, and the spin coating time is 1-5 seconds; the second stage is a high-speed stage, the preferable spin coating speed is 4000-6000 rpm/min, and the spin coating time is 30-50 seconds.
The perovskite solar cell comprises the perovskite active layer 3, wherein a hole transport layer 4 and a metal electrode 5 are sequentially stacked on the upper surface of the perovskite active layer 3, and an electron transport layer 2 and a base material 1 are sequentially stacked on the lower surface of the perovskite active layer 3;
the substrate material 1 adopts hard substrates such as commercial high-permeability FTO glass, ITO glass and the like, or flexible substrate materials covered with ITO,
the electron transport layer 2 is one or the combination of more than two of TiO2, snO2, PCBM, C60 and BCP; preferably, the electron transport layer is a combined film of SnO2 and TiO 2. Wherein, the SnO2 film is prepared above the FTO film by adopting a hydrothermal deposition process, and the thickness of the film is 5-10 nm; the TiO2 film is deposited above the FTO conductive film layer by adopting a high-temperature spraying process, and the thickness of the film is 5-10 nm;
the thickness of the hole transport layer 4 material is 100-200 nm, and the hole transport layer is formed by mixing Spiro-OMeTAD with CBZ, 1ul Li-TFSIFK209 and TBP; preferably, the Spiro-OMeTAD film is prepared by spin coating with spin coating speed of 3000-5000 rpm/min
The metal electrode layer (5) is a composite electrode of one or more of gold, copper, silver, aluminum and conductive carbon material electrodes.
The preparation method of the perovskite solar cell comprises the following steps:
(one) cleaning a substrate;
(II) preparing a hole transport layer;
(III) preparing a perovskite active layer precursor solution;
(IV) preparing a perovskite active layer;
(V) preparing an electron transport layer;
and (six) metal electrode evaporation.
The substrate cleaning means that the substrate material covering the transparent conductive electrode and flexible substrates such as FTO glass, PET, PC, PI and the like are sequentially cleaned by ultrasonic for two times with surfactant, deionized water, acetone and isopropanol for 10-15 minutes each time, and then dried or blown dry with nitrogen, and surface treatment is carried out by ultraviolet ozone (UVO) or plasma for 10-20 minutes for later use.
The application provides a solvent system for a perovskite solar cell, in particular to a solvent system applied to a perovskite active layer preparation process, which has high stability compared with the solvent system in the prior art, and simultaneously has improved photoelectric conversion performance.
For a further understanding of the present invention, the solvent system for perovskite solar cells provided in the present invention is described below with reference to examples, the scope of the present invention being not limited by the following examples.
Comparative example 1: perovskite solar cell preparation based on conventional blend solvent (DMF+DMSO)
(1) Cleaning the FTO glass subjected to femtosecond laser etching processing by the method, and then performing UVO treatment for 15 minutes for later use;
(2) Preparing a SnO2 electron transport layer with the thickness of 20nm by the treated FTO glass through a CBD (chemical bath deposition process);
(3) Covering SnO 2 Placing the FTO glass of the electron transport layer into a titanium-based heat table, annealing for 60 minutes at 200 ℃, cooling, and taking out for standby;
(4) 461.5mg PbI was taken 2 142.8mg FAI and 85ul NMP in DMF: in DMSO=8:1 solvent, stirring overnight at normal temperature to obtain perovskite precursor solution, wherein the total concentration of solute in the solution is 1.08mol/ml;
(5) SnO obtained in step (3) 2 Spin-coating the perovskite precursor solution of step (4) on the electron transport layer: the whole spin coating process is divided into three steps, namely spin coating is carried out for 5 seconds at 6000 rpm/min; spin coating at 5000rpm/min for 30 seconds; the thickness of the obtained perovskite light absorption layer is controlled to be about 600 nm;
(6) Annealing the component obtained in the step (5) in a nitrogen environment at 70 ℃ for 10 minutes, taking out the cooled component, and putting the cooled component in an air environment with the humidity of 45%;
(7) The assembly prepared in step (6) was transferred into a glove box under nitrogen atmosphere, 54.75mg of Spiro-OMeTAD was mixed with 750ul of CBZ, 13.5ul of Li-TFSI, 21.75ul of FK209, 22.5ul of TBP, and spin-coated at 5000rpm for 60s to obtain a hole transport layer;
(8) The component prepared in the step (7) is also prepared into a gold electrode by adopting a thermal evaporation deposition method, and the vacuum degree is controlled to be lower than 4 ×
10 -4 Pa, the evaporation rate is 1-2 angstrom/second, the thickness of the gold electrode is 100nm, and the perovskite solar cell device is prepared.
Example 1 preparation of perovskite active layer based on DMSO, N-ethyl-2-pyrrolidone and threonine blend solvent in the preparation of precursor solution during the preparation of perovskite active layer, the mixed solvent of DMF and NMP was replaced with DMSO, N-ethyl-2-pyrrolidone and threonine blend solvent, wherein the volume ratio of DMSO and N-ethyl-2-pyrrolidone was 0.3:1, the molar ratio of threonine addition was also 0.6:1, and the total concentration of solutes in solution was also 1.12mol/ml. The other steps remain the same as in comparative example 1.
Example 2: when preparing a precursor solution in the preparation process of the perovskite active layer based on DMSO, N-ethyl-2-pyrrolidone and threonine blend solvent, the mixed solvent of DMF and NMP is replaced by DMSO, N-ethyl-2-pyrrolidone and threonine blend solvent, wherein the volume ratio of DMSO to N-ethyl-2-pyrrolidone is 0.6:1, the molar ratio of PbI2 is 0.6:1, and the total concentration of solute in the solution is 1.12mol/ml. The other steps remain the same as in comparative example 1.
Example 3: when preparing a precursor solution in the preparation process of the perovskite active layer based on DMSO, N-ethyl-2-pyrrolidone and threonine blend solvent, the mixed solvent of DMF and NMP is replaced by DMSO, N-ethyl-2-pyrrolidone and threonine blend solvent, wherein the volume ratio of DMSO and N-ethyl-2-pyrrolidone is 1.8:1, the molar ratio of PbI2 is 0.6:1, and the total concentration of solute in the solution is 1.12mol/ml. The other steps remain the same as in comparative example 1.
Example 4: when preparing a precursor solution in the preparation process of the perovskite active layer based on DMSO, N-ethyl-2-pyrrolidone and threonine blend solvent, the mixed solvent of DMF and NMP is replaced by DMSO, N-ethyl-2-pyrrolidone and threonine blend solvent, wherein the volume ratio of DMSO and N-ethyl-2-pyrrolidone is 2.2:1, the molar ratio of PbI2 is 0.6:1, and the total concentration of solute in the solution is 1.12mol/ml. The other steps remain the same as in comparative example 1.
Example 5: when preparing a precursor solution in the preparation process of the perovskite active layer based on DMSO, N-ethyl-2-pyrrolidone and threonine blend solvent, the mixed solvent of DMF and NMP is replaced by the DMSO, N-ethyl-2-pyrrolidone and threonine blend solvent, wherein the volume ratio of the DMSO to the N-ethyl-2-pyrrolidone is 4:1, the adding amount of threonine is 0.6:1, and the total concentration of solute in the solution is 1.12mol/ml. The other steps remain the same as in comparative example 1.
Example 6: when preparing a precursor solution in the preparation process of the perovskite active layer based on DMSO, N-ethyl-2-pyrrolidone and threonine blend solvent, the mixed solvent of DMF and NMP is replaced by DMSO, N-ethyl-2-pyrrolidone and threonine blend solvent, wherein the volume ratio of DMSO to N-ethyl-2-pyrrolidone is 3:1, the adding amount of threonine is also 0.6:1, and the total concentration of solute in the solution is also 1.12mol/ml. The other steps remain the same as in comparative example 1.
Example 7: when preparing a precursor solution in the preparation process of the perovskite active layer based on DMSO, N-ethyl-2-pyrrolidone and threonine blend solvent, the mixed solvent of DMF and NMP is replaced by DMSO, N-ethyl-2-pyrrolidone and threonine blend solvent, wherein the volume ratio of DMSO to N-ethyl-2-pyrrolidone is 3.2:1, the molar ratio of PbI2 is 0.6:1, and the total concentration of solute in the solution is 1.12mol/ml. The other steps remain the same as in comparative example 1.
Cell performance test: the perovskite solar cell prepared in the above example was tested at a standard solar intensity (am 1.5g,100mW/cm 2) using a solar simulator (xenon lamp as light source) calibrated in the national renewable energy laboratory using a silicon diode (with KG9 visible filter). The corresponding test results are shown in table 1 and fig. 2.
Table 1 table of perovskite solar cell performance parameters prepared according to different examples
From the battery performance test data, it is known that: the perovskite solar cell based on the solvent system is superior to the perovskite solar cell prepared based on the conventional solvent in photoelectric conversion efficiency; furthermore, perovskite solar cells with higher efficiency can be obtained by regulating and controlling the proportion of each solvent in the novel solvent system.
The invention and its embodiments have been described above without limitation, and the actual construction is not limited thereto. In summary, if one of ordinary skill in the art is informed by this disclosure, a structural manner and an embodiment similar to the technical solution should not be creatively devised without departing from the gist of the present invention.
Claims (10)
1. A solvent system comprising threonine, N-ethyl-2-pyrrolidone, and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMF).
2. A solvent system according to claim 1, wherein the volume ratio of dimethyl sulfoxide to N-ethyl-2-pyrrolidone is from 0.3:1 to 5:1.
3. A solvent system according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the volume ratio of dimethyl sulfoxide to N-ethyl-2-pyrrolidone is from 0.3:1 to 3:1.
4. A solvent system according to claim 1, wherein the molar ratio of one of threonine and N-ethyl-2-pyrrolidone to Pb ions in the perovskite precursor solution during perovskite solar cell production is 0.5:1 to 0.9:1.
5. A solvent system according to claim 4, wherein the molar ratio of one of threonine and N-ethyl-2-pyrrolidone to Pb ions is 0.5:0.7 to 0.9:1.
6. a perovskite active layer formed by adding the solvent system of any one of claims 1 to 5 to a perovskite precursor solution and applying to an electron transport layer.
7. The preparation method of the perovskite active layer is characterized by comprising the following steps of:
(a) Preparing a precursor liquid: the method comprises selecting Methyl Ammonium Iodide (MAI) and lead iodide (PbI) 2 ) 1:1 in a solvent system;
(b) Film deposition: the film forming preparation is carried out by selecting any one of spin coating method, wire rod coating method, doctor blade coating method, slit extrusion coating method, screen printing, gravure printing or relief printing.
8. The method for preparing a perovskite active layer according to claim 7, wherein the step (b) is prepared by spin-coating, comprising the following three steps:
dripping a precursor to the surface of the electron transport layer;
(II) preparing a film by starting spin coating, and uniformly spin coating to obtain a perovskite active layer;
(III) annealing at a low temperature.
9. A perovskite solar cell, characterized by comprising the perovskite active layer (3) according to claim 6, wherein a hole transport layer (4) and a metal electrode (5) are sequentially stacked on the upper surface of the perovskite active layer (3), and an electron transport layer (2) and a base material (1) are sequentially stacked on the lower surface of the perovskite active layer (3);
the substrate material (1) adopts hard substrates such as commercial high-permeability FTO glass, ITO glass and the like or flexible substrate materials covered with ITO;
the electron transport layer (2) is TiO 2 、SnO 2 、PCBM、C 60 And BCP, or a combination of two or more thereof;
the thickness of the hole transport layer (4) is 100-200 nm, and the hole transport layer is formed by mixing Spiro-OMeTAD with CBZ, 1ul of Li-TFSIFK209 and TBP;
the metal electrode layer (5) is a composite electrode of one or more of gold, copper, silver, aluminum and conductive carbon material electrodes.
10. A method for preparing a perovskite solar cell, comprising the steps of:
(one) cleaning a substrate;
(II) preparing a hole transport layer;
(III) preparing a perovskite active layer precursor solution;
(IV) preparing a perovskite active layer;
(V) preparing an electron transport layer;
and (six) metal electrode evaporation.
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