CN116271263A - 一种复合增强可降解材料及其制备方法和应用 - Google Patents
一种复合增强可降解材料及其制备方法和应用 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种复合增强可降解材料及其制备方法和应用。本发明的复合增强可降解材料包括以下组分:外消旋聚乳酸31.2~65.2份、纳米羟基磷灰石20~40份、MPEG‑PLA 0.5~3份、环氧化十八碳烯酸0.2~0.8份、左旋聚乳酸纤维15~25份;所述环氧化十八碳烯酸中含有环氧基和羧基,且环氧值≥4.0。该复合增强可降解材料以环氧化十八碳烯酸与纳米羟基磷灰石、MPEG‑PLA共聚物相结合,与左旋聚乳酸纤维搭配后,不仅能够有效提高复合增强可降解材料的强度,还可以促进纳米羟基磷灰石均匀分散,增强纳米羟基磷灰石对聚乳酸体内降解所产生酸性物质的中和效果,避免局部酸性太高引发无菌性炎症反应。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及高分子化合物的组合物技术领域,更具体地,涉及一种复合增强可降解材料及其制备方法和应用。
背景技术
由于外伤等暴力因素破坏了骨的连续性或完整性称为外伤性骨折,临床骨折固定方法主要有外固定法和内固定法,特别是内固定法主要为切开复位,使用骨螺钉和接骨板等内固定物进行固定,通过局部加压作用将骨折端用解剖复位方式予以固定,是目前骨科临床使用的常规手术。
骨科外科手术中经常使用的骨固定系统包括骨螺钉和接骨板等,主要由金属材料或高分子材料制备得到,而且在临床应用中还发现不锈钢及钛合金金属骨螺钉,存在以下问题:(1)硬度高、强度大易产生应力遮挡效应,导致骨质疏松以及术后愈合不良;(2)由于其化学成分与天然骨成分不同,与骨结合力较差,部分患者出现排异反应和炎症等不良后果需二次手术取出;(3)对处于生长发育阶段的儿童和青少年必须二次手术取出,增加了患者的痛苦和手术负担。
为克服金属骨螺钉的不足,人们开始采用高分子材料代替金属材料来制备骨螺钉,例如以PLA(聚乳酸)为原料制备具有生物可降解性能的骨螺钉,该骨螺钉可在术后6个月内保存性能基本不变,随后逐渐降解生成乳酸、二氧化碳和水等低分子产物,通过体液循环排除体外,无需二次手术取出,在非承重骨折固定领域日益受到青睐。然而,PLA骨螺钉仍然存在如下不足:(1)弯曲强度和模量偏低,无法用于需承重部位的骨折固定;(2)纯PLA降解产物呈酸性,局部乳酸堆积量过大容易引发炎症反应;(3)骨螺钉降解后,打钉部位残留孔洞,容易产生应力集中引发二次骨折;(4)左旋聚乳酸的降解时间长,与骨折修复时间匹配不佳。
为解决PLA降解后酸性产物易引起体内局部炎症反应问题,人们将羟基磷灰石与聚乳酸搭配使用,例如,专利CN110962318A中公开了一种3D打印聚乳酸/纳米羟基磷灰石复合材料骨螺钉的制备方法,以纳米级羟基磷灰石粉末和医用级PLA粉末为原料,利用3D打印制得PLA/nHA复合骨螺钉,但该骨螺钉的强度较低。专利CN102406967A公布了一种人体可吸收纤维/聚己内酯可降解骨钉及其制备方法,该可降解骨钉为人体可吸收纤维与聚己内酯熔融共混制成的复合材料钉状物,其中聚己内酯为骨钉基体,聚乳酸等可吸收纤维分散在聚己内酯中,专利中没有测试材料强度,由于聚己内酯强度不高,可以推测用其制备的骨螺钉强度不可能太高。专利CN110170074A公开了一种熔融共混法制备的柠檬酸钙/聚乳酸骨修复材料及其应用,柠檬酸钙降解偏碱性环境可以抵消聚乳酸单独降解所带来的酸性环境,提供一个稳定适宜的钙离子环境,创造局部高钙环境,以促进新生骨组织的生长,但其采用的聚乳酸分子量为10~20万,拉伸强度为14~29MPa、弹性模量为449~683MPa。专利CN101209355A公开了一种用于骨板、骨钉、骨块的材料的制备方法,采用熔融共混改性制备改性材料,然后注塑成型或者热压成型制备产品,该方法采用两次热加工,聚乳酸对热敏感,在一定程度上会损害其力学性能和稳定性。
发明内容
本发明的目的是克服现有3D打印聚乳酸/纳米羟基磷灰石复合材料骨螺钉的强度较差的不足,提供一种复合增强可降解材料,以环氧化十八碳烯酸与纳米羟基磷灰石、MPEG-PLA共聚物相结合,利用环氧化十八碳烯酸中的羧基与纳米羟基磷灰石产生氢键结合,同时利用环氧化十八碳烯酸中的环氧基在熔融共混过程中与MPEG-PLA共聚物中的羟基发生化学键合,进而提高纳米羟基磷灰石与聚乳酸基体的界面结合力,与左旋聚乳酸纤维相结合后,不仅能够有效提高材料的强度;还可以促进纳米羟基磷灰石均匀分散,增强纳米羟基磷灰石对聚乳酸体内降解所产生酸性物质的中和效果,避免局部酸性太高引发无菌性炎症反应。
本发明的另一目的是提供一种复合增强可降解材料的制备方法。
本发明的又一目的是提供上述复合增强可降解材料在骨螺钉或骨板中的应用。
本发明的又一目的是提供一种由上述复合增强可降解材料制得的骨螺钉。
本发明上述目的通过以下技术方案实现:
一种复合增强可降解材料,按重量份数计,包括以下组分:
所述环氧化十八碳烯酸中含有环氧基和羧基,且环氧值≥4.0。
本发明的复合增强可降解材料以环氧化十八碳烯酸与纳米羟基磷灰石、MPEG-PLA共聚物相结合,利用环氧化十八碳烯酸中的羧基与纳米羟基磷灰石产生氢键结合,同时利用环氧化十八碳烯酸中的环氧基在熔融共混过程中与MPEG-PLA共聚物中的羟基发生化学键合,进而提高纳米羟基磷灰石与聚乳酸基体的界面结合力,与左旋聚乳酸纤维相结合后,不仅能够有效提高材料的强度;还可以促进纳米羟基磷灰石均匀分散,增强纳米羟基磷灰石对聚乳酸体内降解所产生酸性物质的中和效果,避免局部酸性太高引发无菌性炎症反应。
优选地,所述复合增强可降解材料,按重量份数计,包括以下组分:
更优选地,所述复合增强可降解材料,按重量份数计,包括以下组分:
外消旋聚乳酸48.2份,纳米羟基磷灰石30份,MPEG-PLA共聚物1.5份,环氧化十八碳烯酸0.3份,左旋聚乳酸纤维20份。
在具体实施方式中,所述环氧化十八碳烯酸可以由以下制备方法制得:
将9-十八碳烯酸、去离子水和聚乙二醇充分搅拌均匀后逐滴加入双氧水,然后在15~20℃条件下反应48~72h,然后抽滤,减压旋转蒸发除去水分,控制水分含量≤0.05%,即可获得环氧化十八碳烯酸;
其中,所述9-十八碳烯酸、去离子水、聚乙二醇和双氧水的质量比(60~70):(19.9~24.98):(0.02~0.1):(15~20)。
具体地,所述聚乙二醇的数均聚合度为400。
在具体实施方式中,所述外消旋聚乳酸采用酯基封端且其特性粘度为4~6dl/g。
在具体实施方式中,所述MPEG-PLA共聚物中PEG嵌段为2000~3000,PEG在共聚物的摩尔比为2%~5%。
在具体实施方式中,所述左旋聚乳酸纤维的直径为1~5μm;所述纳米羟基磷灰石的直径为15~25μm。
本发明还保护一种复合增强可降解材料的制备方法,包括以下步骤:
先将纳米羟基磷灰石与环氧化十八碳烯酸混合均匀,再加入外消旋聚乳酸、MPEG-PLA共聚物和左旋聚乳酸纤维混合均匀后熔融共混挤出,即可获得复合增强可降解材料。
一种上述复合增强可降解材料在骨螺钉或骨板中的应用,也在本发明的保护范围之内。
本发明还保护一种由上述复合增强可降解材料制备得到的骨螺钉。
与现有技术相比,本发明的有益效果是:
本发明的复合增强可降解材料以环氧化十八碳烯酸与纳米羟基磷灰石、MPEG-PLA共聚物相结合,利用环氧化十八碳烯酸中的羧基与纳米羟基磷灰石产生氢键结合,同时利用环氧化十八碳烯酸中的环氧基在熔融共混过程中与MPEG-PLA共聚物中的羟基发生化学键合,进而提高纳米羟基磷灰石与聚乳酸基体的界面结合力,与左旋聚乳酸纤维相结合后,不仅能够有效提高材料的强度;还可以促进纳米羟基磷灰石均匀分散,增强纳米羟基磷灰石对聚乳酸体内降解所产生酸性物质的中和效果,避免局部酸性太高引发无菌性炎症反应。
附图说明
图1为本发明的骨螺钉3D模型;
图2为本发明的骨板3D模型;
图3为本发明实施例1中采用数字化技术制备骨螺钉样品照片;
图4为本发明实施例1中采用数字化技术制备骨板样品照片。
具体实施方式
下面结合具体实施方式对本发明作进一步的说明,但实施例并不对本发明做任何形式的限定。除非另有说明,本发明实施例采用的原料试剂为常规购买的原料试剂。
1、原料试剂
外消旋聚乳酸(DL-PLA),型号为DG-DL500(特性黏度4.0~5.0dl/g,重均分子量73~102万)、DG-DL600(特性黏度5.0~6.0dl/g,重均分子量102~137万),购自济南岱罡生物工程有限公司;
左旋聚乳酸(PLLA),型号DG-L400(特性黏度3.0~4.0dl/g,重均分子量48~73万),购自济南岱罡生物工程有限公司;
MPEG-PLA为PEG与PLLA的共聚物,PEG嵌段质量百分比5%,购自济南岱罡生物工程有限公司;
纳米羟基磷灰石(nHA),医用级,平均粒径20nm,上海阿拉丁公司;
9-十八碳烯酸,药用注射级,购自西安晋湘药用辅料有限公司;
PEG-400,药用级,西安泰华医药科技有限公司;
双氧水,3%医用级,河南六鹤药业集团。
2、性能测试
(1)外观
目测观察骨螺钉和骨板,螺纹清晰、孔洞完整、无毛刺现象判断为优;螺纹清晰、孔洞完整,但是有毛刺判断为良;出现螺纹不清晰或者毛刺,孔洞不完整或者变形判断为差。
(2)弯曲强度和弯曲模量
采用电子万能试验机进行测试,按照GB/T 1043-2008标准所述的方法进行。跨距20mm,在试件中点加力直至试件破坏,加载速度为2mm/min,记录并计算试件破坏的弯曲性能。每个样品测试5次,结果取平均值。
(3)降解性能
采用试管将矩形样条、骨螺钉和骨板浸泡在PBS溶液中,然后置入50℃的水浴恒温摇床中进行加速降解性能测试,每7天更换一次新的PBS溶液,于第14天、28天、56天取出样品测试弯曲强度和弯曲模量,并采用pH计测试PBS溶液的pH值。
环氧化十八碳烯酸
将9-十八碳烯酸、去离子水和PEG-400充分搅拌均匀后逐步滴加双氧水,控制反应温度15~20℃之间持续反应48~72h,然后抽滤,减压蒸发排出分水,控制水分含量≤0.05%,即可获得环氧化十八碳烯酸;其中,9-十八碳烯酸、去离子水、PEG-400和双氧水的质量比(60~70):(19.9~24.98):(0.02~0.1):(15~20)。
环氧化十八碳烯酸1:环氧值为4.8;
环氧化十八碳烯酸2:环氧值为4.5;
环氧化十八碳烯酸3:环氧值为4.0;
环氧化十八碳烯酸4:环氧值为2。
将左旋聚乳酸加入熔体静电纺丝机器中,然后在温度190℃、氮气保护下进行熔融纺丝,并控制纤维的直径为1~5μm,在80℃热处理24后自然冷却放置24h以上,即可获得左旋聚乳酸纤维,可根据实际需求切成不同的纤维长度(例如5~10mm)。
实施例1~8
实施例1~8中复合增强可降解材料的各组分的重量份数如表1所示。
表1实施例1~8中复合增强可降解材料
上述复合增强可降解材料通过如下制备方法制备得到:
S1.按照配方称取各组分,将纳米羟基磷灰石在温度120℃、2mmHg的真空干燥箱中干燥24h后加入混合机中,在200rpm的转速下一边搅拌一边缓慢滴加环氧化十八碳烯酸,滴加完毕后继续混合10分钟,然后采用三头研磨机研磨2h后出料,得到预处理材料A;
S2.将外消旋聚乳酸和MPEG-PLA用塑料磨粉机磨成100目以上的粉末,真空干燥后制得预处理材料B;
S3.将预处理材料A、预处理材料B和左旋聚乳酸纤维混合均匀后,加入挤出机在温度150~160℃、转速100rpm的条件下分别挤出圆柱形棒材D1和矩形片材E1。
个性化的骨螺钉和骨板3D模型可以采用以下制备方法得到:
S1.根据患者骨折部位的CT图像设计骨螺钉和骨板的3D模型(如图1和图2所示);
S2.设计进刀路线,设定进刀速度0.1um/s和转速3000rpm,将D1和E1采用数字雕刻机制备骨螺钉和骨板(如图3和图4所示);
S3.将雕刻好的骨螺钉和骨板采用医用纯水冲洗3遍,然后用超声波清洗5分钟,在50℃、2mmHg真空干燥8h制得产品;
其中,骨板雕刻参数:吃刀深度设置为0mm,主轴转速8000r/min,进给速度为3mm/min,路径间距0.05mm,下刀角度0.5°;骨螺钉雕刻参数:走刀方式为螺旋、主轴转速16000r/min、进给速度1.2mm/min,路径间距0.03mm,采用旋转精加工的方式。
对比例1~3
对比例1~3中复合增强可降解材料的各组分的重量份数如表2所示
表2对比例1~3中复合增强可降解材料
上述复合增强可降解材料通过如下制备方法制备得到:
S1.按照配方称取各组分,将纳米羟基磷灰石在温度120℃、2mmHg的真空干燥箱中干燥24h后加入混合机中,在200rpm的转速下一边搅拌一边缓慢滴加环氧化十八碳烯酸,滴加完毕后继续混合10分钟,然后采用三头研磨机研磨2h后出料,得到预处理材料A;
S2.将外消旋聚乳酸和MPEG-PLA用塑料磨粉机磨成100目以上的粉末,真空干燥后制得预处理材料B;
S3.将预处理材料A、预处理材料B和左旋聚乳酸纤维混合均匀后,加入挤出机在温度150~160℃、转速100rpm的条件下分别挤出圆柱形棒材D2和矩形片材E2。
个性化的骨螺钉和骨板3D模型可以采用以下制备方法得到:
S1.根据患者骨折部位的CT图像设计骨螺钉和骨板的3D模型;
S2.设计进刀路线,设定进刀速度0.1um/s和转速3000rpm,将D2和E2采用数字雕刻机制备骨螺钉和骨板;
S3.将雕刻好的骨螺钉和骨板采用医用纯水冲洗3遍,然后用超声波清洗5分钟,在50℃、2mmHg真空干燥8h制得产品;
其中,骨板雕刻参数:吃刀深度设置为0mm,主轴转速8000r/min,进给速度为3mm/min,路径间距0.05mm,下刀角度0.5°;骨螺钉雕刻参数:走刀方式为螺旋、主轴转速16000r/min、进给速度1.2mm/min,路径间距0.03mm,采用旋转精加工的方式。
按照上述提及的方法对各实施例和对比例中复合增强可降解材料的性能测试及采用其雕刻的骨螺钉和骨板外观结果如表3所示。
表3各实施例和对比例的测试结果
本发明复合增强可降解材料降解56天后的弯曲强度达到102~143MPa,弯曲模量达到1227~1902MPa,pH值为5.9~6.5,说明不仅具备高强度(高弯曲强度和高弯曲模量),还可以有效避免局部酸性太高引发无菌性炎症反应。由对比例1可知,当环氧化十八碳烯酸的环氧值过低时,难以有效提高纳米羟基磷灰石与聚乳酸基体的界面结合力,即便与左旋聚乳酸纤维相结合后,对复合材料的强度提升有限;从对比例2和对比例3可发现,当环氧化十八碳烯酸添加量太低时无法对纳米羟基磷灰石表面进行有效包覆,故力学性能不佳;当添加量太高时,部分环氧化十八碳烯酸在熔融共混过程发生自聚,同时可能与MPEG-PLA发生化学反应影响增容效果,故添加量过多或过少时,都会降低复合增强可降解材料的强度和降解性能。
本发明的上述实施例仅仅是为清楚地说明本发明所作的举例,而并非是对本发明的实施方式的限定。对于所属领域的普通技术人员来说,在上述说明的基础上还可以做出其它不同形式的变化或变动。这里无需也无法对所有的实施方式予以穷举。凡在本发明的精神和原则之内所作的任何修改、等同替换和改进等,均应包含在本发明权利要求的保护范围之内。
Claims (10)
3.如权利要求1所述复合增强可降解材料,其特征在于,所述环氧化十八碳烯酸由以下制备方法制得:
将9-十八碳烯酸、去离子水和聚乙二醇充分搅拌均匀后逐滴加入双氧水,然后在15~20℃条件下反应48~72h,再抽滤、减压旋转蒸发除去水分,控制水分含量≤0.05%,即可获得环氧化十八碳烯酸;
其中,所述9-十八碳烯酸、去离子水、聚乙二醇和双氧水的质量比(60~70):(19.9~24.98):(0.02~0.1):(15~20)。
4.如权利要求3所述复合增强可降解材料,其特征在于,所述聚乙二醇的数均聚合度为400。
5.如权利要求1所述复合增强可降解材料,其特征在于,所述外消旋聚乳酸采用酯基封端且其特性粘度为4~6dl/g。
6.如权利要求1所述复合增强可降解材料,其特征在于,所述MPEG-PLA共聚物中PEG嵌段为2000~3000,PEG在共聚物的摩尔比为2%~5%。
7.如权利要求1所述复合增强可降解材料,其特征在于,所述左旋聚乳酸纤维的直径为1~5μm;所述纳米羟基磷灰石的平均粒径为15~25μm。
8.一种权利要求1~7任一项所述复合增强可降解材料的制备方法,其特征在于,包括以下步骤:
先将纳米羟基磷灰石与环氧化十八碳烯酸混合均匀,再加入外消旋聚乳酸、MPEG-PLA共聚物和左旋聚乳酸纤维混合均匀后熔融共混挤出,即可获得复合增强可降解材料。
9.一种权利要求1~7任一项所述复合增强可降解材料在骨螺钉或骨板的应用。
10.一种骨螺钉,其特征在于,所述骨螺钉由权利要求1~7任一项所述复合增强可降解材料制备得到。
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