CN1162690A - Underground mining process - Google Patents

Abstract

A new technique for mining underground features that ore shoot is first mined before ascending mining, tailing sand and gangue filling method is used for mining steep and thick vein with residual sills and no cap pillars, wall-type, combined wall-type, layered wall-type tailing sand and gangue filling method is used to mine flat-pitching and inclined single vein, parallel vein and middle-thick vein with single-line ropeway car, and the wall-type or tailing sand and gangue filling method using grouted bolting is used to mine unstable vein. Its advantages are short payback period of investment, increasing resource recovery ratey by 15-20%, eliminating waste field and less environmental pollution.

Description

Underground mining process

The present invention relates to a kind of up exploitation tailings waste filling mining codes of underground mining.

Traditional working from top down scheme can not at first be exploited rich ore stage casing, deep, operation initial stage deficiency in economic performance, construction loan is repaid a year limit for length, and the mineral resource recovery rate is low, deads and select the tailings of factory to be stored in the face of land, promptly soils that account for more, also contaminated environment increases investment, increase lifting, the freight of barren rock, can not in time handle the goaf, cause surface subsidence or subside, destroy ecological environment.

In view of the shortcoming of traditional working from top down scheme and the problem of existence, the present invention proposes a kind of up exploitation tailings waste filling method, it is the underground mining process that solves the existing shortcoming of traditional working from top down method.

Liu Ding, the end, studding in working from top down mode that underground mining process of the present invention breaks traditions and the nugget, elder generation mining room, back mining+post, and many mines pattern of bashing not, in the full degree of depth of deposit mining, select the rich ore stage casing to adopt the stage casing arbitrarily as head, thus once or the up exploitation of segmentation, promptly open up the stage casing and be located at the superiors 20, adopt accurate cutting stage casing and be located at intermediate layer 21, pillar recovery and mineral building back production stage casing are located at intermediate layer 21 and orlop 22 (see figure 1)s (being referred to as up exploitation).

When block stoping, adopt studding 11 earlier, if when in the studding 11 development heading being arranged, with horizontal slice barren rock, tailing fill method back production studding, otherwise after (as rock raise 9 and courtyard connecting taxiway 10) uses shallow hole shrinkage method back production studding, use afterwards primary filling studding goaf (see figure 4) of barren rock and 5%～8% tailings cement paste.

After studding 11 back production finished, with open-stope method (as shallow hole shrinkage method or sublevel open stope method) rooming 13, behind a large amount of ore drawing end-of-jobs, mineral building goaf 13 is primary filling barren rock and tailings afterwards.This mining methods are called up exploitation tailings waste filling method.

The pattern that the present invention breaks traditions is not stayed fore-set in the nugget, the post of only keeping on file utilizes development heading finally to reclaim foundation.

The evaluation of Technological Economy and environmental effect:

Use the present invention, can at first exploit the rich ore stage casing in deep, improve the economic benefit at operation initial stage, the shortening construction loan is repaid the time limit, and enterprise profit is discounted the discounted value in the year of going into operation in the raising mine life.

Do not stay fore-set in the nugget, the post of keeping on file replaces mineral building studding 11 with the most cheap barren rock and cement tailings adhesive bond, so the mineral resource recovery rate improves 15～20% than conventional method.

All deads are filled to goaf 13,11 among the present invention; both saved the lifting freight of barren rock; handled goaf 13,11 again; prevent surface subsidence; ecological environments such as protection farmland, the face of land, forest, building, structure, and on the face of land, top, goaf that is filled with, can build some industrial facility and civilian construction.

Because in the mining area, there is not waste-rock yard, need not occupy farmland or forest mountain region, protected ecological environment, eliminated of the pollution of waste-rock yard dust to environment.

Because the coarse sand in the mine tailing (harmful thing that dumps) is filled to the goaf, so reduce the year tailings amount that enters the mine tailing storehouse, prolong the mine tailing storehouse life-span, reduce environment pollution.

" underground mining process " will cause the change of mining technology.

Fig. 1 is the exploitation schematic diagram of up exploitation tailings waste filling method; Fig. 2 is the mining methods elevation of the tailings waste filling method of high-dipping simple vein exploitation, and Fig. 3 is the A-A sectional view of Fig. 2, and Fig. 4 is the C-C sectional view of Fig. 2, and Fig. 5 is the B-B sectional view of Fig. 2; Fig. 6 is the parallel working of lodes method of a high-dipping lateral view, and Fig. 7 is the E-E sectional drawing of Fig. 6, and Fig. 8 is the F-F sectional drawing of Fig. 6; Fig. 9 is the wall type tailings waste filling method mining methods figure of gentle dip narrow vein exploitation, and Figure 10 is that the H-H sectional view of Fig. 9: Figure 11 is the mining methods figure of the combination wall type tailings waste filling method of the intensive parallel veins exploitation of gentle dip; Figure 12 is the mining methods figure of the layering wall type tailings waste filling method of strong vein exploitation in the gentle dip; Figure 13 is the lateral view of the tailings waste filling method of gentle dip strong vein exploitation, and Figure 14 is the J-J sectional view of Figure 13; Figure 15 is the mining methods lateral view of the single rope cable-tramway chassis wall type tailings waste filling method of inclination narrow vein exploitation; Figure 16 is the lateral view of quick-fried power fortune ore deposit mining methods, and Figure 17 is the L-L sectional view of Figure 16; Figure 18 is the grouted anchor bar process schematic representation; Figure 19 is the sublevel open stope method figure that grouted anchor bar technology is protected the top, and Figure 20 is the N-N sectional view of Figure 19, and Figure 21 is the O-O sectional drawing of Figure 19.

Discuss the exploitation method of various deposit types among the present invention below respectively.

1. the exploitation in high-dipping mineral deposit

1.1 the exploitation of high-dipping simple vein

Be 6 meters with the mineral ore average thickness below, the slanting angle of ore body is 70 °, and average geologic grade is for containing molybdenum 0.28%, ore and country rock f=8～10, and all firm molybdenum deposit further specifies as an example.

One, orebody development and adopt accurate cutting work

See Fig. 1, Fig. 2, Fig. 3, Fig. 4, Fig. 5.

According to the occurrence characteristics in mineral deposit, the mineral deposit is opened up with main shaft 1, pair well 2, ventilating shaft 3, and miding level height is decided to be 40 meters, and return aircourse 19 is dug in developing stage casing, 20 top, stage casing.Each stage casing is opened up with ingate and marshalling yard 4, crossdrift 5, main fortune tunnel 6, through-vein transporting drift 7.High-dipping simple vein exploitation tailings waste filling mining codes.

The nugget inscape: the nugget across pitch is arranged, 50 meters of nugget length, and width is an orebody thickness, highly is 40 meters, the studding width is 3～5 meters, does not stay fore-set, only stays the foundation 24 of protection through-vein transporting drift 7.

Nugget is paid river 12, rock raise 9, courtyard connecting taxiway 10, stowboard 15 with the outer scraper tunnel 8 of flat-bottom structure arteries and veins, funnel and is adopted standard, and cut in tunnel 14 with undercuting.

Rock raise 9 can play following three kinds of effects, sees Fig. 2.

1, open up and adopt standard, cutting during the stage when nugget is in, do not dig courtyard connecting taxiway 10, this moment, courtyard 9 can be used as barren rock drop shaft 9, and the barren rock of store developing, adopt standard, the prospecting drift being supplied in tunneling is regulated the needed barren rock amount of supply bashing.

2, when nugget is in back production studding 11 or rooming 13, dig courtyard connecting taxiway 10 earlier, this moment, courtyard 9 can be used as the usefulness of pedestrian, haulage material installation, ventilation.

3, when nugget is in intact studding 11 of filling and mineral building 13, when the courtyard 9 that has sealed courtyard connecting taxiway 10 can be used as a stage casing rooming, the mine chute 9 of scraper 29 scrapings.

In order to take into account rooming 13 and back production studding 11, courtyard connecting taxiway 10 tunnel center lines are just in time aimed at the line of demarcation of mineral building 13 and studding 11, can both use when allowing rooming 13 well with back production studding 11, therefore adjacent upper and lower courtyard connecting taxiway 10 respectively points to two adjacent mineral buildings 13, when making back production studding 11 and rooming 13, two emergency exits and ventilation opening (seeing Fig. 4, Fig. 2) are arranged.

When orebody thickness is big, for the emergency exit that increases the back production studding with strengthen mining and ventilate and filling operation, can on ore body, coil with the country rock contact position and dig courtyard and courtyard connecting taxiway in the arteries and veins, it is along with stope boosts, disappearance automatically.

Two, studding back production

The no foundation shallow hole shrinkage method of studding 11 usefulness carries out back production.

In order to protect through-vein transporting drift 7, around the through-vein transporting drift wall, stay 3 meters thick ore pillars 24, as prerequisite, dig the funnel of flat polycrystalline substance and pay river 15 and undercut tunnel 14 and cutting moat ditch.

Carry out the shallow bore hole rock drilling with the YSP-45 hammer drill during exploitation studding 11, carry out explosion with fuse, blasting cap, No. two rock explosives or ammonium nitrate-fuel oil mixture, the ore that explosion is got off is paid in the river 15 by gravity current to funnel, is filled in the mine car 16 of through-vein transporting drift 7 with artificial or dirt loader again.During exploitation studding 11, separate zone production highly is generally 2～2.5 meters.The back production absolute altitude of back production studding will exceed 2.5 meters than scraper tunnel, a last stage casing 8 base plate absolute altitudes.The back production studding stage, emit 1/3 local ore deposit amount in the ore deposit amount of falling each time approximately, actual mining carries out a large amount of ore drawings with dirt loader after finishing, and behind a large amount of ore drawing end-of-jobs, utilizes a last stage casing funnel to pay river 15 and carries out the filling operation in studding goaf 11.During filling studding dead zone 11, earlier airtight whole courtyard connecting taxiways 10, funnel are paid the junction in tunnel such as river 15 and studding goaf 11, and reserve sluice hole and sluice pipe.

Studding goaf 11 usefulness barren rocks and 5～8% cement last mortars are primary filling afterwards, and the absolute altitude of filling is scraper tunnel, a last stage casing 8 base plate absolute altitudes.

Three, mineral building back production

After the filling operation of back production studding 11 finishes, just can carry out rooming 13 work.

The mineral building back production adopts arteries and veins not have foundation scraper polycrystalline substance shallow hole shrinkage method outward.

The ore of mineral building 13 is with the rock drilling of YSP-45 hammer drill shallow bore hole, carries out explosion with fuse, blasting cap or nonel tube and No. two rock explosives or ammonium nitrate-fuel oil mixture, and the layer height of mineral building 13 back production is 2～2.5 meters.

Mineral building back production absolute altitude will exceed 2.5～5 meters than scraper tunnel, last stage casing 8 base plate absolute altitudes, and formation inclined plane, make the mineral building goaf will keep 2～2.5 meters spaces, reduce the loose ore amount of triangle that loses in the flat-bottom structure with the formed inclined plane of barren rock and tailing-filled back.

Ore under adopting is paid in river 12 and the scraper tunnel 8 by gravity current to funnel, with scraper the ore scraping to mine chute 9, with following stage casing vibration ore dumping machine 23 ore is put in the mine car 16 to the through-vein transporting drift 7 again.Mine car group 16 usefulness electric locomotives wear long and are transported to main shaft marshalling yard 4 after vein transporting drift 7, main fortune tunnel 6, the crossdrift 5.

Head is when adopting stage casing 22 in exploitation, for the tunnel of the transportation ore of cancelling next stage casing, and the mine car 16 of directly packing into behind the plank step funnel that the ore of stope is manually set up with scraper scraping to this level.

The mineral building recovery phase need be emitted 1/3 the ore deposit amount that falls, and a large amount of ore drawing stages need be emitted 2/3 the ore deposit amount that falls.

Behind a large amount of ore drawing end-of-jobs of mineral building, the airtight service channel 10,12,15 that leads to goaf 13, and reserved sluice pipe and spilled water hole.

Filling operation is to use afterwards primary filling mineral building goaf 13 of barren rock and thick tailings.Thick last mortar is directly delivered to goaf 13 through the main steel pipe 18 and the Zhi Gangguan 17 of polyurethane line with rubber.

The barren rock that standard, prospecting drift were opened up and adopted in a last stage casing is stored in barren rock drop shaft 9, with vibration ore dumping machine 23 barren rock is put and is ended in the barren rock car 16.The developing in this stage casing and adopt the barren rock car of standard, prospecting drift and the barren rock car 16 of barren rock drop shaft is transported to after goaf 13 top stowboards 15 or funnel pay river 12, barren rock is discharged in the goaf 13, the absolute altitude of filling is floor, a scraper tunnel absolute altitude, the limit filling, advance in the limit, till filling up, manually form inclination filling face with retrusive then, the loose triangle body ore amount that flat-bottom structure is stayed when reducing a last mineral building 13 back production.

1.2 the parallel working of lodes of high-dipping

The characteristics of this method be conventional method can not divide the intensive parallel veins of adopting, can adopt two parallel veinss with the exploitation method branch of cheapness, reject horsestone, thereby reduce the rate of dilution and loss late significantly.

One, during exploitation high-dipping parallel veins generally by lower wall upwards dish advance, advance just up exploitation by the stage casing that makes progress, stage casing down between the stage casing.

During the parallelodromous simple venation ore body of exploitation high-dipping, still adopt high-dipping simple venation exploitation method.At first behind the studding 11 and mineral building 13 with the lower wall ore body of open-stope mining, goaf 11,13 usefulness barren rocks and low strength cement last mortar or last mortar be primary filling afterwards, carry out adjacent the go up studding 11 of dish mineral ore, the actual mining and the bashing work of mineral building 13 then, the rest may be inferred, upwards coils each ore body of exploitation by lower wall.

Two, during the intensive parallel veins of exploitation high-dipping, consider the distance between the parallel mineral ore, when if adjacent parallel arteries and veins spacing can be arranged the lower wall development heading (rock raise 9 and scraper road 8) of dish mineral ore, should arrange the lower wall development heading of this ore body, otherwise arrange the upward dish development heading of this ore body, and rock raise 9 should be from 3 meters of ore body roof.The development heading of lower wall mineral ore still is arranged in the lower wall of this ore body.

When if three or three spacing all can't be arranged development heading between each ore body in the ore body on it development heading of dish ore body be arranged in the dish of going up of this ore body, middle ore body and lower wall ore body are arranged the lower wall development heading together jointly.See Fig. 6, Fig. 7, Fig. 8.

1, the exploitation of lower wall ore body

Lower wall ore body keep on file post 25 and fore-set 26, foundation 25 highly is 3～4 meters, fore-set 26 highly is 2～3 meters.

The lower wall ore body is with tailing fill method back production studding 11, with common funnel shallow hole shrinkage method rooming 13.

Main development heading has arteries and veins to transport tunnel 8, common funnel and filler neck 27, courtyard 9, courtyard connecting taxiway 10 outward, arranges the tunnel 14 that undercuts on foundation 25 tops.

During with tailing fill method back production studding 11, the layer height of back production is 2～2.5 meters, carries out the shallow bore hole rock drilling with the YSP-45 hammer drill, and blasting cap and fuse, No. two rock explosives carry out explosion, and the ore under adopting is transported in the ore drawing lattice of courtyard 9 with hutching.

Stope carries out filling with 5%～8% cement last mortar, carries out the wooden form of reserving courtyard connecting taxiway 10 during filling, and carries out the relevant work of sluicing.

During with the mineral building 13 of common funnel shallow hole shrinkage method back production lower wall ore body, the layer height of back production is 2～2.5 meters, with the rock drilling of YSP-45 shallow bore hole hammer drill, carries out explosion with blasting cap, fuse or nonel tube and No. two rock explosives or ammonium nitrate-fuel oil mixture.

Ore under adopting is transported to main shaft marshalling yard 4 after being put arteries and veins only and transported mine car 16 in the tunnel 8 outward by common funnel 27 after through-vein transporting drift 7, main fortune tunnel 6, crossdrift 5.Mineral building 13 back production are carried out a large amount of ore drawings after finishing, and the goaf 13 after a large amount of ore drawings finish is primary filling barren rock and tailings afterwards.

Developing, the work plane barren rock of adopting standard, prospecting drift can directly be transported to goaf filling, and perhaps fortune is ended in the barren rock drop shaft 9 and being stored, and put with vibration ore dumping machine 23 then to be transported to the goaf to the barren rock car 16 and to carry out filling.

The last mortar that filling is used is delivered to goaf 13 with the main steel pipe 18 and the Zhi Gangguan 17 of the wear-resisting material of lining polyurethane.

2, the exploitation of middle ore body

After lower wall ore body goaf 13 is filled with, the exploitation of ore body in the middle of can carrying out.

During ore body, funnel is paid the foundation 25 that passes the lower wall ore body in river 12 in the middle of the exploitation, with dirt loader ore is packed in the mine car 16 in funnel is paid river 12.Middle ore body lower wall side is dug the tunnel 14 that undercuts, and pays river 12 with funnel and links.See Fig. 6, Fig. 7, Fig. 8.

The midseam body and function does not have foundation shallow hole shrinkage method back production studding 11 and mineral building 13, and goaf 11,13 afterwards primary filling 5～8% cement last mortars and barren rock, tailings.

3, coil the exploitation of ore body on

After the goaf 13 of middle ore body is filled with, can go up the exploitation of dish ore body.

Development heading is arranged in the dish of going up of this ore body when coiling ore body in the exploitation, and courtyard should be positioned at from 3 meters of ore body roof.See Fig. 6, Fig. 7, Fig. 8.

Last dish ore body is with no foundation shallow hole shrinkage method back production studding 11 and mineral building 13, and goaf 11,13 afterwards primary filling 5～8% tailings adhesive bonds and barren rock, tailings.

This shows, be difficult to divide the intensive parallel mineral ore of adopting of high-dipping to divide with conventional method and adopt, and reject horsestone with aforesaid method.

2. the exploitation of gently inclined deposit

2.1 gentle dip narrow vein exploitation

When firm gentle dip narrow vein was exploited more than the ore deposit rock is medium, traditional mining methods were common breast stoping and shallow bore hole room-and-pillar method.This patent replaces common breasting method and shallow bore hole room-and-pillar method with wall type tailings waste filling method.Do not stay ore pillar in studding and fore-set and the mineral building in the stope, the post of keeping on file less replaces ore pillar with the steel bar concrete point post of rule, so has increased substantially ore recovery ratio.

During the more unsteady nugget of back production top board, actual mining divides and one adopts, an itemize that fills, do not stay the distance of face roof under control, guarantees the safety of actual mining.

During the more firm nugget of back production top board, actual mining divides and one adopts, one fill, the stoping method of a distance of face roof under control itemize.

Bazardous waste one barren rock and the tailing-filled goaf in mine; prevent surface subsidence; protection face of land ecological environment; can build some industrial facility and civilian construction on the face of land; cancel waste-rock yard, saved the lifting freight of barren rock, reduced environment pollution; increase the mine tailing storehouse length of service, reduce the investment of mine tailing storehouse.

When the more unsteady ore body of exploitation top board, use the unexistent method of traditional mining methods, after promptly usefulness seccotine (as epoxy resin) is pasted nylon knitting belt on the steel bar concrete point post, enclose the barren rock and the tailings that block filling.This method than concrete partition wall or manually build the barren rock wall method saving of labor, save money, production technology is simple, filling cost is low, and obturation also can roof supporting, guarantees production safety.

When the more firm ore body of exploitation top board, can increase the spacing of steel bar concrete point post, without nylon knitting belt, barren rock and tailings can be stacked naturally, connect top bit away from watering top board with last mortar above the gob of stope.

Wall type tailings waste filling method is still used up recovery scheme, and its purpose is that the barren rock that makes the stage casing open up, adopt standard, mine locating development end can directly be filled to the goaf, has created the advantage of not staying fore-set.

One, orebody development and adopt accurate cutting work

According to mineral deposit occurrence condition decision developing mode, when shaft development was used in the mineral deposit, the developing system was formed by main shaft 1, pair well 2, ventilating shaft 3, ingate and marshalling yard 4, crossdrift 5, the grey road 6 of main fortune, through-vein transporting drift 7.Miding level height is generally 20～30 meters.

The nugget inscape: the nugget across pitch arranges that nugget length is 40～60 meters, and tiltedly long general 40～60 meters of nuggets do not stay studding, fore-set and mineral building ore pillar, and the post 25 of keeping on file uses steel bar concrete point post 30.

Adopt accurate cutting work: dig outside the arteries and veins at the lower wall of ore body and transport tunnel 8, filler neck and funnel 27 are arranged in its top, the courtyard 10 of going up a hill in the arteries and veins is arranged in the nugget both sides, below foundation 25, arrange connecting taxiway 12 and stowboard 15, arrange scraper chamber 28 in foundation 25, the tunnel 14 that undercuts is arranged on foundation 25 tops.See Fig. 9, Figure 10.

Two, block stoping work

Nugget is exploited with wall type tailings waste filling method.The itemize width of back production is relevant with the stability of orebody thickness and top board, and general itemize width is 8～12 meters.

On stope with the flat shallow bore hole rock drilling of fetching water of 7655 hammer drill, carry out explosion with fuse, blasting cap, No. two rock explosives or nonel tube, ammonium nitrate-fuel oil mixture, ore under adopting uses scraper 29 haulages to stope funnel 27, transport through-vein transporting drift 7 after ore is put the mine car 16 that transports in the tunnel 8 in the funnel to arteries and veins, with electric locomotive mine car group 16 is transported in the main shaft marshalling yard 4 after through-vein transporting drift 7, main fortune tunnel 6, crossdrift 5 again.

Three, filling operation

Before the filling itemize has been filled with in the goaf 13 of back production, answer airtight good funnel 27, and reserve sluice hole and sluice pipe, and with pushing up and the part of keeping a foothold with connecing of double quick-200 cement and reinforcing bar cast-in-site steel bar concrete point post after coagulating fast hardening portland (double quick-200) cement and reinforcing bar cast-in-site steel bar concrete point post soon or doing ordinary Portland cement steel bar concrete prefabricated component earlier.

Steel bar concrete point post section (general 200 * 200～400 * 400), join reinforcing bar, some intercolumniation, nylon tape thickness along with orebody thickness, roof stability is different and different.General 8～12 meters of some intercolumniation.Nylon tape is not only satisfied to enclose tensile strength requirement when blocking barren rock and tailings, and can release the water in the thick last mortar.

The barren rock of development end was transported in the stowboard 15 transport tunnel 8, connecting taxiway 12 outside main fortune tunnel 6, through-vein transporting drift 7, arteries and veins after when standard, mine locating are opened up, adopted in last stage casing, barren rock be discharged into back, goaf 13 with the scraper winch 29 in stage casing, the top scraper chambers 28 and scraper 29 the downward scraping of barren rock, till or else can scraping, the thick last mortar of very useful pouring that connects of obturation be realized.

Four, bottom column stope

Behind the intact itemize of filling, its underpart foundation can partially recycled (about 50%), and 2～3 meters thick foundation that stayed can support the stope top board, block its top obturation.

When reclaiming foundation, in stowboard 15, packed into behind the mine car 16 with dirt loader, through connecting taxiway: 12, transport tunnel 8 outside the arteries and veins, transport Chuan Mai tunnel 7 by the ore of shallow bore hole avalanche.

2.2 the intensive parallelodromous exploitation of gentle dip

During the intensive parallel veins of exploitation gentle dip, still adopt up mining type, i.e. the method that makes progress the stage casing, upwards advances to high absolute altitude by low absolute altitude in dish, the same mineral ore by lower wall by stage casing down.See Figure 11 and Fig. 9.

The characteristics of this method are with ore chute 32 and courtyard 9 each intensive mineral ore to be together in series, form a combination wall type tailings waste filling method, it not only has the advantage and the characteristics of simple vein wall type tailings waste filling method, and can exploit the mineral ore that traditional working to the dip method can't be exploited, that does not hand down to posterity that the working to the dip method of system stayed protects the top ore bed, thereby increases substantially resource utilization.This method is same to exist the series of advantages that causes because of gob and tailings.

In the intensive parallel veins of gentle dip, wall type tailings waste filling method is also used in the exploitation of each mineral ore.

Because be the intensive parallel veins of gentle dip, so when arranging development work and development heading, can't arrange each mineral ore, can only be in a stage casing, exploitation mineral ore in exploiting field will be planned as a whole to open up and development heading by arranging, thus the through-vein transporting drift in stage casing and along the pulse haulage drift arrange (as 50 * 50m) with the chessboard rule schemata.A stage casing across pitch is divided the panel, the length in panel * wide=mineral deposit width * panel width (150～200M), subregion is divided along capwise in the panel, divide the head of district * wide=panel width (150～200) * 50 meter, the subregion across pitch is divided 3～4 exploiting fields, exploiting field length * wide=50 * 50M, an exploiting field is pressed mineral ore and is divided nugget, and the nugget across pitch is divided 8～12 meters itemize.

Each nugget in an exploiting field is together in series with courtyard 9, and each itemize of each nugget is together in series with ore chute 32, just forms the exploiting field of combination wall type tailings waste filling method.

Fig. 9, Figure 11 see in ore drawing system and waste fill system.

Must have before exploiting field back production an itemize drop shaft 32 and stage casing, top filling connecting taxiway 15 and stage casing along the pulse haulage drift 8 link, and this drop shaft 32 links with each ore vein filling connecting taxiway 12, scraper chamber 28, stowboard 15.The first half of this drop shaft is as filling well 32, the latter half is as mine chute 32, and barren rock funnel 27 with moving on the filling dead zone and on move, safe canopy 33 also with moving on the back production mineral ore and on move, safe canopy 33 must install before this mineral ore back production, on when moving barren rock funnel 27 or safe canopy 33, the barren rock in must the emptying drop shaft, the drop shaft 32 on good safe canopy 33 tops of cleaning.

In an exploiting field, except that an ore chute 32 formed when the mining preparation work, remaining ore chute was that the exploitation along with mineral ore forms by the way.

Ore drawing work:

In the nugget ore of back production with scraper winch 29 and scraper 29 the ore scraping in mine chute 32, after with funnel 27 ore being discharged into mine car 16 in the haulage drift 8 along the pulse again, transport to marshalling formation mine car group 16 in the through-vein transporting drift 7, with electric locomotive the mine car group is transported in the main fortune tunnel 6 again.

Filling operation:

Last stage casing developing and after the barren rock of development end is directly transported to along the pulse haulage drift 8 and filling connecting taxiway 15 when adopting standard, mine locating, barren rock rollover in the mine car 16 is discharged in the barren rock drop shaft 32 of adopting punctual formation, barren rock in the barren rock drop shaft is transported to stowboard 15 rollovers and is discharged into goaf 13 after the barren rock funnel 27 of filling nugget is discharged into side dumping mine car 16 to barren rock behind filling connecting taxiway 12, scraper tunnel 28.

The thick last mortar near coal-mine filling workshop is delivered to each stage casing through main filling pipe 18, and flexible rubber hose bashing 13 is used after transporting tunnel 8, exploiting field courtyard 9, stowboard 15 with filling arm 17 outside main fortune tunnel 6, through-vein transporting drift 7, arteries and veins in each stage casing.

Before filling itemize 13 is filled with, puzzle the fire dam 34 of ore chute, and reserved spilled water hole and sluice pipe, note preserving the integrality of ore chute, in case barren rock that is filled with and tailings enter in the ore chute.

When exploiting more unstable ore body, actual mining adopts and one adopts, one fill, do not stay distance of face roof under control itemize.At this moment, carry out steel bar concrete point post 30 earlier before filling itemize 13 is filled with, with seccotine nylon tape is sticked on the post, so that fence barren rock and tailings.

Exploitation is when stablize ore body, and actual mining employing one adopts, one fill, the back production mode of a distance of face roof under control itemize; This moment, barren rock and natural drainage of tailings were stacked, and connect top bit and water thick last mortar without nylon knitting belt 31.

The barren rock that is discharged in the stowboard 15 with stope top scraper winch 29 and scraper 29 the barren rock scraping to the goaf 13, scraping always to scraper or else can raking till, the also thick tailings of filling during gob connects top bit and waters thick last mortar.

2.3 strong vein exploitation in the gentle dip

Up mining type is still used in exploitation in the gentle dip during thick and strong vein, be characterized in thick in the gentle dip and be divided into several layerings with strong vein, each layering is exploited with narrow vein wall type tailings waste filling method, goaf 13 usefulness barren rocks and tailing-filled after, connect top bit 35 (about 0.5 meter) filling 8%～10% cement last mortar at overlying seam, just form layering wall type tailings waste filling method.

Stope support is based on steel bar concrete point post, and barren rock and tailings roof supporting are auxilliary.

Because narrow vein wall type tailings waste filling method is used in each layering, so exploitation thick and thick ore body still has the exploitation characteristics and the advantage of narrow vein wall type tailings waste filling method in the gentle dip, this section no longer repeats.

One, adopts accurate cutting work

The nugget inscape: the nugget across pitch arranges that nugget length is 40～60 meters, and tiltedly long 40～60 meters of nuggets do not stay studding and fore-set and mineral building ore pillar, and the post 25 of only keeping on file uses steel bar concrete point post 30,8～12 meters of some intercolumniations.See Figure 12, Fig. 9.

Adopt accurate cutting work: arrange outside the arteries and veins at the lower wall of ore body and transport tunnel 8, filler neck and funnel 27 are arranged in its top, the courtyard 10 of going up a hill in the arteries and veins is arranged in each layering both sides of nugget, each layered arrangement connecting taxiway 12 and stowboard 15 below foundation 25, each layered arrangement scraper chamber 28 in foundation 25, each layered arrangement of foundation 25 tops tunnel 14 that undercuts.

Two, mineral building back production

In the gentle dip in the thick and strong vein exploitation method of the stoping method of each layering and gentle dip narrow vein identical.

After the intact bottom layering of filling, can carry out the exploitation of higher slice.In order to protect the artificial base plate 35 of layering, earlier slotting is dug on this layering top, form the scope of freedom after, carry out explosion successively downwards, and control blasting parameter well, protect base plate 35 really.

Three, filling operation

Directly be transported in the stowboard 15 after the barren rock of development end transports tunnel 8, connecting taxiway 12 when opening up and adopting standard, mine locating outside main fortune tunnel 6, through-vein transporting drift 7, arteries and veins barren rock is discharged into goaf 13.

The last mortar of wanting filling is directly poured into a mould hillock in the goaf 13 with flexible pipe after transporting tunnel 8, connecting taxiway 12, stowboard 15 with a main filling pipe 18 and a filling pipe 17 outside main fortune tunnel 6, through-vein transporting drift 7, arteries and veins.

When more than the filling stowboard 15 base plate absolute altitudes, during the triangle goaf of foundation 25 sides, the last mortar that transports tunnel 8 from a last stage casing arteries and veins outward is behind connecting taxiway 12, stowboard 15, the courtyard 10 of going up a hill, direct this triangle dead zone of filling after this stage casing undercuts tunnel 14, scraper chamber 28 again, this moment is gob not.

When exploitation bottom layering ore body, steel bar concrete point post 30 will exceed 0.2～0.3 meter of this layering top board absolute altitude, so that steel bar concrete point post 30 just in time connects this post 30 during a last separate zone production, form the integral body point post 30 of a upper and lower correspondence, the ability of reinforcement roof supporting.

When top board more built on the sand the time, with seccotine nylon knitting belt is sticked on steel bar concrete point post 30 after, fence barren rock and tailings; When top board was firm, without nylon knitting belt, barren rock and tailings can be stacked naturally, connect the top with last mortar.The haulage of barren rock, tailings and placement method and gentle dip narrow vein wall fill stoping are identical in the stope, different is to connect top bit (about 0.5 meter) 35 pourings 8%～10% cement last mortar after the goaf is filled with, so that the harder artificial base plate 35 of conduct during the exploitation overlying seam, dilution when reducing scraper rake ore deposit, the also stability of foundation of reinforced concrete-bar concrete point post.

Four, bottom column stope

In order to protect arteries and veins to transport tunnel 8 outward, stay the permanent foundation except 3～4 meters around its wall, remaining foundation is all recyclable.If arteries and veins transports tunnel 8 outward can cancel the time, can reclaim the foundation 25 on its top.

When reclaiming foundation 25, utilize stowboard 15 and connecting taxiway 12, retrusive reclaims about 50% foundation 25 ore deposits amount.The itemize that reclaims foundation 25 is the filling itemize, thus to stay 2～3 meters foundation partition walls, so that block casting resin.

2.4 gentle dip strong vein exploitation

The characteristics of exploitation gentle dip strong vein are to arrange outer scraper tunnel 37 of arteries and veins and funnel 38 in the ore body lower wall country rock, drilling drift 39 in the arteries and veins is arranged in ore body and lower wall country rock contact position, with medium-length hole or deep hole 43 broken ores, goaf 13 usefulness barren rocks and tailings be primary filling afterwards.Four jiaos of permanent ore pillars 25 that stay the protection courtyard of stope, foundation 24 and studding 11 usefulness, 5%～8% cement last mortar and barren rock carry out filling, just form tailings waste filling method.See Figure 13 and Figure 14.

Mining sequence is up exploitation, adopts the goaf of foundation 24 and studding 11 back filling ore pillars in a nugget earlier, when ore pillar filling adhesive bond has reached requirement of strength, and can rooming 13.

These mining methods have the advantage that gob and tailings cause equally, and replace foundation 24 and studding 11 with cheap obturation, so the rate of recovery of ore is higher.But these mining methods adopt standard, the cutting engineering quantity bigger.

One, adopt accurate cutting work:

The nugget inscape: the nugget across pitch arranges that nugget length is 30～50 meters, and nugget tiltedly length is 40～60 meters; studding 11 (obturation) width is 6 meters; foundation 24 (obturation) width is 4～5 meters, four jiaos of permanent ore pillars 25 that stay protection courtyard 9 of nugget, and it is of a size of 8 * 8m ²See Figure 13 and Figure 14.

Adopt accurate cutting work: arrange outside the arteries and veins at the lower wall of ore body and transport tunnel 8, hub funnel 27 is arranged on its top, connect with stowboard 15 and scraper tunnel connecting taxiway 36 with connecting taxiway 12, after the outer scraper road 37 of scraper tunnel connecting taxiway 36 and each lower wall arteries and veins connects, cutting funnel 38 and scraper chamber 28, courtyard connecting taxiway 42 in the scraper road 37.Courtyard connecting taxiway 42 carries out UNICOM with courtyard 9, courtyard and stope connecting taxiway 10.When filling is carried out in the mineral building goaf, dig filling connecting taxiway 41.Stowboard 15 links with stage casing, its underpart courtyard 9, mineral building central authorities filling well 9.

Two, pillar recovery

Before mineral building 13 back production, with shallow hole shrinkage method back production foundation 24 and studding 11.

1, foundation 24 back production:

The foundation width is 4～5 meters, before the back production foundation 24, has dug the hub funnel 27 that arteries and veins transports tunnel 8 and top thereof outward, and its horn mouth is just in time in ore body lower wall contact position.Stope pedestrian and ventilation through scraper road 37, courtyard connecting taxiway 42, courtyard 9, courtyard and stope connecting taxiway 10 carry out.

The back production of foundation and local ore drawing, a large amount of ore drawing work are identical with traditional shallow hole shrinkage method.

Behind the back production foundation 24, can its goaf of filling.After developing, the development end barren rock of adopting standard, mine locating and 5%～8% cement last mortar passages through which vital energy circulates transport tunnel 8, connecting taxiway 12, stowboard 15, courtyard 9 outward, carry out afterwards primary filling.

2, the back production studding 11:

The studding width is 6 meters, before the back production studding 11, digs scraper tunnel 37 and funnel 38 in ore body lower wall country rock.

Stowboard 15 top board absolute altitudes carry out back production with the studding of lower part with shallow hole shrinkage method, and its filling system transports tunnel 8, connecting taxiway 12, stowboard 15 outward by the arteries and veins of these stowboard 15 same levels and formed.Goaf afterwards primary filling of barren rock and 5～8% cement last mortars, filling absolute altitude are following 1 meter of stowboard 15 base plate absolute altitudes, the cement last mortar of this meter part filling 8%～10%.

The studding 11 usefulness horizontal slice tailing fill methods of stowboard more than 15 are carried out back production, layer height is 2.5 meters, behind 2.5 meters ores of avalanche, ore is discharged into the ore drawing lattice of courtyard 9 with artificial trolley, again through courtyard connecting taxiway 42, ore flow in the funnel 27 that arteries and veins transports 8 tops, tunnel outward.

Exploited above 5 meters of stowboard 15 base plate absolute altitudes, the template of just prefabricated stowboard 15 (not staying filling connecting taxiway 41 this moment) is fills up to above 2.5 meters of this back absolute altitude with 10～12% cement last mortars.

Above studding 11 usefulness 5～8% cement last mortars of this absolute altitude carry out the horizontal slice tailing cemented filling.

Three, mineral building back production

Before mineral building 13 back production, dig drilling drift 39 in the ore body bottom, and dig cutting groove 40 with shallow hole shrinkage method in the inboard of foundation 24 upsides and both sides studding 11, the cutting groove width is 3～4 meters, the purpose of digging cutting groove is by way of compensation outside the space, prevents medium-length hole or the deep hole blasting destruction to studding 11 and stowboard 15.

In drilling drift 39,, carry out short-delay blasting with rock explosive, ammonium nitrate-fuel oil mixture and nonel tube with YGZ-90 hammer drill or QZJ-100B down-the-hole drill Drilling vertical centering control deep hole or deep hole 43.The ore of avalanche flows to scraper tunnel 37 through funnel 38, use again scraper winch and scraper 29 the ore scraping to funnel 27, the ore of funnel is discharged into and carries out the mine car marshalling after arteries and veins transports mine car 16 in the tunnel 8 outward, electric locomotive transports arteries and veins to the mine car group and transports tunnel 8 outward.

The filling in mineral building goaf 13 divides two parts.

Stowboard 15 transports tunnel 8, connecting taxiway 12, stowboard 15, filling connecting taxiway 41 with goaf, lower part 13 filling systems outward with the arteries and veins of this tunnel level and is formed, and must dig filling connecting taxiway 41 before the filling.

Stowboard 15 with goaf, top 13 filling systems with the arteries and veins in stage casing, top transport tunnel 8, connecting taxiway 12, stowboard 15, courtyard 9, courtyard and stope connecting taxiway 10 outward, mineral building central authorities filling well 9 is formed.

Thick last mortar and developing, adopt standard, prospecting drift barren rock behind above-mentioned filling system, primary filling goaf afterwards.

When four, exploitated ore is worth the thick ore body of not high gentle dip, the mineral building and the pillar recovery method of available traditional open-stope method (as room and pillar stoping, sublevel stoping), and stay top, foundation and studding, sometimes the ore pillar in the shrink room, but still use up exploitation method on the digging order, afterwards primary filling of barren rock and tailings is still used in the goaf.Though this method mining cost is low, mining technology is simple, and the loss late of ore is than higher.

This exploitation method has the advantage in barren rock and tailing-filled goaf equally.

When using this exploitation method,, also to dig the filling The Small Well in stowboard 15 and filling connecting taxiway 41 and the fore-set except adopting standard, the cutting tunnel that traditional exploitation method is dug.

3. the exploitation in inclination mineral deposit

3.1 the exploitation of inclination narrow vein

The inclination mineral deposit is the mineral deposit of relatively embarrassing exploitation in the mining process, and its difficulty just is can't keep a foothold when the workman works in stope, and the Rolling Stone in the stope can wound the workman, and this is a ring of the most critical in exploitation inclination mineral deposit.In order to address these problems, we use easy electrodeless single rope reciprocating type cableway chassis.See Figure 15, Fig. 9, Figure 10.Though this cableway transport capacity is little, can be used on the bigger place of the gradient, its equipment and construction investment are few, and time is fast, and is simple for process.

Single line reciprocating type cableway system is made up of driving machine 44, take-up device and tail wheel 45, drag cable 46, take-up device directive wheel 47, tension weight 48, the guiding wheels 49 of driving machine, fixed spring rope-grippers 50, chassis 51 etc.

The drag cable of single line passenger aerial ropeway (being again ropeway carrying-rope) 46 usefulness 6 * 19 rope fibre core wire rope, its diameter d=15.5mm, rope speed 2-4m/s, knot joint length L 〉=1000d=15.5m, this part steel cable is arranged in the downside wire rope central authorities of carrying rope, so that the pulling force of avoiding carrying.

Driving wheel 44 and afterbody pleasure boat 45 diameter D 〉=80d=1240mm, single groove, cornerite are 170～180 degree, with rubber or plastic liner, increase its friction.

In order to satisfy the requirement of speed adjusting performance, the most handy dc motor drags driving wheel 44, and power of motor is 15KW, and for the reliability that guarantees to produce and workman's safety, the cableway table system must be equipped with two power supplys power supplies as the I type load.Cableway chassis drive unit is by manually-operated.

In order to satisfy the needs that chassis moves in stope, all drive unit 44 is installed on the flat car, moves around on the light rail of stowboard 15.In cableway when traction,, in order to prevent driving wheel 44 downwards, the axle of driving wheel 44 is fixed on by stowboard 15 walls on the i iron with a movable sleeve pipe rod member, and this i iron is fixed on the anchor pole in the stowboard wall 15.

The anchor pole of the take-up device 45 usefulness stope top boards that afterbody pleasure boat 45 and channel-section steel are made fixes, and the plain directive wheel 47 of tension also is that the anchor pole with the stope top board fixes.

The tension rope has two wire rope, its model is 6 * 37 ropes, diameter d=11mm, tension rope directive wheel 47 has two, its diameter D 〉=40d=440mm, tension weight 48 is a casting pig, and two tension weight groups are arranged, its tension degree is decided from the height of base plate on chassis 51, generally 0.2～0.4 meter away from base plate is advisable be.

The guiding wheels 49 of drag cable are made up of three directive wheels, and its diameter D 〉=20d=310mm has two guiding wheels 49.

With fixing spring formula rope-grippers 50 chassis 51 fixedly is suspended on the drag cable (ropeway carrying-rope) 46, rope-grippers 50 can be used single jaw when in easy flights, and jaw length is 60～70mm, can use two jaws when the gradient is big, jaw length is 50～60mm, and length between vices is 400～600mm.The single jaw climbing capacity reaches 80%, and two jaw maximum gradeabilitys can reach 120%.Fixing spring rope-grippers 50 connects with chassis 51 by pull bar and 4 wire rope, and pull bar can be used nut, screw-rod structure, the hand screw rod of workman end handle, the height of liftable chassis 51.

Chassis 51 is that the collapsible platen of a side is formed, main platen and rope-grippers link, the end platen connects with the stope work plane, connect with middle platen between main platen and the end platen, the number of middle platen decide according to the length of explosion drilling depth, but platen maximum total length=itemize width-1 meter.Main platen length * wide=2 * 2m, its thickness is the 8mm steel plate, end platen length * wide=2 * 2m, its thickness is the 8mm steel plate, and the empty eye of the 30～40mm that evenly distributes.Welding 10mm reinforcing bar on the middle platen angle iron frame, its spacing is 100mm.Middle platen length * wide=2 * 2m.In order to reduce weight, the also available plastic products of middle platen.The bolt and nut structure is installed on four jiaos of main platen and the end platens, and the hand screw rod of workman end hadle screw rod is tightened downwards and is supported whole platen.

For the reliability that guarantees to produce and workman's safety, often keep in repair and maintain all cableway systems and electric drive system, before explosion, protect said system with straw bag.

During exploitation inclination narrow vein, the wall type tailings waste filling method of available single rope cable-tramway chassis, it can replace traditional comprehensive shrinkage method.

During exploitation inclination narrow vein, mining sequence, adopt excellent, the shortcoming of accurate cutting, block stoping, filling, bottom column stope, mining methods etc., fully identical with the exploitation method of gentle dip narrow vein, this section no longer repeats.

But pallet when the pedestrian in the stope, rock drilling, powder charge, making steel bar concrete point post, tie up reinforcing bar, fluid concrete, stickup nylon knitting belt etc. and work, must on simple and easy single rope cable-tramway chassis, carry out.

When gob and tailings, on the filling itemize, arrange People's Bank of China's ladder,, remove the part ladder at any time along with the raising on filling surface.

The intensive parallelodromous exploitation 3.2 tilt

The pluses and minuses etc. that exploitation tilts intensive parallelodromous mining sequence, adopt accurate cutting, block stoping, filling operation, bottom column stope, mining methods are fully the same with the intensive parallelodromous exploitation of gentle dip, and this section no longer repeats.See Figure 11, Fig. 9, Figure 15.

When tilting intensive parallel veins, exploitation replaces traditional comprehensive slide ore deposit method with combination wall type tailings waste filling method.The exploitation of simple vein is fully the same with the exploitation of inclination narrow vein in the dip-parallel arteries and veins, nugget exploitation use wall type tailings waste filling method, and the workman carries out the operation in the stope on simple and easy single rope cable-tramway chassis.

3.3 thick during exploitation exploitation thick and strong vein is tilted in tilting is that thick in tilting and strong vein are divided into several layerings with characteristics strong vein, each layering is exploited with the wall type tailings waste filling method of inclination narrow vein, layering goaf, bottom 13 usefulness barren rocks, tailing-filled after, connect top bit 35 (about 0.5 meter) with 8%～10% cement last mortar filling with overlying seam, so that the harder base plate of conduct during the exploitation overlying seam, reduce greedyization in the scraper 29 rake ore deposit processes, also stiffener concrete point post 30 stability of foundation.

In the inclination exploitation method of thick and strong vein fully with gentle dip in thick identical with exploitation method strong vein, different is when the workman works in stope, operation on single line reciprocating type cableway chassis 51.See Figure 15, Figure 12, Fig. 9.

In the inclination in the thick and thick ore body exploitation method of single layering fully identical with the exploitation method of inclination narrow orebody, also similar to the exploitation method of gentle dip narrow vein, the mining sequence of the stage casing of thick and strong vein and layering in promptly tilting, adopt excellent, the shortcoming of accurate cutting, mineral building back production, bottom column stope, filling operation and mining methods, the exploitation method of thick and strong vein in the substantially the same or similar gentle dip, this section no longer repeats.

Thick and strong vein also can be transported the ore deposit mining codes with quick-fried power in the inclination.

3.4 quick-fried power fortune ore deposit mining methods

Quick-fried power fortune ore deposit mining codes generally are applicable to the exploitation of thick and strong vein in the inclination, and it requires base plate more smooth.

According to ore deposit rock soundness, the slanting angle of ore body, orebody thickness and along the inclined floor situation of change, can be divided into quick-fried power fortune ore deposit open-stope method of stage and the quick-fried power fortune of segmentation (being divided into high and low segmentation) ore deposit open-stope method.The potential energy that kinetic energy when this method relies on explosive blasting and the slanting angle of ore body cause, the ore throwing be rolled in the chassis funnel 38, the workman does not enter under the explosion top board in the stope 13, work safety, mining cost is low.Adopted empty mineral building 13 usefulness barren rocks and tailings and carried out afterwards primary filling, so still have the advantage of up exploitation tailings waste filling method.

One, adopts accurate cutting work

The nugget inscape:

With the stage during method of quick-fried power fortune ore deposit the nugget tilt length be 30～50 meters, the segmentation tilt length is about 20 meters during with high sublevel, the segmentation tilt length is about 12 meters when hanging down segmentation.Nugget length is generally about 50 meters of deep hole blastings, and about 40 meters of medium-length hole blastings do not stay fore-set in the nugget, foundation 24 width are 6 meters～8 meters, and the width of studding 11 is 6 meters, and funnel 38 spacings are 6 meters, rock drilling 39 spacings of going up a hill are 14～20 meters of medium-length holes, 40～50 meters of deep holes.

Adopt accurate cutting work: see Figure 16 and Figure 17.

Arrange arteries and veins outer, stage casing vein transporting drift 8 at the lower wall of ore body, along the pulse go up a hill courtyard and the connecting taxiway 10 thereof in haulage drift 8 usefulness the courtyards 9 connection studdings 11, the scraper tunnel 28 in the foundation 24, tunnel and connecting taxiway 14, stage casing, top stowboard 15 and filling connecting taxiway 41 undercut.Along the pulse haulage drift 8 usefulness connecting taxiways 12 connect stowboard 15 and filling connecting taxiway 41 and stage casing, the bottom courtyard 9 and the mineral building central authorities filling well 9 in this stage casing.

Ore is in funnel 38 and scraper tunnel 37, ore pass 27 are put mine car 16 to the haulage drift 8 along the pulse in the stope.The stage casing undercuts between the tunnel 14 up and down, can dig the rock drilling courtyard 39 of going up a hill, and the number of rock drilling bord-up and spacing are to be decided by driling explosion kind and parameter.

Two, mineral building back production

Stopping sequence: many 0.5～1.0 times of the normal back production explosive consumption of explosive ratio of general quick-fried power fortune ore deposit back production; when deep hole or medium-length hole carry out explosion; can't protect studding 11 and the foundation 24 and the interior tunnel thereof of cement tailings adhesive bond, so these mining methods must be stayed the studding 11 and the foundation 24 of former ore body.Digging can be carried out pillar recovery work after going up dig up mine earlier room, bashing in proper order.Along tilting to carry out from lower to upper back production, rock drilling is gone up a hill and is advanced with identical speed between the courtyard 39, keeps the active line of straight line in the mineral building.

The mineral building back production: the both sides, bottom at mineral building are dug cutting vertical-horizontal groove along the capwise direction with shallow hole shrinkage method, 4 meters of groove widths, about 5 meters of flute length.

Utilizing the tunnel 14 that undercuts to dig vertical fan-shaped deep hole or medium-length hole earlier, is that explosion is carried out successively to both sides in the scope of freedom with the cutting vertical-horizontal groove, just forms compensation space 40.

The mineral building back production is to beat inclination fan shaped medium length hole or deep hole 43 in courtyard 39 is gone up a hill in rock drilling, and from bottom to top blasting in groups, explosion step pitch are decided on bottom funnel 38 volumes.Many 0.5～1.0 times of the normal back production explosive consumption of explosive ratio of quick-fried power fortune ore deposit back production, its consumption with haul distance increase, the inclination angle slows down, the thickness attenuation increases.

The quick-fried power haulage of stope has quick-fried power throwing haul distance and gravity rolling haul distance.When using this method, choose rational nugget structural parameters and blasting parameter, guarantee effective haul distance.Do not make the residual ore of base plate, under forced situation, use scraper in the stope, as auxiliary haulage.

Three, filling operation

After the mineral building back production finishes, can carry out the filling operation in goaf.When filling stowboard 15 during with the goaf, lower part, last mortar and developing, adopt standard, the mine locating development end barren rock outside the arteries and veins of this level, transport tunnel 8, connecting taxiway 12 after, be transported to the stowboard 15 in the studding 11, again through filling connecting taxiway 41 and mineral building central authorities filling well 9 last mortar and the direct bashing 13 of barren rock.

When filling stowboard 15 during with the goaf, top, last mortar and barren rock transport tunnel 8, connecting taxiway 12, stowboard 15 outside a last stage casing arteries and veins after, through courtyard 9, filling connecting taxiway 41 and mineral building central authorities filling well 9 barren rock and last mortar bashing 13.

Four, pillar recovery

Filling operation can be carried out pillar recovery work after finishing.

During back production foundation 24, the opposite side in scraper tunnel 37 is dug row's funnel and is paid river 38, pays at funnel and upwards beats fanhole(s) in the river 38, and the scraper 29 of the foundation ore of avalanche in scraper road 37 is ore scraping little drop shaft 27 extremely.Ore drawing work is ore drawing under the topped rock, and its loss late and the rate of dilution are higher.

During the back production studding, beat fanhole(s) in the studding of recoverable bottom in the courtyard 10 of going up a hill, the ore of avalanche flow in the scraper tunnel 37 through funnel 38, use again scraper 29 the ore scraping to little drop shaft 27.Because of ore drawing under topped rock, its loss late and the rate of dilution are higher, and the first half of studding 11 is as permanent ore pillar.

4, the exploitation in unstable mineral deposit

When exploitated ore is worth higher mineral deposit built on the sand, generally adopt filling method; When exploitated ore is worth lower mineral deposit built on the sand, generally adopt the avalanche method.

No matter how to exploit, its key issue is how to protect the top board of stope and tunnel, chamber.

This section introduces the grouted anchor bar new technology, to solve the top problem of protecting of tunnel and stope.

4.1 grouted anchor bar new technology

The grouted anchor bar new technology is the ingenious new process that combines of grouting process and anchor pole technology, and the success of this new technology is to use three lobe non retern valves.

The characteristics of grouted anchor bar technology are the characteristics that not only have the local anchoring of total length binding type anchor pole, but also has grouting serous fluid back under pressure in injected hole (bolthole) crack all around, rock bonding becomes whole around making bolthole, increase the bolthole stability and the water-resisting property of rock on every side, so this technology possessed the stability that the unexistent characteristics one of simple bolt support strengthen balkstone on a large scale.Therefore it is not only applicable to the country rock and the ore of cranny development, and is applicable to the mineral deposit built on the sand of stratiform and other types.

Utilize the grouted anchor bar new technology, the mineral deposit that has can change former avalanche method into open-stope method, and for example sublevel caving method changes sublevel open stope method into.

One, cyanogen coagulates--cement mixing slurry grouted anchor bar technology

Cyanogen coagulates--and the cement mixing slurry generally is applicable to the top work of protecting in important engineering and costly stope of ore and tunnel.

1. grouting serous fluid and slip casting principle

Grouting serous fluid uses cyanogen to coagulate (polyurethanes chemical slip casting material)--cement mixing slurries, and its material mixture ratio is as follows:

1. give aggressiveness:

The aggressiveness that gives that this method is used has two kinds, i.e. TT-1 and TT-2.Its material property sees the following form:

The performance model	Raw material	Outward appearance	-NCO content (%)	Proportion (20 ℃)	Viscosity (centipoise)
						?TT-1	80/20 toluene di-isocyanate(TDI), N303 polyethers	Yellow transparent liquid	??28.0	??1.057～ ??1.125	?400～ ?600
?TT-2	80/20 toluene di-isocyanate(TDI), N204 polyethers	Brown yellow transparent liquid	??23.0	??1.036～ ??1.086	?300～ ?500

Hydroxyl in polyisocyanates-NCO and the polyethers in the toluene di-isocyanate(TDI) (TDI)-OH reaction forms polyurethane, and isocyanates and water reaction generate carbon dioxide, and isocyanates takes place crosslinked with the intermediate product reaction epidemic disease condensate that hydrolysis generates again.These react the polyurethane of generation and react the derivative of the urea that generates by CO with water ₂The pressure that forms, second permeation solidify back adhesion strength value and can reach 10kg/cm to the crack ²About.

The chain structure of the R of functional group is longer among two functional group's polyethers (N204) HO-R-OH, and the gelinite elasticity that generates with the polyisocyanates reaction is good more.

The trifunctional polyethers With the cancellated gelinite of the polyisocyanates reaction span, its intensity is higher.

Toluene di-isocyanate(TDI) (TDI) specification is a molecular weight: 174.-NCO content 48%, proportion 1.22g/cm ³, viscosity～244 centipoises.

The specification of polyether resin is as follows:

The trade mark	Molecular weight	Hydroxyl value (KOH gram/gram)	Acid number (KOH milligram/gram)	Moisture (%)
					N-204	?400±40	??280±20	????＜0.15	????＜0.10
N-303???	?350±50	??480±50	????＜0.10	????＜0.10

2. solvent (thinner) and plasticizing agent

Solvent adopts 5. number thinner, and its proportioning is a dibutyl phthalate: acetone=1: 1.

Acetone is hydrophily or hydrophobicity organic solvent, and its dilution effect is stronger, reduces the viscosity of giving aggressiveness, improves the property annotated and the permeability of slurries, enlarges the slip casting radius of slurry, because its good hydrophilic property is impelled the quickening gelling time.

Dibutyl phthalate (DBP) is not only solvent, and is again plasticizing agent, and it can improve the elasticity and the toughness of fixed thing, can also reduce the viscosity of slurries.

3. surfactant

Tween-80 (polyethylene glycol oxide sorbitol anhydride oleate) can improve dispersiveness and catalyzer the dispersiveness in slurries of slurries in water, makes that the reaction of giving aggressiveness and water is even.

4. catalyzer

Triethylamine is used to promote the reaction of slurries and water, the control gas release.Triethylamine (C ₂H ₅) ₃Nitrogen-atoms is scolded the influence of electron group that stronger electronegativity is arranged among the N, it has destroyed-stability of NCO chemistry chain, improved-NCO is with water and hydroxy compounds reactive activity, and itself is not introduced and is gone in the reaction molecular structure, make slurries be in active state, slurries are in case contact its provocative reaction process with water.

The addition of triethylamine is decided according to the needs of gel time, and general 0.1～0.5% is advisable, and can not add sometimes.

5. the slow agent of resistance

Benzene sulfonyl chloride can delay the reaction speed of slurries and water, makes slurries keep the good penetration ability.When the needs delayed coagulation can add 0.5% benzene sulfonyl chloride during the time.

6. water:

Giving aggressiveness slurries chance water is more stable before, meets the water afterreaction and begins, and viscosity increases, and forms water-fast condensate gradually, and higher mechanical strength is arranged.

When meeting the water reaction, slurries emit CO ₂, make the slurries exapnsion, to second permeation diffusion all around, enlarge penetration radius and fixed volume ratio.And along with increasing of pressure, slurries expand the condensate that is restricted and forms will be tight more, and intensity and impermeability also improve thereupon.

General water supply volume is 6% of a slurries cumulative volume.

These slurries can come the setting-time control with the consumption of catalyzer or the slow agent of resistance.

2. the making of grouted anchor bar slurries

Taking by weighing toluene di-isocyanate(TDI) (TDI) by amount of calculation is added in the dry there-necked flask that has fluid-tight, very long dropping polyethers under vigorous stirring, reaction temperature is controlled at about 50 ± 2 ℃, and regular sampling analysis-NCO content, when-when NCO percentage analysis value reaches the theoretical end point value, cooling discharge, and will give and get body and be kept in the hermetically drying container.By prescription make give aggressiveness after, in bolthole, add in the artificial grouting pump of packing into after acetone, dibutyl phthalate, 400# ordinary Portland cement, standard sand (aggregate) stir by prescription before the slip casting.General standard sand: slurries=3: 1.

Before the slip casting, sealed bolthole.When carrying out slip casting, just triethylamine, Tween-80 and water are added in the injection slurry with artificial grouting pump.General 6% water of injecting cement paste volume and 0.1% triethylamine of slurry weight of adding.If do not need to accelerate to solidify, can not add triethylamine.

This injection slurry can pour into the wide crack of 0.2～0.5mm, and as not adding triethylamine, gelling time is 1～2 hour, as adds 0.1% triethylamine, and gelling time is 0.5～1 hour.

For workman's safety, must be with labour protection gloves and safety devices such as bawneen and mask during operation, prevent that slurries from directly contacting with human body.

3, grouted anchor bar technology

Situation and need of work are deposited in stability and rock stratum tax according to balkstone, and decision rock-bolt length and diameter might be used general anchor pole, might use long anchor cable.

Carry out pressure experiment before the slip casting, its objective is the mud and the charges that clean in the crack, increase the adhesion strength in crack.In addition by experiment, choose the technical data and the material mixture ratio of slip casting.

The key issue of grouted anchor bar technology is that to have used three lobe non retern valves, 55, three lobe non retern valves 55 dexterously be that butyronitrile rubber or elasticity flexible polyurethane material are made, X-bite mutually between each lobe, and the tip of interlock is pointed to the slurries Way out all the time.See among Figure 18 55.

Slip casting work end user worker grouting pump and artificial force (forcing) pump (reporting patent in addition).See Figure 18.

From the injection slurry 52 of grouting pump by rubber tube 58, splice sleeve 57, sealing of hole plug 54, non retern valve 55, press non retern valve packing ring 56 after, enter in the bolthole 43, in the hole in the gas on injection slurry 52 tops by plastic pipe 53 through sealing of hole plugs 54 after discharge outward.After rubber tube 58 is enclosed within splice sleeve 57, with iron wire 59 tightens.Sealing of hole plug 54 is ironworks, and paste with the rubber skin on its surface, and its top is fixed non retern valve 55 with packing ring 56.Two holes are arranged on the sealing of hole plug 54, and one is splice sleeve 57 and the slurry-feeding hole that the bolt and nut structure connects, and another is the steam vent by plastic pipe.The plastic pipe of exhaust is top should to be at the bottom of the bolthole hole.When plastic pipe 53 pulps of exhaust, illustrate that just injection slurry has arrived at the bottom of the bolthole hole, finish the first step slip casting this moment, takes away plastic pipe 53, and with sealing of hole stopper 61 the steam vent jam-pack.

The second step slip casting of bolthole is pressurization slip casting, is finished by artificial force (forcing) pump.The pressure that it produced is 4～9 times of artificial grouting pump, makes the slurries of bolthole under high pressure once be penetrated in the rock fracture.

After pressurization slip casting finishes, lay down the splice sleeve 57 of bolthole, and clean grouting pump, force (forcing) pump, rubber tube, splice sleeve etc. immediately, otherwise after slurries are solidified, will scrap as above equipment and material.

Behind the slip casting end-of-job, just anchor metal 60 is installed, its length is decided as required, if think when the anchored force of injecting cement paste is not enough, and at the bottom of the required hole of metal anchors rod member, otherwise otherwise.If carry out the stope roof rock protect top or tunnel, when chamber protects the top, at the bottom of the required bolthole of the metal anchors rod member hole, if drilling drift protects when pushing up in the ore body of segmentation avalanche or sublevel open stope method, the metal rod length of its anchor pole is 0～0.5 meter, avoids metal rod in the drawing chute to stop that ore is transferred and the ore losses that causes.

When injection slurry began to solidify, the shank member 60 that screw-thread steel is made was inserted in the bolthole 43 by the medium pore of sealing of hole plug 54.After injection slurry solidifies, behind cover pallet 62, packing ring 63 on the screw-thread steel 60, tighten with nut 64, pallet 62 is held rock mass again.If desired during the close plating net, can be at the afterbody welding round steel hook of metal anchors rod member 60, the close plating net also can spray concrete as required, just forms wire lath and sprays the concrete supporting.

Artificial grouting pump can produce 1.3kg/cm ²Pressure, artificial force (forcing) pump can produce 5～12kg/cm ²Pressure, this moment, bolthole hole-bottom slurry-injection hydraulic pressure can reach 4～11kg/cm by force ²

The anchor-holding force of anchor bolt of grouted anchor bar supporting can reach 8～20 tons, and it is different and different according to the length of injecting paste material, rock stability, anchor pole type, metal rod etc.

Grouted anchor bar technology is simple, the suitable top work of protecting that is used in stope and tunnel, chamber.

Two, cement paste class grouted anchor bar technology

1, the dilatancy cement paste is applicable to that generally ore is worth protecting in the top of higher stope and tunnel, and it is by the silicate expansive cement or expansive cement or the waterproof cement of dilatancy and water are formulated with fixed attention soon, and its water/binder ratio is between 0.5: 1～2: 1.Water/binder ratio is that the purposes of developmental state, slip casting in stability, crack according to rock is different and different.

Dilatancy cement paste grouted anchor bar technology has slurries exapnsion takes place when solidifying, and makes the slurries second permeation in the crack of rock, increases the anchored force of anchor pole itself, and reinforces the anchor pole surrounding rock body, the stability of raising anchor pole surrounding rock body.

2, cement paste grouted anchor bar technology is applicable to that generally ore is worth lower stope and tunnel and protects in the top, and the water/binder ratio of cement paste injection slurry is between 0.5: 1～2: 1.We come pressure water injection mud with artificial grouting pump and artificial force (forcing) pump, cement paste in the bolthole are once pressurizeed be penetrated in the crack of rock on every side, reach the purpose of reinforcing rock around the bolthole with this.

3, the cement-sodium silicate slurry is applicable to that ore is worth protecting in the top of medium stope and tunnel, and its prescription is as follows:

Raw material	Specification requirement	Effect	Usage ratio	Main performance
					Cement	400# or 500# Portland cement	Host	1	1, gel time can be controlled in several seconds to dozens of minutes.
Water glass	Modulus: 2.4～3.4 concentration: 30～45Be	Host	0.5～1	2, compressive strength is 5～20MPa.
					Calcium hydroxide	Industrial goods	Accelerating admixture	0.05～0.2
Sodium hydrogen phosphate	Industrial goods	Retarding agent	0.01～0.03

The workman pressurizes slip casting to the cement-sodium silicate slurries in bolthole with artificial grouting pump and artificial force (forcing) pump, slurries once are penetrated on every side in the rock fracture by the pressure of slurries in the bolthole, rock around reinforcing, improve the stability of balkstone and the anchored force of anchor pole, reached the purpose of anchor pole technology and grouting process.

The calculus rate of this material is 100%, and calculus body compressive strength can reach 10～20MPa, and calculus body transmission coefficient is 10 ^-3Cm/s is applicable in the above crack of 0.2mm.The material source of these slurries is abundant, low price.

Technologies such as the slip casting process of cement paste class grouted anchor bar technology, skyhook have been introduced in front, and this section no longer repeats.

4.2 the exploitation in unstable mineral deposit

Exploit unsettled some mineral deposit and can protect the traditional avalanche method and the filling method of open-stope method replacement on top with grouted anchor bar technology, so not only reduce loss late, the rate of dilution significantly, brought into play open-stope method and afterwards used barren rock and the advantage in tailings primary filling goaf (be called for short grouted anchor bar and protect top tailings waste filling method).

One, the exploitation in the unstable mineral deposit of high-dipping

Further specify with instantiation below.

1, production technique condition and selection of mining:

Certain slanting angle of ore body, mineral deposit is 60～80 ° of orebody thickness 14～16m, and it is higher that ore is worth, ore and country rock all built on the sand, grow in the crack.There is forest on the face of land, allows the face of land to subside.

According to the production technique condition, can select sublevel caving method or last in traditional mining methods to the admission passage filling method, but sublevel caving method has loss and dilution rate height, go up and have the high shortcoming of mining cost to the admission passage filling method, therefore it is lower to seek the loss and dilution rate, mining cost is lower, guarantees the mining methods of production safety.Grouted anchor bar technology protect the sublevel open stope method on top and goaf afterwards the method for primary filling barren rock and tailings can satisfy above-mentioned requirements substantially.

The injecting paste material of selecting for use in the grouted anchor bar technology is the cement-sodium silicate slurries, and its proportioning and grouted anchor bar activities front are discussed.

2, adopt accurate cutting work

The nugget across pitch arranges that miding level height is 40～60 meters, and nugget length is 40～50 meters, and the nugget width is an orebody thickness, 0.5 meter of artificial false top fore-set thickness, and the post of keeping on file, studding thickness are 6-8 rice, replace studding ore deposit amount with the tailings adhesive bond.See Figure 19, Figure 20, Figure 21.

Lower wall at ore body is arranged scraper road 8 outside the arteries and veins, it is paid river 12 with the tunnel 14 usefulness funnels that undercut and connects, the courtyard 9 in this stage casing can be used as the usefulness of pedestrian, ventilation, material haulage, and following stage casing courtyard can be used as the ore chute 9 in this stage casing, and the courtyard in last stage casing can be used as the barren rock drop shaft 9 in this stage casing.Courtyard 9 usefulness courtyard connecting taxiways 10 connect with drilling drift 39.Chuan Mai tunnel 7 connects with scraper road 8, stowboard 15 (in the tailings adhesive bond studding 11).

Connect with stowboard 15 in ore body central authorities drift 8, funnel 27 is arranged on 8 tops, drift, and keeps foundation 25.Dig courtyard 9 (in the tailings adhesive bond studding 11) in the arteries and veins in ore body and last armor rock contact position, and connect with stope 13 with courtyard connecting taxiway 10 (in the studding 11).

Unsteady location grouted anchor bar technology 43 supportings in adopting accurate cutting tunnel, the grouted anchor bar 43 available metal shank member in country rock, and the grouted anchor bar 43 usefulness cement-sodium silicate grouted anchor bars in the ore add short metal anchors rod member.

3, studding 11 back production

Studding carries out back production with the horizontal slice tailing fill method, and the adhesive bond proportioning has stowboard 15, courtyard 9 and courtyard connecting taxiway 10 for containing cement 8%～10% in studding 11, so has stayed these tunnels with template in the stowing operation.

Ore under adopting in the stope is packed into and is transported in the ore drawing lattice of courtyard 9 after the artificial hand go-cart, and ore is put into the mine car 16 of through-vein transporting drift 7 in the ore drawing lattice through funnel.

The cement last mortar of filling enters in the stope of studding 11 through last stage casing through-vein transporting drift 7, stowboard 15, courtyard 9.

4, mineral building 13 back production

Can rooming 13 after the tailings adhesive bond of studding 11 solidifies.During the mineral building back production, at first digging with shallow hole shrinkage method cuts between head space and cutting groove 40, cutting top 40 is that Pan Chu carries out on the ore body, cutting groove 40 is that mineral building 13 1 sides are carried out, cut when top along with the boosting of work plane, back production is carried out on the limit, and grouted anchor bar supporting (anchor metal) is carried out to the unsteady armor rock of going up in the limit, with the stability of armor rock on improving and the safety in the production, reduce the rate of dilution.The ore of cutting the top is in funnel 27 is put mine car 16 to the drift 8, and mine car 16 is transported in the through-vein transporting drift 7 behind drift 8, stowboard 15.The ore of cutting groove 40 is paid after river 12 flow to scraper road 8 through funnel, with scraper 29 scrapings to mine chute 9.Cut top and cutting groove and all carry out local ore drawing, do not carry out a large amount of ore drawings, its objective is with the ore that keeps in the mineral building and protect the top.After cutting the end of top and cutting groove 40 actual minings, in drilling drift 39, beat vertical centering control deep hole 43 with the YGZ-90 hammer drill, elementary errors tight-face blasting 1～3 round, the ore of explosion carries out local ore drawing, its objective is that country rock is taken over a business in the ore protection in the mineral building; After all having adopted, the ore of mineral building 13 can carry out a large amount of ore drawings.

Ore under adopting is paid river 12 through funnel and is flow to scraper road 8, use again scraper 29 the ore scraping to ore chute 9; Ore under perhaps adopting is in funnel 27 is put mine car 16 to the drift 8.

In order to carry out ore drawing work smoothly, cement-sodium silicate grouted anchor bar technology is used on the top of protecting of drilling drift 39, and uses short metal rod, avoids long metal rod to pay at funnel and stops in river 12 or the funnel 27 that ore is transferred and the ore losses that causes.

5, filling operation

The barren rock of emitting in developing, the barren rock of adopting standard, when mine locating development end and the barren rock drop shaft 9 wear long arteries and veins tunnel 7, stowboard 15 bashings 13.

Last mortar wear long arteries and veins tunnel 7, stowboard 15 bashings 13.

In stowboard 15, limit gob and tailings, advance in the limit, till goaf 13 is full of.

The tailings grout filling of 0.5 meter space 26 usefulness 5～8% below stowboard 15 base plates so that ore drops on the hard place plate when reclaiming foundation 25, reduces dilution.

6, the recovery of foundation 25

Foundation 25 is that retrusive reclaims in drift 8, and the ore of shallow bore hole or medium-length hole avalanche is adorned the ore deposit with dirt loader.Because ore drawing under the topped rock, its loss late, the rate of dilution are higher, can reclaim 50%～60% foundation ore deposit amount.

Two, the exploitation in the unstable mineral deposit of gentle dip

Unsettled gentle dip Bao Mai, middle strong vein, intensive parallelodromous exploitation method and stable working of lodes method are basic identical, the spacing of different is steel bar concrete point post in the wall type tailings waste filling method suitably shortens, and protects the top with grouted anchor bar technology in stope and tunnel.

Unsettled gentle dip strong vein exploitation is basic identical with the exploitation method of stablizing mineral ore, promptly in ore body lower wall country rock, arrange funnel 38 and scraper tunnel 37, in drilling drift 39, hit deep hole or deep hole, different is the top work of cutting of carrying out ore body top earlier, and strengthen the stability of roof rock with grouted anchor bar technology, in drilling drift 39 and other tunnels, strengthen protecting top work with grouted anchor bar technology

Three, the exploitation in the unstable mineral deposit that tilts

Unsettled inclination approaches and middle strong vein, intensive parallelodromous exploitation and the stable the same wall type tailings waste filling method that adopts single line reciprocating type cableway chassis of working of lodes, different is to strengthen protecting top work with grouted anchor bar technology in stope and the tunnel, suitably shortens the spacing of steel bar concrete point post in the stope.

The exploitation of the thick ore body of unsettled inclination and the stable thick orebody mining of inclination are basic identical, and different is that the top is cut in ore body and last armor rock contact position, and strengthens the stability of balkstone with grouted anchor bar technology.In drilling drift 39 and other tunnels, strengthen protecting the top with grouted anchor bar technology.

In a word, when exploiting unstable mineral deposit, if when enough grouted anchor bar process stabilizing stopes of energy and back, then use the up exploitation tailings waste filling method or the wall type tailings waste filling method of grouted anchor bar technology, otherwise use traditional avalanche method or downward filling method.

Claims (1)

1, underground mining process is characterized in that:

In A, the full degree of depth of deposit mining, select the rich ore stage casing to adopt the stage casing arbitrarily, thus once or the up exploitation of segmentation as head;

Do not stay fore-set in B, the nugget, the post of only keeping on file;

When C, exploitation high-dipping mineral deposit and thick mineral deposit, adopt studding earlier with tailing fill method, with the room of digging up mine after the open-stope method, foundation is finally exploited in barren rock and tailings primary filling goaf; Gentle dip and inclination simple venation, intensive parallel veins, middle strong vein exploitation wall type, combination wall type, layering wall type tailings waste filling method, and inclined orebody uses the single rope cable-tramway chassis; Unstable deposit mining protects the top with grouted anchor bar wall type or tailings waste filling method.

Images