CN116160525A - Preparation method of multilayer transparent wood - Google Patents
Preparation method of multilayer transparent wood Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CN116160525A CN116160525A CN202211632978.0A CN202211632978A CN116160525A CN 116160525 A CN116160525 A CN 116160525A CN 202211632978 A CN202211632978 A CN 202211632978A CN 116160525 A CN116160525 A CN 116160525A
- Authority
- CN
- China
- Prior art keywords
- wood
- bamboo
- multilayer transparent
- resin
- layer
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Pending
Links
- 239000002023 wood Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 84
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 title abstract description 6
- 235000017166 Bambusa arundinacea Nutrition 0.000 claims abstract description 40
- 235000017491 Bambusa tulda Nutrition 0.000 claims abstract description 40
- 241001330002 Bambuseae Species 0.000 claims abstract description 40
- 235000015334 Phyllostachys viridis Nutrition 0.000 claims abstract description 40
- 239000011425 bamboo Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 40
- 229920005989 resin Polymers 0.000 claims abstract description 25
- 239000011347 resin Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 25
- 230000006835 compression Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 238000007906 compression Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- VVQNEPGJFQJSBK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methyl methacrylate Chemical compound COC(=O)C(C)=C VVQNEPGJFQJSBK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 239000000178 monomer Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 238000005520 cutting process Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 12
- 238000007731 hot pressing Methods 0.000 claims description 11
- UHYPYGJEEGLRJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N cadmium(2+);selenium(2-) Chemical compound [Se-2].[Cd+2] UHYPYGJEEGLRJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000002202 Polyethylene glycol Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 229920001223 polyethylene glycol Polymers 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000002791 soaking Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- MHAJPDPJQMAIIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen peroxide Chemical compound OO MHAJPDPJQMAIIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetic acid Chemical compound CC(O)=O QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[Na+] HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 3
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000004593 Epoxy Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000005708 Sodium hypochlorite Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229940101006 anhydrous sodium sulfite Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 238000000149 argon plasma sintering Methods 0.000 description 1
- 210000002421 cell wall Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 239000003153 chemical reaction reagent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910001919 chlorite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052619 chlorite group Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- QBWCMBCROVPCKQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N chlorous acid Chemical compound OCl=O QBWCMBCROVPCKQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005034 decoration Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000280 densification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005265 energy consumption Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011049 filling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012467 final product Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005470 impregnation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000003475 lamination Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920005610 lignin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000008204 material by function Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 231100000956 nontoxicity Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 238000005457 optimization Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920000620 organic polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920003023 plastic Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004033 plastic Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002861 polymer material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002952 polymeric resin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920000036 polyvinylpyrrolidone Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 235000013855 polyvinylpyrrolidone Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000001267 polyvinylpyrrolidone Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001105 regulatory effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004904 shortening Methods 0.000 description 1
- SUKJFIGYRHOWBL-UHFFFAOYSA-N sodium hypochlorite Chemical compound [Na+].Cl[O-] SUKJFIGYRHOWBL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- GEHJYWRUCIMESM-UHFFFAOYSA-L sodium sulfite Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[O-]S([O-])=O GEHJYWRUCIMESM-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 229920003002 synthetic resin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002834 transmittance Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B27—WORKING OR PRESERVING WOOD OR SIMILAR MATERIAL; NAILING OR STAPLING MACHINES IN GENERAL
- B27K—PROCESSES, APPARATUS OR SELECTION OF SUBSTANCES FOR IMPREGNATING, STAINING, DYEING, BLEACHING OF WOOD OR SIMILAR MATERIALS, OR TREATING OF WOOD OR SIMILAR MATERIALS WITH PERMEANT LIQUIDS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL TREATMENT OF CORK, CANE, REED, STRAW OR SIMILAR MATERIALS
- B27K3/00—Impregnating wood, e.g. impregnation pretreatment, for example puncturing; Wood impregnation aids not directly involved in the impregnation process
- B27K3/52—Impregnating agents containing mixtures of inorganic and organic compounds
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B27—WORKING OR PRESERVING WOOD OR SIMILAR MATERIAL; NAILING OR STAPLING MACHINES IN GENERAL
- B27K—PROCESSES, APPARATUS OR SELECTION OF SUBSTANCES FOR IMPREGNATING, STAINING, DYEING, BLEACHING OF WOOD OR SIMILAR MATERIALS, OR TREATING OF WOOD OR SIMILAR MATERIALS WITH PERMEANT LIQUIDS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL TREATMENT OF CORK, CANE, REED, STRAW OR SIMILAR MATERIALS
- B27K3/00—Impregnating wood, e.g. impregnation pretreatment, for example puncturing; Wood impregnation aids not directly involved in the impregnation process
- B27K3/02—Processes; Apparatus
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02W—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO WASTEWATER TREATMENT OR WASTE MANAGEMENT
- Y02W90/00—Enabling technologies or technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to greenhouse gas [GHG] emissions mitigation
- Y02W90/10—Bio-packaging, e.g. packing containers made from renewable resources or bio-plastics
Landscapes
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Wood Science & Technology (AREA)
- Forests & Forestry (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
- Chemical And Physical Treatments For Wood And The Like (AREA)
Abstract
The invention discloses a preparation method of multilayer transparent wood, which comprises the following steps: (1) Firstly, carrying out surface cutting on bamboo and wood to obtain flat bamboo and wood; (2) Drying and immersing the bamboo and the wood in a delignification solution to delignify the bamboo and the wood; (3) Immersing the delignified bamboo and wood into a functional resin with matched refractive indexes, wherein the functional resin is a liquid monomer methyl methacrylate prepolymerization resin added with functional particles; (4) And stacking the impregnated bamboo and wood layer by layer in the same direction or different directions, and then treating by using a compression technology to obtain the multilayer transparent wood. The preparation method of the multilayer transparent wood reduces the use of resin and solves the problem of insufficient mechanical properties of the transparent wood.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of transparent wood, in particular to a preparation method of multilayer transparent wood.
Background
The wood is a natural organic polymer material with wide application, and has the excellent characteristics of color and patterns which can cause proximity, easy processing, high strength-weight ratio, low heat conductivity coefficient, good acoustic property, no toxicity, degradability and the like. The unique hierarchical structure of the wood cell wall and the chemical composition thereof lead the wood to have excellent mechanical properties, so the wood has wide application in the fields of furniture, interior decoration, house building, wood art products and the like. However, due to some inherent characteristics of wood, such as anisotropy and variability of wood, dry shrinkage, wet expansion, low conductivity, etc., wood does not perform as well as glass, metal, plastic, etc., so that development and modification of wood to prepare advanced functional materials are necessary.
The transparent wood is used as a novel environment-friendly wood composite material, has the advantages of high light transmittance, high haze, low heat conductivity coefficient, low density, low cost and the like, and has wide application prospects in the fields of photoelectric devices, house buildings, decorative materials and the like.
In the process of preparing transparent wood, firstly, natural wood is delignified or chromophoric groups are removed, and a large amount of lignin is reserved to prepare a wood template, wherein the wood template comprises a chlorite method, a sodium hydroxide/anhydrous sodium sulfite+hydrogen peroxide method, a sodium hypochlorite method, a hydrogen peroxide+acetic acid method and the like. The wood forms are then impregnated with index matching resins such as methyl methacrylate, epoxy, polyvinylpyrrolidone, etc., to produce the final transparent wood, which suffers from the following disadvantages: the filling of high resin content not only affects the environment, but also limits further improvement of mechanical properties, which cannot be optimized.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a preparation method of multilayer transparent wood, which reduces the use of resin and solves the problem of insufficient mechanical properties of the transparent wood.
In order to achieve the above object, the present invention provides a method for preparing a multilayer transparent wood, comprising the steps of:
(1) Firstly, carrying out surface cutting on bamboo and wood to obtain flat bamboo and wood;
(2) Drying and immersing the bamboo and the wood in a delignification solution to delignify the bamboo and the wood;
(3) Immersing the delignified bamboo and wood into a functional resin with matched refractive indexes, wherein the functional resin is a liquid monomer methyl methacrylate prepolymerization resin added with functional particles;
(4) And stacking the impregnated bamboo and wood layer by layer in the same direction or different directions, and then treating by using a compression technology to obtain the multilayer transparent wood.
Preferably, in step (2), the delignification solution is a polyethylene glycol solution.
Preferably, in step (2), the delignification treatment is carried out at a temperature of 70-80 ℃ for 10-15 hours.
Preferably, in the step (3), the functional particles are one or more of silicon and cadmium selenide.
Preferably, in the step (4), the layers are stacked layer by layer to form a bamboo-wood structure.
Preferably, in the step (4), the pressure value of the hot press of the compression technology is 5MPa-30MPa, the hot pressing temperature is 100-150 ℃, and the hot pressing time is 1-5 hours.
The invention has the beneficial effects that:
(1) The resin is greatly reduced, and the principle is that functional particles are added into transparent high polymer resin, so that silicon or cadmium selenide quantum dots are added into liquid monomer methyl methacrylate prepolymerization resin, thereby being beneficial to adjusting the light scattering property of the material, shortening the impregnation period, reducing the use of the resin and saving the energy consumption.
(2) The wood template content in the transparent wood is obviously increased, and the high strength is given to the transparent wood through densification.
(3) By regulating the lamination mode of the woods, namely, stacking all the woods in the same fiber direction or stacking the woods in different directions, mutually perpendicular to the fiber directions of two adjacent woods, and then carrying out hot pressing to obtain a final product, the further optimization of the mechanical strength of the transparent woods and the adjustment of the anisotropism can be realized.
The technical scheme of the invention is further described in detail through examples.
Detailed Description
The present invention will be further described with reference to examples in which various chemicals and reagents are commercially available unless otherwise specified.
Example 1
Firstly, cutting the surfaces of the bamboo and the wood to obtain flat bamboo and wood. Drying bamboo and wood, soaking in polyethylene glycol solution at 70deg.C for 10 hr to delignify the bamboo and wood. Fully impregnating the delignified bamboo and wood with functional resin with matched refractive index, wherein the functional resin is liquid monomer methyl methacrylate prepolymerization resin added with silicon or cadmium selenide. And stacking the impregnated bamboo and wood layer by layer in the same direction or different directions according to a mode of bamboo and wood layer by layer, and then treating by using a compression technology to obtain the multilayer transparent wood. The pressure value of the hot press of the compression technology is 20MPa, the hot pressing temperature is 120 ℃, and the hot pressing time is 3 hours.
Example 2
Firstly, cutting the surfaces of the bamboo and the wood to obtain flat bamboo and wood. Drying bamboo and wood, soaking in polyethylene glycol solution at 75deg.C for 12 hr to delignify the bamboo and wood. Fully impregnating the delignified bamboo and wood with functional resin with matched refractive index, wherein the functional resin is liquid monomer methyl methacrylate prepolymerization resin added with silicon or cadmium selenide. And stacking the impregnated bamboo and wood layer by layer in the same direction or different directions according to a mode of bamboo and wood layer by layer, and then treating by using a compression technology to obtain the multilayer transparent wood. The pressure value of the hot press of the compression technology is 20MPa, the hot pressing temperature is 130 ℃, and the hot pressing time is 4 hours.
Example 3
Firstly, cutting the surfaces of the bamboo and the wood to obtain flat bamboo and wood. Drying bamboo and wood, soaking in polyethylene glycol solution at 80deg.C for 15 hr to delignify the bamboo and wood. Fully impregnating the delignified bamboo and wood with functional resin with matched refractive index, wherein the functional resin is liquid monomer methyl methacrylate prepolymerization resin added with silicon or cadmium selenide. And stacking the impregnated bamboo and wood layer by layer in the same direction or different directions according to a mode of bamboo and wood layer by layer, and then treating by using a compression technology to obtain the multilayer transparent wood. The pressure value of the hot press of the compression technology is 30MPa, the hot pressing temperature is 150 ℃, and the hot pressing time is 5 hours.
Performance testing
The multilayer transparent woods produced in examples 1-3 were tested for density and strength and the results are given in Table 1 below.
TABLE 1 Experimental data on density and Strength of multilayer transparent Wood
| Density (g/cm) 3 ) | Intensity (MPa) | |
| Example 1 | 1.78 | 632.1 |
| Example 2 | 1.83 | 643.2 |
| Example 3 | 1.84 | 645.7 |
Finally, it should be noted that: the above embodiments are only for illustrating the technical solution of the present invention and not for limiting it, and although the present invention has been described in detail with reference to the preferred embodiments, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that: the technical scheme of the invention can be modified or replaced by the same, and the modified technical scheme cannot deviate from the spirit and scope of the technical scheme of the invention.
Claims (6)
1. A method for preparing a multilayer transparent wood, comprising the steps of:
(1) Firstly, carrying out surface cutting on bamboo and wood to obtain flat bamboo and wood;
(2) Drying and immersing the bamboo and the wood in a delignification solution to delignify the bamboo and the wood;
(3) Immersing the delignified bamboo and wood into a functional resin with matched refractive indexes, wherein the functional resin is a liquid monomer methyl methacrylate prepolymerization resin added with functional particles;
(4) And stacking the impregnated bamboo and wood layer by layer in the same direction or different directions, and then treating by using a compression technology to obtain the multilayer transparent wood.
2. A method of producing a multilayer transparent wood according to claim 1, characterized in that: in the step (2), the delignification solution is a polyethylene glycol solution.
3. A method of producing a multilayer transparent wood according to claim 1, characterized in that: in the step (2), the delignification treatment temperature is 70-80 ℃, and the soaking time is 10-15 hours.
4. A method of producing a multilayer transparent wood according to claim 1, characterized in that: in the step (3), the functional particles are one or more of silicon and cadmium selenide.
5. A method of producing a multilayer transparent wood according to claim 1, characterized in that: in the step (4), the bamboo and wood laminated structure is formed.
6. A method of producing a multilayer transparent wood according to claim 1, characterized in that: in the step (4), the pressure value of the hot press of the compression technology is 5MPa-30MPa, the hot pressing temperature is 100-150 ℃ and the hot pressing time is 1-5 hours.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN202211632978.0A CN116160525A (en) | 2022-12-19 | 2022-12-19 | Preparation method of multilayer transparent wood |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN202211632978.0A CN116160525A (en) | 2022-12-19 | 2022-12-19 | Preparation method of multilayer transparent wood |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CN116160525A true CN116160525A (en) | 2023-05-26 |
Family
ID=86412319
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN202211632978.0A Pending CN116160525A (en) | 2022-12-19 | 2022-12-19 | Preparation method of multilayer transparent wood |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| CN (1) | CN116160525A (en) |
Citations (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN105037745A (en) * | 2015-07-14 | 2015-11-11 | 河南科技大学 | Polyethylene glycol lignin solvent and application of polyethylene glycol lignin solventin lignin separation and extraction |
| CN109702839A (en) * | 2019-01-14 | 2019-05-03 | 陕西科技大学 | A kind of preparation of the transparent timber of curved surface |
| KR20210090302A (en) * | 2020-01-09 | 2021-07-20 | 공주대학교 산학협력단 | Manufacturing method of fluorescence epoxy transparent wood and fluorescence epoxy transparent wood manufactured therefrom |
| CN113199578A (en) * | 2021-05-25 | 2021-08-03 | 南京林业大学 | Preparation method of aldehyde-free compressed transparent plate, compressed transparent plate and application |
| CN114571562A (en) * | 2022-03-22 | 2022-06-03 | 江苏理工学院 | Preparation method of stable quantum dot-loaded transparent wood film |
-
2022
- 2022-12-19 CN CN202211632978.0A patent/CN116160525A/en active Pending
Patent Citations (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN105037745A (en) * | 2015-07-14 | 2015-11-11 | 河南科技大学 | Polyethylene glycol lignin solvent and application of polyethylene glycol lignin solventin lignin separation and extraction |
| CN109702839A (en) * | 2019-01-14 | 2019-05-03 | 陕西科技大学 | A kind of preparation of the transparent timber of curved surface |
| KR20210090302A (en) * | 2020-01-09 | 2021-07-20 | 공주대학교 산학협력단 | Manufacturing method of fluorescence epoxy transparent wood and fluorescence epoxy transparent wood manufactured therefrom |
| CN113199578A (en) * | 2021-05-25 | 2021-08-03 | 南京林业大学 | Preparation method of aldehyde-free compressed transparent plate, compressed transparent plate and application |
| CN114571562A (en) * | 2022-03-22 | 2022-06-03 | 江苏理工学院 | Preparation method of stable quantum dot-loaded transparent wood film |
Non-Patent Citations (1)
| Title |
|---|
| 李本鑫等: "农作物秸秆饲料加工技术", 中国轻工业出版社, pages: 259 - 260 * |
Similar Documents
| Publication | Publication Date | Title |
|---|---|---|
| CN208812277U (en) | A kind of timber of high thickness multi-layer transparent | |
| CN112743654B (en) | Preparation method of aesthetic wood film with high strength, high transparency and wood texture | |
| CN104260169B (en) | Wood substrate composite material of a kind of hydrophobic, anti-ultraviolet aging and preparation method thereof | |
| CN102626940B (en) | A kind of solid wood profile modification method and section bar thereof | |
| CN110978183A (en) | Preparation method of transparent bamboo wood and prepared transparent bamboo wood | |
| CN105965638A (en) | Microwave treatment reconstructed material and preparing methods thereof | |
| CN108818834A (en) | A kind of preparation method of the laminated transparent timber of long-afterglow fluorescent | |
| AR039528A1 (en) | METHOD FOR PREPARING DIMENSIONALLY STABLE COMPOSITE PRODUCTS FROM LIGNOCELLULOSES | |
| CN109571678B (en) | One-step synthesis preparation method of light-transmitting wood | |
| CN112077954B (en) | Preparation method of two-dimensional woven green environment-friendly high-strength wood-based composite material | |
| CN112223872B (en) | Preparation method of multilayer transparent wood, prepared transparent wood and application thereof | |
| CN112356196A (en) | Preparation method of high-performance bamboo steel composite material | |
| CN110978679B (en) | Wood fiber-based composite material with shell pearl layer structure and preparation method thereof | |
| Yue et al. | Transparent Wood Prepared by Polymer Impregnation of Rubber Wood (Hevea brasiliensis Muell. Arg). | |
| CN109251365B (en) | preparation and application of flexible organic solar cell substrate material | |
| CN113199578A (en) | Preparation method of aldehyde-free compressed transparent plate, compressed transparent plate and application | |
| CN116160525A (en) | Preparation method of multilayer transparent wood | |
| CN103802175B (en) | High-dimensional stability structure wooden functionally gradient laminate and preparation method thereof | |
| CN115368748A (en) | One shot forming veneer does not have aldehyde living beings composite board | |
| Anish et al. | Transparent wood composite prepared from two commercially important tropical timber species | |
| CN114804809A (en) | Bagasse composite board and manufacturing method thereof | |
| CN1174113A (en) | Paulownia wood-resin plyboard producing method and product thereof | |
| CN105599067A (en) | Structurally stable novel solid wood plate | |
| CN220362718U (en) | Reinforced flame-retardant moistureproof plywood | |
| CN114083636B (en) | Preparation method of energy-saving heat-insulating modified wood window and product thereof |
Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| PB01 | Publication | ||
| PB01 | Publication | ||
| SE01 | Entry into force of request for substantive examination | ||
| SE01 | Entry into force of request for substantive examination |