CN116104652A - 基于氨热催化重整的柴油、氨双燃料发动机及多模式燃烧方法 - Google Patents

基于氨热催化重整的柴油、氨双燃料发动机及多模式燃烧方法 Download PDF

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CN116104652A
CN116104652A CN202310091067.XA CN202310091067A CN116104652A CN 116104652 A CN116104652 A CN 116104652A CN 202310091067 A CN202310091067 A CN 202310091067A CN 116104652 A CN116104652 A CN 116104652A
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杨立平
刘玮
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Harbin Engineering University
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Abstract

本发明的目的在于提供基于氨热催化重整的柴油、氨双燃料发动机及多模式燃烧方法，包括活塞、气缸、气缸盖、柴油油箱、储氨罐、高压共轨喷油器、缸内直喷氨喷射器、氢喷射器、柴油供给系统、氨供给系统、氢供给系统等，采用氨催化裂解方式制氢，并由氢喷射器在进气道喷射实现氢和进气的掺混，采用高压共轨喷油器和缸内直喷氨喷射器缸内直喷氨和柴油实现双燃料供给，并且控制燃料供给实现燃料浓度和反应活性分层及多模式燃烧。本发明采用缸外氨燃料催化重整制氢、掺氢以及协调燃料喷射量与正时等手段，实现不同运行工况下燃烧模式的灵活调控，从而实现发动机全运行工况下的高效率和低排放。

Description

基于氨热催化重整的柴油、氨双燃料发动机及多模式燃烧方法
技术领域
本发明涉及的是一种发动机装置及燃烧方法，具体地说是双燃料发动机及燃烧方法。
背景技术
氨作为氮氢化合物，具有稳定的供应和便于储存、运输，燃烧时不会产生温室气体二氧化碳。因此，使用氨燃料的发动机可有效地降低碳氧化物和硫氧化物，实现真正意义上的“零”排放。但纯氨燃料的层流燃烧速度较低，具有比较高的自燃温度和高的点火能量，可燃极限较窄(空气中体积分数为15.5％～27％)，很难做到完全燃烧。
由于氢气的燃烧速度很快，尝试在氨气中加入氢气是提高氨燃料燃烧速度并且不引入含碳燃料的比较好的选择。氢的加入，将使得混合燃料的可燃极限范围大于纯氨燃料，能提高燃烧的稳定性和燃烧效率。同时氨燃料本身就具有很高的氢密度，可以在催化剂的作用下分解产生氢，对于氨-氢混合燃料实际使用不需要额外增加储氢设备即可得到氢燃料。
专利CN114992004A提及一种氨氢燃料冷启动系统、发动机、汽车及冷启动方法，通过电解水实现稳定的氢气供给，并使氢气分成两路供应，一部分用于主动预燃室射流点火系统，剩余氢气与氨气混合以实现氨气燃烧环境的改善，降低氨的替代率，但是采用电解水方式制氢需要外部供电，能量消耗大。专利CN115030840A提及一种零排放的氨-氢发动机燃料喷射系统及运行方法，在歧管供应气态氨燃料，还能够实现氨气的实时分解，实现引燃燃料的自产，并对尾气中的氨进行回收提高氨利用率，但是氢气在预燃室喷射燃烧容易回火，且利用尾气余热分解氨产生氢气有限。
发明内容
本发明的目的在于提供可解决传统发动机燃烧化石燃料带来的碳氧化物和硫氧化物排放问题，提高氨燃料燃烧速度，以及提高工作效率的基于氨热催化重整的柴油、氨双燃料发动机及多模式燃烧方法。
本发明的目的是这样实现的：
本发明基于氨热催化重整的柴油、氨双燃料发动机，其特征是：包括储氨罐、柴油油箱、供氢气轨、液氨轨、高压油轨、燃烧室，所述燃烧室包括气缸、气缸盖和活塞，气缸盖里设置高压共轨喷油器、缸内直喷氨喷射器、进气道、排气道、进气阀、排气阀，高压共轨喷油器垂直安装于气缸盖中心，缸内直喷氨喷射器倾斜布置，进气道里布置氢喷射器，储氨罐的氨出口通过供氨泵连接液氨轨，液氨轨连接缸内直喷氨喷射器，储氨罐的氢出口通过氢供给系统连接氢喷射器，氢喷射器连接氢气喷管，柴油油箱通过供油泵连接高压油轨，高压油轨连接高压共轨喷油器。
本发明基于氨热催化重整的柴油、氨双燃料发动机还可以包括：
1、所述氢供给系统包括氨燃料泵、氨热催化重整制氢系统、缓冲罐、调压器、供氢气轨，所述氨热催化重整制氢系统包括氨燃料催化器、排气加热系统、电加热系统，储氨罐通过氨燃料泵、电加热系统连接氨燃料催化器，氨燃料催化器连接缓冲罐，缓冲罐通过调压器连接供氢气轨，供氢气轨连接氢喷射器。
2、氨燃料催化器还连接排气加热系统。
3、所述氢气喷管位于进气道里，氢气喷管出口段轴线与进气道中心线重合，氢气喷管为直角单孔弯管。
4、氢气喷管的直角弯管处的弧度足够大，从而不会因弯曲而影响氢气喷管的流通能力。
5、缸内直喷氨喷射器轴线与气缸轴线共面。
本发明基于氨热催化重整的柴油、氨双燃料发动机多模式燃烧方法，其特征是：包括纯柴油燃烧模式，所述纯柴油燃烧模式可在全工况下运行，缸内直喷氨喷射器和氢喷射器关闭，在压缩阶段末期高压共轨喷油器单次喷射柴油燃烧，柴油喷射正时、脉宽根据负荷进行调整。
本发明基于氨热催化重整的柴油、氨双燃料发动机多模式燃烧方法还可以包括：
1、包括柴油、氨双燃料燃烧模式，所述柴油/氨双燃料燃烧模式可在中、高负荷工况下运行，由高压共轨喷油器喷射柴油，缸内直喷氨喷射器喷射液氨，根据运行工况调整柴油和液氨的喷射比例、正时和脉宽，形成不同的浓度分布：
(1)当发动机运行在高负荷工况时，氨作为主燃料，柴油主要起引燃氨的作用；通过米勒循环实现膨胀比大于压缩比，抑制爆震；在进气阀关闭后，缸内直喷氨喷射器向缸内喷射低压液氨，形成液氨喷雾，液氨喷雾在进入气缸后经历空间雾化蒸发，压缩过程中在缸内湍流影响下氨气与进气混合形成低浓度梯度混合气，避免燃料局部过浓导致燃烧温度过高，减少NOx产生；在压缩阶段活塞运动至上止点前时，高压共轨喷油器向缸内喷射柴油，通过柴油燃烧引燃氨燃料燃烧；
(2)当发动机处在中负荷工况时，柴油比例上升，氨比例下降；在压缩阶段初期，缸内直喷氨喷射器向缸内喷射低压液氨，缸内直喷氨喷射器的喷射正时较高负荷工况推迟，形成从高压共轨喷油器射流附近向气缸四周由浓到稀的氨浓度分层；在压缩阶段末期，高压共轨喷油器向缸内喷射柴油，柴油燃烧引燃氨。
2、包括加氢活性重整柴油、氨双燃料燃烧模式，所述加氢活性重整柴油、氨双燃料燃烧模式为当发动机处在低负荷工况时，柴油作为引燃燃料，氨作为主燃料，氢气在燃料中的占比不超过20％；氢喷射器在进气门开启后开始进行氢燃料喷射，利用氢气分子的气体扩散能力，在缸内湍流条件下迅速形成均质混合气；在压缩阶段末期，高压共轨喷油器向缸内喷射柴油，柴油被压燃并引燃氢气；缸内直喷氨喷射器向缸内喷射高压液氨，滞后于柴油喷射，液氨喷雾和柴油喷雾交叉并被柴油引燃；氢气先于燃烧液氨燃烧，为液氨气化提供热量，避免液氨气化使气缸内温度过低，影响燃料燃烧。
本发明的优势在于：
1、高压共轨喷油器、缸内直喷氨喷射器和氢喷射器的喷射状态根据负荷变化而灵活控制，可以实现纯柴油燃烧模式、柴油/氨双燃料燃烧模式及加氢活性重整柴油/氨双燃料燃烧模式的切换和备份。
2、掺氢能加快氨燃烧速度，保证发动机在各种工况下高效运行。
3、采用米勒循环，能够减少压缩功，提高热效率，降低燃料消耗率，并有效抑制发动机在高负荷下发生爆震，还能降低缸内燃烧温度，减小热负荷，降低NOx排放。
4、缸内直喷也使得发动机可设计较大的气门重叠角，强化扫气效果，同时缸内直喷可以实现更多的氨和柴油的喷射方案，有利于对喷射定时进行灵活设置。
5、在进气道喷射氢气对供氢设备要求较低，容易实现，能提高氨燃料燃烧速度，能提高燃烧的稳定性和燃烧效率。在进气道喷射氢气使空气与氢气掺混，从而降低氨不完全燃烧带来的氮氧化物排放。
6、氨燃料本身就具有很高的氢密度，可以在催化剂的作用下分解产生氢，不需要额外增加储氢设备即可保证氢气的供给。
附图说明
图1为本发明的结构示意图；
图2为燃烧系统进气道氢气喷射示意图；
图3为燃烧模式选择策略图；
图4为燃烧系统在双燃料模式下不同工况下燃料能量比例柱状图；
图5为燃烧系统在柴油/氨双燃料燃烧模式下压缩阶段末期缸内状态图；
图6为燃烧系统在加氢活性重整柴油/氨双燃料燃烧模式下压缩阶段末期缸内状态图。
具体实施方式
下面结合附图举例对本发明做更详细地描述：
结合图1-6，本发明基于氨热催化重整的柴油、氨双燃料发动机，包括活塞1、气缸2、排气道3、缸内直喷氨喷射器4、排气阀5、气缸盖6、高压共轨喷油器7、进气阀8、进气道9、氢气喷管10、氢喷射器11、供氢气轨12、供油泵13、柴油油箱14、调压器15、缓冲罐16、排气加热系统17、氨燃料催化器18、电加热系统19、氨燃料泵20、储氨罐21、供氨泵22、高压油轨23、液氨轨24。气缸2顶部安装有气缸盖6，气缸2内部安装有活塞1，三者所围成的密闭空间为气缸，气缸通过进气阀8连通进气道9，通过排气阀5连通排气道3。高压共轨喷油器7垂直安装于气缸盖6中心，缸内直喷氨喷射器3倾斜布置在气缸盖6上，缸内直喷氨喷射器3轴线与气缸2轴线共面，氢喷射器11布置在进气道9上。储氨罐21通过带有氨热催化重整制氢系统的氢供给系统连接，向氢喷射器11供氢，储氨罐21通过氨供给系统连接向缸内直喷氨喷射器3供给氨燃料，氨供给系统包括供氨泵22和液氨轨24。所述柴油油箱14通过柴油供给系统连接向高压共轨喷油器7输送柴油燃料，柴油供给系统包括供油泵13和高压油轨23。
结合图2，氢供给系统实现具备氨热催化裂解方式制氢、存储和加压等功能，并临时储存氢气，实现向发动机持续稳定地供给氢气维持氢气稳定供应，由储氨罐21、氨燃料泵20、氨热催化重整制氢系统、缓冲罐16、调压器15、管路、氢气气轨12、氢喷射器11和氢气喷管10等构成。氨热催化重整制氢系统由氨燃料催化器18、排气加热系统17和电加热系统19构成，氨热催化重整制氢系统采用双加热系统为氨燃料催化器18提供热量，实现氨燃料催化制氢，双加热系统包括排气加热系统17和电加热系统19，电加热系统17位于氨燃料催化器18前，而排气加热系统17与氨燃料催化器18上的换热器连接，通过调节电加热系统19和排气加热系统17的输入能量，确保氨燃料制氢的效率。在发动机起动前以及低负荷工况条件下排气能量无法满足氨催化重整氢气所需的温度条件时，利用电加热系统19提供热量进行制氢，一旦排气能量能够满足加热氨燃料催化器18的需求时，切换至排气加热模式，同时电加热系统19和排气加热系统17可以联合运行，确保制氢量和制氢效率。氢气气轨12通过管路与氢喷射器11连接，氢喷射器11和氢气喷管10安装在进气道9上，氢气喷管10具有直角弯管和单孔结构，直角弯管处的弧度足够大，不会因弯曲而影响氢气喷管的流通能力。氢喷射器11出口与氢气喷管10连通，氢气喷管10出口段轴线与进气道9中心线重合，由氢喷射器11喷出的氢气经直角单孔弯管的引流作用，确保氢气喷射射流与进气来流方向一致，一方面可充分利用氢气喷射动能，另一方面利用高速大流量进气流动的裹挟作用，加速氢气进入气缸，避免进气残留和回火的出现。
结合图3，双燃料发动机燃烧系统涉及三种燃烧模式，具体为：纯柴油燃烧模式、柴油/氨双燃料燃烧模式及加氢活性重整柴油/氨双燃料燃烧模式。柴油供给系统、氨供给系统和氢供给系统具有三线并行供给独立喷射控制的运行特征，分别向氢喷射器11、缸内直喷氨喷射器4和高压共轨喷油器7提供燃料，通过三燃料喷射规律和喷射量的协同控制，满足不同工况条件下燃料喷射、混合和燃烧要求，实现发动机高效率和低排放。加氢活性重整柴油/氨双燃料燃烧模式在低负荷工况下运行，解决低负荷时氨着火困难和火焰传播速度慢等问题，提高燃烧稳定性和燃烧效率，柴油/氨双燃料燃烧模式在中、高负荷工况下工作，不使用氢气活性重整以避免发生爆震，纯柴油燃烧模式在低、中、高负荷工况下作为柴油/氨双燃料燃烧模式和加氢活性重整柴油/氨双燃料燃烧模式的备份，三种燃烧模式根据需求相互切换。
纯柴油燃烧模式可在全工况下运行，缸内直喷氨喷射器4和氢喷射器10关闭，在压缩阶段末期高压共轨喷油器7单次喷射柴油燃烧，柴油喷射正时、脉宽根据负荷进行调整。
结合图4和图5，柴油/氨双燃料燃烧模式可在中、高负荷工况下运行，由高压共轨喷油器7喷射柴油，缸内直喷氨喷射器4喷射液氨，根据运行工况调整柴油和液氨的喷射比例、正时和脉宽，形成不同的浓度分布，提高气缸内燃料燃烧的稳定性，保证燃料高效燃烧。当发动机运行在高负荷工况时，氨作为主燃料，柴油主要起引燃氨的作用；通过米勒循环实现膨胀比大于压缩比，抑制爆震，实现方式为采用可变配气系统，提前关闭进气阀8，实现有效压缩行程小于膨胀行程；在进气阀8关闭后，缸内直喷氨喷射器4向缸内喷射低压液氨，形成液氨喷雾，液氨喷雾在进入气缸后经历空间雾化蒸发，压缩过程中在缸内湍流影响下氨气与进气混合形成低浓度梯度混合气，避免燃料局部过浓导致燃烧温度过高，减少NOx产生；在压缩阶段活塞1运动至上止点前时，高压共轨喷油器7向缸内喷射柴油，通过柴油燃烧引燃氨燃料燃烧。当发动机处在中负荷工况时，柴油比例上升，氨比例下降；在压缩阶段初期，缸内直喷氨喷射器4向缸内喷射低压液氨，缸内直喷氨喷射器4的喷射正时较高负荷工况推迟，形成从高压共轨喷油器7射流附近向气缸四周由浓到稀的氨浓度分层，利于柴油引燃氨；在压缩阶段末期，高压共轨喷油器7向缸内喷射柴油，柴油燃烧引燃氨。
结合图4和图6，加氢活性重整柴油/氨双燃料燃烧模式为当发动机处在低负荷工况时，柴油作为引燃燃料，氨作为主燃料，氢气在燃料中的占比不超过20％；氢喷射器11在进气门8开启后开始进行氢燃料喷射，利用氢气分子较强的气体扩散能力，在缸内湍流条件下迅速形成均质混合气；在压缩阶段末期，高压共轨喷油器向缸内喷射柴油，柴油被压燃并引燃氢气；缸内直喷氨喷射器向缸内喷射高压液氨，滞后于柴油喷射，液氨喷雾和柴油喷雾交叉并被柴油引燃；氢气先于燃烧液氨燃烧，为液氨气化提供热量，避免液氨气化使气缸内温度过低，影响燃料燃烧；氢气使气缸内燃料的反应活性提高，保证燃料在气缸内稳定高效燃烧。

Claims (9)

1.基于氨热催化重整的柴油、氨双燃料发动机，其特征是：包括储氨罐、柴油油箱、供氢气轨、液氨轨、高压油轨、燃烧室，所述燃烧室包括气缸、气缸盖和活塞，气缸盖里设置高压共轨喷油器、缸内直喷氨喷射器、进气道、排气道、进气阀、排气阀，高压共轨喷油器垂直安装于气缸盖中心，缸内直喷氨喷射器倾斜布置，进气道里布置氢喷射器，储氨罐的氨出口通过供氨泵连接液氨轨，液氨轨连接缸内直喷氨喷射器，储氨罐的氢出口通过氢供给系统连接氢喷射器，氢喷射器连接氢气喷管，柴油油箱通过供油泵连接高压油轨，高压油轨连接高压共轨喷油器。
2.根据权利要求1所述的基于氨热催化重整的柴油、氨双燃料发动机，其特征是：所述氢供给系统包括氨燃料泵、氨热催化重整制氢系统、缓冲罐、调压器、供氢气轨，所述氨热催化重整制氢系统包括氨燃料催化器、排气加热系统、电加热系统，储氨罐通过氨燃料泵、电加热系统连接氨燃料催化器，氨燃料催化器连接缓冲罐，缓冲罐通过调压器连接供氢气轨，供氢气轨连接氢喷射器。
3.根据权利要求2所述的基于氨热催化重整的柴油、氨双燃料发动机，其特征是：氨燃料催化器还连接排气加热系统。
4.根据权利要求1所述的基于氨热催化重整的柴油、氨双燃料发动机，其特征是：所述氢气喷管位于进气道里，氢气喷管出口段轴线与进气道中心线重合，氢气喷管为直角单孔弯管。
5.根据权利要求4所述的基于氨热催化重整的柴油、氨双燃料发动机，其特征是：氢气喷管的直角弯管处的弧度足够大，从而不会因弯曲而影响氢气喷管的流通能力。
6.根据权利要求1所述的基于氨热催化重整的柴油、氨双燃料发动机，其特征是：缸内直喷氨喷射器轴线与气缸轴线共面。
7.基于氨热催化重整的柴油、氨双燃料发动机多模式燃烧方法，其特征是：包括纯柴油燃烧模式，所述纯柴油燃烧模式可在全工况下运行，缸内直喷氨喷射器和氢喷射器关闭，在压缩阶段末期高压共轨喷油器单次喷射柴油燃烧，柴油喷射正时、脉宽根据负荷进行调整。
8.根据权利要求7所述的基于氨热催化重整的柴油、氨双燃料发动机多模式燃烧方法，其特征是：包括柴油、氨双燃料燃烧模式，所述柴油/氨双燃料燃烧模式可在中、高负荷工况下运行，由高压共轨喷油器喷射柴油，缸内直喷氨喷射器喷射液氨，根据运行工况调整柴油和液氨的喷射比例、正时和脉宽，形成不同的浓度分布：
(1)当发动机运行在高负荷工况时，氨作为主燃料，柴油主要起引燃氨的作用；通过米勒循环实现膨胀比大于压缩比，抑制爆震；在进气阀关闭后，缸内直喷氨喷射器向缸内喷射低压液氨，形成液氨喷雾，液氨喷雾在进入气缸后经历空间雾化蒸发，压缩过程中在缸内湍流影响下氨气与进气混合形成低浓度梯度混合气，避免燃料局部过浓导致燃烧温度过高，减少NOx产生；在压缩阶段活塞运动至上止点前时，高压共轨喷油器向缸内喷射柴油，通过柴油燃烧引燃氨燃料燃烧；
(2)当发动机处在中负荷工况时，柴油比例上升，氨比例下降；在压缩阶段初期，缸内直喷氨喷射器向缸内喷射低压液氨，缸内直喷氨喷射器的喷射正时较高负荷工况推迟，形成从高压共轨喷油器射流附近向气缸四周由浓到稀的氨浓度分层；在压缩阶段末期，高压共轨喷油器向缸内喷射柴油，柴油燃烧引燃氨。
9.根据权利要求7所述的基于氨热催化重整的柴油、氨双燃料发动机多模式燃烧方法，其特征是：包括加氢活性重整柴油、氨双燃料燃烧模式，所述加氢活性重整柴油、氨双燃料燃烧模式为当发动机处在低负荷工况时，柴油作为引燃燃料，氨作为主燃料，氢气在燃料中的占比不超过20％；氢喷射器在进气门开启后开始进行氢燃料喷射，利用氢气分子的气体扩散能力，在缸内湍流条件下迅速形成均质混合气；在压缩阶段末期，高压共轨喷油器向缸内喷射柴油，柴油被压燃并引燃氢气；缸内直喷氨喷射器向缸内喷射高压液氨，滞后于柴油喷射，液氨喷雾和柴油喷雾交叉并被柴油引燃；氢气先于燃烧液氨燃烧，为液氨气化提供热量，避免液氨气化使气缸内温度过低，影响燃料燃烧。
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