CN116044355B - Visual displacement device simulating non-uniform viscosity field and working method thereof - Google Patents
Visual displacement device simulating non-uniform viscosity field and working method thereof Download PDFInfo
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- CN116044355B CN116044355B CN202310324125.9A CN202310324125A CN116044355B CN 116044355 B CN116044355 B CN 116044355B CN 202310324125 A CN202310324125 A CN 202310324125A CN 116044355 B CN116044355 B CN 116044355B
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- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH DRILLING; MINING
- E21B—EARTH DRILLING, e.g. DEEP DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
- E21B43/00—Methods or apparatus for obtaining oil, gas, water, soluble or meltable materials or a slurry of minerals from wells
- E21B43/16—Enhanced recovery methods for obtaining hydrocarbons
- E21B43/24—Enhanced recovery methods for obtaining hydrocarbons using heat, e.g. steam injection
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- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH DRILLING; MINING
- E21B—EARTH DRILLING, e.g. DEEP DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
- E21B49/00—Testing the nature of borehole walls; Formation testing; Methods or apparatus for obtaining samples of soil or well fluids, specially adapted to earth drilling or wells
Abstract
A visual displacement device for simulating a non-uniform viscosity field and a working method thereof belong to the technical field of oil-gas field development engineering experimental equipment and comprise the following steps: a model system, a fluid displacement system, a block control system, and a data acquisition device; the model system comprises a fixed support and a model body arranged on the fixed support, wherein the fixed support is provided with an electric turntable and a light source. The invention solves the problem of non-uniformity of viscosity caused by heat conduction and hiding factors of injected steam, and simulates the viscosity field after the heat conduction of the steam in the oil injection model by using different viscosities. And the outer side of the quartz bottom plate is provided with a pore canal corresponding to the etched glass area on the inner side, so that the injection between the partitions can be realized, and the viscosity heterogeneity of crude oil can be realized. The electric turntable is provided with a plurality of rotation angles, the flexibility of a viscosity control area and a displacement mode is improved, and the plane injection and production mode in the oilfield development process and the flow rule of profile fluid in the oilfield development process can be simulated by changing the angle of the visual experimental model.
Description
Technical Field
The invention discloses a visual displacement device for simulating a non-uniform viscosity field and a working method thereof, and belongs to the technical field of experimental equipment of oil-gas field development engineering.
Background
The visual physical simulation device for oil and gas field development can enable the influence rules of crude oil starting and flowing to be reflected more intuitively and truly in the crude oil exploitation process. At present, a visual experimental device in the research field is commonly used for representing reservoir heterogeneity by permeability, and fluid flow difference is researched by using reservoir space difference.
For example, chinese patent CN 113027396A discloses a visual experimental device for a longitudinal heterogeneous oil reservoir, which uses a plurality of visual flat models with different physical properties connected in parallel to simulate the physical property differences of each layer in the longitudinal heterogeneous oil reservoir. The two-dimensional visual heterogeneous filling flat model provided by Chinese patent CN 213904694U utilizes mixed filling of quartz sand particles with various sizes to form a heterogeneous quartz sand layer, so that the visual model is more similar to the horizontal heterogeneous distribution condition of an actual stratum. However, crude oil in a reservoir can form a complex hydrocarbon fluid system after hydrocarbon generation, transportation and accumulation and cross mixing change in the thermal evolution process of hydrocarbon source rocks, so that the viscosity distribution of actual reservoir fluid in the transverse direction or the longitudinal direction is uneven. Viscosity is one of the most important parameters of crude oil physical properties, and control of crude oil viscosity non-uniformity in a visual physical simulation device is important for accurately describing regular researches such as crude oil flow, residual oil distribution, recovery ratio change and the like.
The difference in crude oil viscosity increases due to the difference in reservoir factors, reservoir environments and development modes, and becomes non-negligible. In the development process of thick oil thermal recovery, injected steam heats an oil reservoir through heat conduction, the difference of the viscosity of crude oil is larger due to the accumulation viscosity and the thermal wave and difference of the steam, and the heat exchange of the steam in a visualization device has larger difference from that of a real oil reservoir in a limited range of the visualization device. For example, chinese patent CN 107255026A discloses a thick oil thermal recovery physical simulation device based on vacuum method and working method thereof, which uses vacuum heat insulation performance to reduce errors of experiment and field data, but the device cannot reach complete vacuum and the model cannot control non-uniform viscosity field in limited space.
According to the research, the current visual model device has the following problems: (1) the existing heterogeneous model ignores the influence of the own heterogeneity of the reservoir fluid on reservoir development. (2) The problem that the oil reservoir fluid has viscosity non-uniformity in different areas caused by steam injection heat conduction in the experimental process and in the reservoir forming process cannot be solved, and the oil reservoir non-uniformity is approximately regarded as a homogeneous fluid to carry out a simulation experiment. (3) The heavy oil has high asphaltene and colloid content, is difficult to saturate and difficult to observe in a visual model, so that the starting and flow rules of actual oil reservoir fluid are difficult to monitor, the development effect of an oil reservoir is severely restricted by not considering the problems in the prior art, and the obtained experimental result cannot truly reflect the actual oil reservoir exploitation effect.
Disclosure of Invention
Aiming at the problems in the prior art, the invention discloses a visual displacement device for simulating a non-uniform viscosity field.
The invention also discloses a working method of the device to simulate the macroscopic displacement effect and the microscopic displacement mechanism of the non-uniform viscosity crude oil exploitation under various displacement modes.
The detailed technical scheme of the invention is as follows:
the visual displacement device simulating the non-uniform viscosity field is characterized in that: comprises a model system, a fluid displacement system, a block control system and a data acquisition device;
the model system comprises a fixed bracket 29 and a model body arranged on the fixed bracket 29, wherein the fixed bracket 29 is provided with an electric turntable 8 and a light source 9;
further, the model body comprises a quartz cover plate 10, a quartz bottom plate 11 and a sealing ring 15; the middle parts of the quartz cover plate 10 and the quartz bottom plate 11 are respectively provided with an upper groove 13-1 and a lower groove 13-2, nine through holes 12 are arranged on the lower groove 13-2 at equal intervals 3*3, and a quick connector 20 is arranged at the through holes 12 at the outer side of the quartz bottom plate 11; an etched glass sheet 21 is clamped between the quartz cover plate 10 and the quartz bottom plate 11; a sealing ring 15 matched with the etched glass sheet 21 in size is arranged between the quartz cover plate 10 and the quartz bottom plate 11, the sealing ring 15 is in a cuboid shape, an inner groove 18 for installing the etched glass sheet 21 is arranged in the sealing ring, sealing and fixing functions are achieved, and a through hole 16 corresponding to the quartz bottom plate 11 is formed in the bottom side of the inner groove 18; the quartz bottom plate 11 is arranged on the fixed support 29 and connected with the electric turntable 8, the electric turntable is provided with four angles of 45 degrees, 90 degrees, 135 degrees and 180 degrees, and the angle of a visual experimental model is changed, so that 180 degrees in the horizontal direction (plane injection and production mode in the oilfield development process) and 90 degrees in the vertical direction (section fluid flow rule in the oilfield development process) can be simulated; the fixed bracket 29 is provided with a light source 9; when in installation, the quartz cover plate 10 is only required to be placed on the quartz bottom plate 11, the fixing screw holes 14 are aligned, and the quartz cover plate is fixed by screws;
further, the etched glass sheet 21 corresponds to the size formed by the upper groove 13-1 and the lower groove 13-2, the thickness is larger than the total depth of the upper groove 13-1 and the lower groove 13-2, and the excessive thickness is sealed by a sealing ring; the etched glass sheet 21 is provided with nine openings corresponding to the bottom plate, two arbitrary openings are model fluid input and output ports, the etched glass sheet 21 is designed to combine the characterization result of the actual oil reservoir pore structure, the pore-throat structure is extracted by utilizing the image processing technology and algorithm, the etching rule is equivalent to pore-throat distribution and actual pore-throat distribution, and the etched glass sheet can be designed by self by utilizing the similar principle, and the etched glass design can be realized by the person skilled in the art according to the prior art, so that the specific processing method is not the content to be protected by the invention;
the etched glass sheet 21 is provided with: an upper fluid input channel, a middle fluid input channel, and a lower fluid input channel;
the upper fluid input channel comprises: a seventh fluid input channel 217, an eighth fluid input channel 218, a ninth fluid input channel 219;
the central fluid input channel comprises: a fourth fluid input channel 214, a fifth fluid input channel 215, a sixth fluid input channel 216;
the lower fluid input channel comprises: a first fluid input channel 211, a second fluid input channel 212, a third fluid input channel 213.
The fluid displacement system comprises an ISO plunger pump 1, a stratum water intermediate container 2, a low-viscosity simulated oil intermediate container 3, a medium-viscosity simulated oil intermediate container 4, a high-viscosity simulated oil intermediate container 5, a one-way valve 6, a vacuum pump 28, an evacuation valve 33 and a vacuum valve 34;
the ISO plunger pump 1 is connected with a check valve 6 through a stratum water intermediate container 2, a low-viscosity simulated oil intermediate container 3, a medium-viscosity simulated oil intermediate container 4 and a high-viscosity simulated oil intermediate container 5 respectively, and the check valve 6 is connected with a pneumatic multidirectional communication valve 7; the evacuation valve 33 is used for evacuating the pressure in the intermediate container after the experiment is finished;
preferably, according to the present invention, a heating jacket 32 is provided on the formation water intermediate container 2 for controlling the temperature of the injected formation water. A one-way valve 6 is provided to prevent backflow of fluid due to pressure differences during displacement.
If necessary, in order to avoid the influence of the existence of bubbles on the experimental result, the vacuum valve 34 can be opened to vacuumize the etched glass sheet 21 by using the vacuum pump 28;
the block control system comprises a pneumatic multidirectional communication valve 7, an electromagnetic valve 19, a quick connector 20 and a fluid input pipeline 30, and the system functions in a saturation stage (a process of simulating the initial state of actual reservoir crude oil by saturated crude oil in a device) to flexibly control the quantity of fluid input and output and the direction of fluid input and output, so that the non-uniform field saturation of viscosity is realized, and the quantity of fluid input and output and the direction of the fluid input and output can be flexibly controlled in a displacement stage, so that the exploitation of various displacement modes is realized.
Further, the quick connector 20 is fixedly arranged on the through hole 12 of the quartz base plate, the pneumatic multi-way communication valve 7 is respectively connected with the quick connector 20 on the quartz base plate 11 through the fluid input pipeline 30, and the electromagnetic valve 19 is controlled by the computer system 24 to realize the opening and closing of the fluid input pipeline 30;
the data acquisition and processing system comprises a high-definition camera 22, a pressure monitoring box 23, a computer system 24, a fluid extraction pipeline 31, a back pressure valve 25, an oil-water separator 26 and a measuring cup 27; the pressure monitoring boxes 23 are respectively arranged on the fluid input pipelines 30; the high-definition camera 22 is arranged on the fixed bracket 29 and is opposite to the quartz cover plate 10; the fluid extraction line 31 is connected to a back pressure valve 25, said back pressure valve 25 being used to control the displacement pressure differential.
The method also provides a using method for controlling the oil reservoir viscosity field and simulating steam exploitation by adopting the device, wherein the second to fourth steps are methods for controlling the oil reservoir viscosity field in the visual model, and the fifth step is a method for simulating steam exploitation, and the specific experimental steps comprise:
step one: clamping and mounting the etched glass sheet 21 by adopting a quartz cover plate 10, a quartz bottom plate 11 and a sealing ring 15; specifically, an etched glass sheet 21 is arranged in a sealing ring 15, an opening of the etched glass sheet 21, a through hole 16 on the sealing ring 15 and a through hole 12 are corresponding to each other, the etched glass sheet is arranged in a groove 13 in the middle of an quartz cover plate 10 and a quartz bottom plate 11, a model is arranged on a fixed support 29 by using screws, and a fluid input pipeline 30 is connected to a quick connector 20;
step two: according to the viscosity-temperature curve of the actual stratum thick oil, the viscosity of the simulated oil is adjusted, the prepared simulated oil is respectively filled into a low-viscosity simulated oil intermediate container 3, a medium-viscosity simulated oil intermediate container 4 and a high-viscosity simulated oil intermediate container 5, and is dyed and distinguished by an oily colorant;
step three: adjusting the angle of the model and the position of the high-definition camera 22 to enable the etched glass sheet 21 to be at the center of the screen of the computer system 24; closing the pneumatic multi-way communication valve 7, the metering valve 35, opening the vacuum valve 34, and vacuumizing the fluid input pipeline 30 and the etched glass sheet 21 by using the vacuum pump 28;
step four: the pneumatic multi-way communication valve 7 is opened, the model body is rotated to 90 degrees (the visual model is vertical to the ground) through the fixed bracket 29, the light source 9 is opened, and the electromagnetic valve 19 is controlled to be opened and closed:
when the low-viscosity simulated oil is injected, the lower fluid input channel is opened, the upper fluid input channel and the middle fluid input channel are closed, the ISO plunger pump 1 is controlled to inject the low-viscosity simulated oil, and the simulated oil is observed to be injected to a simulated height in the etched glass sheet 21 through the high-definition camera 22, wherein the simulated oil is at a height of 1/3;
when the medium-viscosity simulation oil is injected, the middle fluid input channel is opened, the upper fluid input channel and the lower fluid input channel are closed, the ISO plunger pump 1 is controlled to inject the medium-viscosity simulation oil, and the simulation oil is observed to be injected to a simulation height in the etched glass sheet 21 through the high-definition camera 22, wherein the simulation oil is at a height of 2/3;
when the high-viscosity simulated oil is injected, the upper fluid input channel is opened, the middle fluid input channel and the lower fluid input channel are closed, the ISO plunger pump 1 is controlled to inject the high-viscosity simulated oil until no bubbles are observed through the high-definition camera 22, the etched glass sheet 21 is fully saturated, the ISO plunger pump 1 is closed, and the total crude oil reserves are calculated through the computer system 24
The method comprises the steps of carrying out a first treatment on the surface of the The injection quantity of the injected simulated oil is flexibly adjusted in different actual reservoirs;
step five: controlling an electric turntable 8, rotating a model body to 180 degrees (a visual model is parallel to the ground), opening a heating sleeve 32 to heat a stratum water intermediate container to a simulated temperature, wherein the simulated temperature is 100 ℃, opening a pneumatic multi-way communication valve 7, opening a back pressure valve 25 to control displacement pressure difference, opening a metering valve 35, simulating displacement by controlling an electromagnetic valve 19, and observing the oil-water flow law of a computer system 24;
step six: record ISO plunger pump 1 accumulated injection quantity
The oil-water separator 26 simulates the total amount of oil production +.>
And stratum aquatic product yield in measuring cup 27 +.>
Calculating final harvest +.>
：
According to the invention, in the fourth step, the injection speed of the low-viscosity crude oil is not more than 0.8mL/min, the injection speed of the medium-viscosity crude oil is not more than 0.5mL/min, and the injection speed of the high-viscosity crude oil is not more than 0.2mL/min.
According to the present invention, in the fifth step, the rotation angle of the model body is set according to experimental conditions:
adjusting to 180 degrees in the horizontal direction to simulate the macroscopic displacement effect of a plane injection and production mode in the oilfield development process;
or, the micro fluid flow rule in the stratum section in the oilfield development process is simulated by adjusting the micro fluid flow rule to 90 degrees in the vertical direction.
According to the invention, preferably, in the using method, colorless transparent silicone oil is adopted, the silicone oil is convenient and controllable within the viscosity range of 5-40000 mPa.s, the viscosity range of the viscous oil is matched with most of the viscous oil viscosity range, and the viscosity difference is distinguished by using an oily coloring agent.
The beneficial technical effects of the invention are as follows:
the invention solves the problem of non-uniformity of viscosity caused by heat conduction and hiding factors of injected steam, and simulates the viscosity field after the heat conduction of the steam in the oil injection model by using different viscosities.
The outside of the quartz bottom plate is provided with the pore canal corresponding to the etched glass area on the inner side, so that the injection between the partitions can be realized, and the viscosity heterogeneity of crude oil can be realized.
The quartz bottom plate is provided with the quick connector, and the electromagnetic valve controls the switch, so that the opening and closing of multiple injection and multiple production and corresponding wellheads can be realized.
The electric turntable is provided with a plurality of rotation angles, the flexibility of a viscosity control area and a displacement mode is improved, and the horizontal direction (plane injection and production mode in the oilfield development process) and the vertical direction (section fluid flow rule in the oilfield development process) can be simulated by changing the angle of the visual experimental model.
The experimental simulation oil adopts colorless transparent silicone oil, the silicone oil is convenient and controllable within the viscosity range of 5-40000 mPa.s, the viscosity range of the experimental simulation oil accords with most of thick oil viscosity ranges, and the viscosity difference can be distinguished by using an oily coloring agent, so that the experimental simulation oil is convenient to observe.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a visual displacement device of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a schematic view of the structure with the cover plate and the base plate removed;
FIG. 3 is a schematic view of an etched glass sheet according to the present invention;
FIG. 4 is a photograph of a displacement non-uniform viscosity etched glass sheet residual oil distribution;
FIG. 5 is a photograph of a displacement uniform viscosity etched glass sheet residual oil distribution;
FIG. 6 is a graph comparing experimental scenario 1 and experimental scenario 2 of the rule of influence of viscosity non-uniformity on recovery ratio;
FIG. 7 is a graph comparing the non-uniformity of viscosity to the non-uniformity of viscosity field, the uniformity of viscosity field, and the field of the recovery.
In fig. 1 and 2, reference numerals: 1-ISO plunger pump; 2-stratum water intermediate container; 3-a low viscosity simulated oil intermediate vessel; 4-a medium viscosity simulated oil intermediate vessel; 5-a high viscosity simulated oil intermediate vessel; 6-a one-way valve; 7-a pneumatic multi-way communication valve; 8-an electric turntable; 9-a light source; 10-quartz cover plate; 11-quartz bottom plate; 12-through holes; 13-1 upper groove; 13-2 lower grooves; 14-fixing screw holes; 15-a sealing ring; 16-through holes; 18-an inner tank; 19-an electromagnetic valve; 20-quick connector; 21-etching the glass sheet; 22-high definition camera; 23-a pressure monitoring box; 24-a computer system; 25-back pressure valve; 26-an oil-water separator; 27-measuring cup; 28-a vacuum pump; 29-fixing a bracket; 30-a fluid input line; 31-fluid production line; 32-heating jackets; 33-an evacuation valve; 34-a vacuum valve; 35 metering valve.
In fig. 3, reference numerals: 211-first fluid input channel, 212-second fluid input channel, 213-third fluid input channel, 214-fourth fluid input channel, 215-fifth fluid input channel, 216-sixth fluid input channel, 217-seventh fluid input channel, 218-eighth fluid input channel, 219-ninth fluid input channel.
Detailed Description
The present invention will be described in further detail with reference to examples and drawings, but embodiments of the present invention are not limited thereto.
Embodiment one:
as shown in fig. 1, 2 and 3, a visual displacement device simulating a non-uniform viscosity field comprises a model system, a fluid displacement system, a block control system and a data acquisition device;
the model system comprises a fixed bracket 29 and a model body arranged on the fixed bracket 29, wherein the fixed bracket 29 is provided with an electric turntable 8 and a light source 9;
further, the model body comprises a quartz cover plate 10, a quartz bottom plate 11 and a sealing ring 15; the middle parts of the quartz cover plate 10 and the quartz bottom plate 11 are respectively provided with an upper groove 13-1 and a lower groove 13-2, nine through holes 12 are arranged on the lower groove 13-2 at equal intervals 3*3, and a quick connector 20 is arranged at the through holes 12 at the outer side of the quartz bottom plate 11; an etched glass sheet 21 is clamped between the quartz cover plate 10 and the quartz bottom plate 11; a sealing ring 15 matched with the etched glass sheet 21 in size is arranged between the quartz cover plate 10 and the quartz bottom plate 11, the sealing ring 15 is in a cuboid shape, an inner groove 18 for installing the etched glass sheet 21 is arranged in the sealing ring, sealing and fixing functions are achieved, and a through hole 16 corresponding to the quartz bottom plate 11 is formed in the bottom side of the inner groove 18; the quartz bottom plate 11 is arranged on the fixed support 29 and connected with the electric turntable 8, the electric turntable is provided with four angles of 45 degrees, 90 degrees, 135 degrees and 180 degrees, and the angle of a visual experimental model is changed, so that 180 degrees in the horizontal direction (plane injection and production mode in the oilfield development process) and 90 degrees in the vertical direction (section fluid flow rule in the oilfield development process) can be simulated; the fixed bracket 29 is provided with a light source 9; when in installation, the quartz cover plate 10 is only required to be placed on the quartz bottom plate 11, the fixing screw holes 14 are aligned, and the quartz cover plate is fixed by screws;
further, the etched glass sheet 21 corresponds to the size formed by the upper groove 13-1 and the lower groove 13-2, the thickness is larger than the total depth of the upper groove 13-1 and the lower groove 13-2, and the excessive thickness is sealed by a sealing ring; the etched glass sheet 21 is provided with nine openings corresponding to the bottom plate, two arbitrary openings are model fluid input and output ports, the etched glass sheet 21 is designed to combine the characterization result of the actual oil reservoir pore structure, the pore-throat structure is extracted by utilizing the image processing technology and algorithm, the etching rule is equivalent to pore-throat distribution and actual pore-throat distribution, and the etched glass sheet can be designed by self by utilizing the similar principle, and the etched glass design can be realized by the person skilled in the art according to the prior art, so that the specific processing method is not the content to be protected by the invention;
the etched glass sheet 21 is provided with: an upper fluid input channel, a middle fluid input channel, and a lower fluid input channel;
the upper fluid input channel comprises: a seventh fluid input channel 217, an eighth fluid input channel 218, a ninth fluid input channel 219;
the central fluid input channel comprises: a fourth fluid input channel 214, a fifth fluid input channel 215, a sixth fluid input channel 216;
the lower fluid input channel comprises: a first fluid input channel 211, a second fluid input channel 212, a third fluid input channel 213.
The fluid displacement system comprises an ISO plunger pump 1, a stratum water intermediate container 2, a low-viscosity simulated oil intermediate container 3, a medium-viscosity simulated oil intermediate container 4, a high-viscosity simulated oil intermediate container 5, a one-way valve 6, a vacuum pump 28, an evacuation valve 33 and a vacuum valve 34;
the ISO plunger pump 1 is connected with a check valve 6 through a stratum water intermediate container 2, a low-viscosity simulated oil intermediate container 3, a medium-viscosity simulated oil intermediate container 4 and a high-viscosity simulated oil intermediate container 5 respectively, and the check valve 6 is connected with a pneumatic multidirectional communication valve 7; the evacuation valve 33 is used for evacuating the pressure in the intermediate container after the experiment is finished;
a heating jacket 32 is provided on the formation water intermediate vessel 2 for controlling the temperature of the injected formation water. A one-way valve 6 is provided to prevent backflow of fluid due to pressure differences during displacement.
If necessary, in order to avoid the influence of the existence of bubbles on the experimental result, the vacuum valve 34 can be opened to vacuumize the etched glass sheet 21 by using the vacuum pump 28;
the block control system comprises a pneumatic multidirectional communication valve 7, an electromagnetic valve 19, a quick connector 20 and a fluid input pipeline 30, and the system functions in a saturation stage (a process of simulating the initial state of actual reservoir crude oil by saturated crude oil in a device) to flexibly control the quantity of fluid input and output and the direction of fluid input and output, so that the non-uniform field saturation of viscosity is realized, and the quantity of fluid input and output and the direction of the fluid input and output can be flexibly controlled in a displacement stage, so that the exploitation of various displacement modes is realized.
Further, the quick connector 20 is fixedly arranged on the through hole 12 of the quartz base plate, the pneumatic multi-way communication valve 7 is respectively connected with the quick connector 20 on the quartz base plate 11 through the fluid input pipeline 30, and the electromagnetic valve 19 is controlled by the computer system 24 to realize the opening and closing of the fluid input pipeline 30;
the data acquisition and processing system comprises a high-definition camera 22, a pressure monitoring box 23, a computer system 24, a fluid extraction pipeline 31, a back pressure valve 25, an oil-water separator 26 and a measuring cup 27; the pressure monitoring boxes 23 are respectively arranged on the fluid input pipelines 30; the high-definition camera 22 is arranged on the fixed bracket 29 and is opposite to the quartz cover plate 10; the fluid extraction line 31 is connected to a back pressure valve 25, said back pressure valve 25 being used to control the displacement pressure differential.
Embodiment two:
the method for controlling the oil reservoir viscosity field and simulating the steam exploitation by adopting the device according to the first embodiment, wherein the second to fourth steps are methods for controlling the oil reservoir viscosity field in a visual model, and the fifth step is a method for simulating the steam exploitation, and the specific experimental steps include:
step one: clamping and mounting the etched glass sheet 21 by adopting a quartz cover plate 10, a quartz bottom plate 11 and a sealing ring 15; specifically, an etched glass sheet 21 is arranged in a sealing ring 15, an opening of the etched glass sheet 21, a through hole 16 on the sealing ring 15 and a through hole 12 are corresponding to each other, the etched glass sheet is arranged in a groove 13 in the middle of an quartz cover plate 10 and a quartz bottom plate 11, a model is arranged on a fixed support 29 by using screws, and a fluid input pipeline 30 is connected to a quick connector 20;
step two: according to the viscosity-temperature curve of the actual stratum thick oil, the viscosity of the simulated oil is adjusted, the prepared simulated oil is respectively filled into a low-viscosity simulated oil intermediate container 3, a medium-viscosity simulated oil intermediate container 4 and a high-viscosity simulated oil intermediate container 5, and is dyed and distinguished by an oily colorant; a low-viscosity simulated oil (115 mPas) is prepared and dyed by a yellow oily dye, a medium-viscosity simulated oil (150 mPas) is dyed by a red oily dye, and a high-viscosity simulated oil (200 mPas) is dyed by a green oily dye;
step three: adjusting the angle of the model and the position of the high-definition camera 22 to enable the etched glass sheet 21 to be at the center of the screen of the computer system 24; closing the pneumatic multi-way communication valve 7, the metering valve 35, opening the vacuum valve 34, and vacuumizing the fluid input pipeline 30 and the etched glass sheet 21 by using the vacuum pump 28;
step four: the pneumatic multi-way communication valve 7 is opened, the model body is rotated to 90 degrees (the visual model is vertical to the ground) through the fixed bracket 29, the light source 9 is opened, and the electromagnetic valve 19 is controlled to be opened and closed:
when the low-viscosity simulated oil is injected, the lower fluid input channel is opened, the upper fluid input channel and the middle fluid input channel are closed, the ISO plunger pump 1 is controlled to inject the low-viscosity simulated oil, and the simulated oil is observed to be injected to a simulated height in the etched glass sheet 21 through the high-definition camera 22, wherein the simulated oil is at a height of 1/3;
when the medium-viscosity simulation oil is injected, the middle fluid input channel is opened, the upper fluid input channel and the lower fluid input channel are closed, the ISO plunger pump 1 is controlled to inject the medium-viscosity simulation oil, and the simulation oil is observed to be injected to a simulation height in the etched glass sheet 21 through the high-definition camera 22, wherein the simulation oil is at a height of 2/3;
when the high-viscosity simulated oil is injected, the upper fluid input channel is opened, the middle fluid input channel and the lower fluid input channel are closed, the ISO plunger pump 1 is controlled to inject the high-viscosity simulated oil until no bubbles are observed through the high-definition camera 22, the etched glass sheet 21 is fully saturated, the ISO plunger pump 1 is closed, and the total crude oil reserves are calculated through the computer system 24
The method comprises the steps of carrying out a first treatment on the surface of the The injection quantity of the injected simulated oil is flexibly adjusted in different actual reservoirs;
step five: controlling an electric turntable 8, rotating a model body to 180 degrees (a visual model is parallel to the ground), opening a heating sleeve 32, heating a stratum water intermediate container to a simulated temperature, wherein the simulated temperature is 100 ℃, opening a pneumatic multi-way communication valve 7, setting the pressure of a back pressure valve 25 to 0.1MPa, opening the back pressure valve 25 to control the displacement pressure difference, opening a metering valve 35, simulating displacement by controlling an electromagnetic valve 19, and observing the oil-water flow law of a computer system 24;
the electromagnetic valve 19 is controlled, the openings of the second fluid input channel 212, the third fluid input channel 213, the fourth fluid input channel 214, the fifth fluid input channel 215, the sixth fluid input channel 216, the seventh fluid input channel 217 and the eighth fluid input channel 218 are closed, at this time, the first fluid input channel 211 is connected with the fluid input pipeline 30 and is used as an input port, the ninth fluid input channel 219 is connected with the fluid extraction pipeline 31 and is used as an extraction port, the metering valve 35 is opened, the constant pressure mode (0.4 Mpa) of the ISO plunger pump 1 is controlled to control the displacement of the stratum water intermediate container 2, and the recorded oil-water flow condition is observed through the computer system 24;
step six: record ISO plunger pump 1 accumulated injection quantity
The oil-water separator 26 simulates the total amount of oil production +.>
And stratum aquatic product yield in measuring cup 27 +.>
Calculate the final recovery ∈ ->
：
In the fourth step, the injection speed of the low-viscosity crude oil is not more than 0.8mL/min, the injection speed of the medium-viscosity crude oil is not more than 0.5mL/min, and the injection speed of the high-viscosity crude oil is not more than 0.2mL/min.
In the fifth step, the rotation angle of the model body is set according to experimental conditions:
adjusting to 180 degrees in the horizontal direction to simulate the macroscopic displacement effect of a plane injection and production mode in the oilfield development process;
or, the micro fluid flow rule in the stratum section in the oilfield development process is simulated by adjusting the micro fluid flow rule to 90 degrees in the vertical direction.
In the using method, colorless transparent silicone oil is adopted, the silicone oil is convenient and controllable within the viscosity range of 5-40000 mPa.s, the viscosity range of the colorless transparent silicone oil is in line with most of thick oil viscosity ranges, and the difference of the viscosity is distinguished by using an oily coloring agent.
the experimental results are shown in fig. 4, and due to the non-uniformity of the viscosity, a 'globy' oil film which cannot be displaced exists in the dark area model in the circle in fig. 4, the injected water rapidly flows along the dominant channel (light area in the channel), and the produced well is earlier in water.
As shown in fig. 6, the saturated heterogeneous viscosity simulated oil model was run through early with a model final recovery of 29.1%.
the simulated oil in etched glass sheet 21 was subjected to displacement test recovery using the procedure described in experimental scenario 1, where the simulated oil viscosity for this experimental scenario was the average of the non-uniform viscosities in experimental scenario 1, 155 mPa-s.
The experimental results are shown in fig. 5, the oil-water distribution in the model is uniform, no obvious residual oil remains, and the model with saturated uniform viscosity is shown in fig. 6, the model has later water-meeting, and the final recovery ratio of the model is 32.0%. Under the same experimental conditions, the results of the experimental scene 1 and the experimental scene 2 show that the viscosity non-uniformity has a larger influence on the model recovery ratio.
in the steam injection development process, after heat is transferred to crude oil by steam, the viscosity of the crude oil is reduced to a certain specific value, then the steam is changed into hot water, the viscosity of near-end crude oil is reduced, and far-end crude oil is high-viscosity crude oil, so that the crude oil can be equivalently processed into hot water flooding low-viscosity crude oil in a two-dimensional visualization experiment, and the low-viscosity crude oil can refer to the viscosity-temperature curve of the crude oil of a target block.
In combination with the actual condition of an oil reservoir, the simulated crude oil viscosity range of the experimental scene is 150-2000 mPas, the injection speed is 10mL/min, the injection amount is 2PV, the production pressure difference is 0.1-0.5 mPas, the specific production parameters of the experiment are determined according to the similarity criteria, and the specific production parameters are recorded in the following table 1:
table 1: the similarity principle involves experimental simulation of principal parameter determination
In this embodiment, a steam displacement experiment was performed in the etched glass sheet 21 by the following steps;
step one: the etched glass sheet 21 is clamped and mounted by the quartz cover plate 10, the quartz bottom plate 11 and the sealing ring 15. Specifically, an etched glass sheet 21 is arranged in a sealing ring 15, an opening of the etched glass sheet 21, a through hole 16 on the sealing ring 15 and a through hole 12 are corresponding to each other, the etched glass sheet 21, the through hole 16 and the through hole 12 are arranged in an upper groove 13-1 and a lower groove 13-2 between a quartz cover plate 10 and a quartz bottom plate 11, a model is arranged on a fixed support 29 by using screws, and a fluid input pipeline 30 is connected to a quick connector 20;
step two: according to the viscosity-temperature curve of crude oil of an actual stratum, the viscosity of simulated oil is adjusted, low-viscosity simulated oil (150 mPas) is prepared and is dyed by a yellow oily colorant, medium-viscosity simulated oil (500 mPas) is dyed by a red oily colorant, high-viscosity simulated oil (2000 mPas) is dyed by a green oily colorant, and the low-viscosity simulated oil intermediate container 3, the medium-viscosity simulated oil intermediate container 4 and the high-viscosity simulated oil intermediate container 5 are respectively injected;
step three: adjusting the angle of the model body and the position of the high-definition camera 22 to enable the etched glass sheet 21 to be at the center of a screen of the computer system 24, closing the pneumatic multi-way communication valve 7, the metering valve 35, opening the vacuum valve 34, and vacuumizing the fluid inlet pipeline 27 and the etched glass sheet 21 by utilizing the vacuum pump 28;
step four: the pneumatic multidirectional communication valve 7 is opened, the model body is rotated to 90 degrees through the fixed support 29, the light source 9 is opened, and the electromagnetic valve 19 is controlled to be switched on and off:
when the low-viscosity simulated oil is injected, the lower fluid input channel is opened, the upper fluid input channel and the middle fluid input channel are closed, the ISO plunger pump 1 is controlled to inject the low-viscosity simulated oil, and the simulated oil is observed to be injected to a simulated height in the etched glass sheet 21 through the high-definition camera 22, wherein the simulated oil is at a height of 1/3;
when the medium-viscosity simulation oil is injected, the middle fluid input channel is opened, the upper fluid input channel and the lower fluid input channel are closed, the ISO plunger pump 1 is controlled to inject the medium-viscosity simulation oil, and the simulation oil is observed to be injected to a simulation height in the etched glass sheet 21 through the high-definition camera 22, wherein the simulation oil is at a height of 2/3;
when the high-viscosity simulated oil is injected, the upper fluid input channel is opened, the middle fluid input channel and the lower fluid input channel are closed, the ISO plunger pump 1 is controlled to inject the high-viscosity simulated oil until no bubbles are observed through the high-definition camera 22, the etched glass sheet 21 is fully saturated, the ISO plunger pump 1 is closed, and the total crude oil reserves are calculated through the computer system 24
The method comprises the steps of carrying out a first treatment on the surface of the The injection quantity of the injected simulated oil is flexibly adjusted in different actual reservoirs;
step five: the electric turntable 8 is controlled to rotate the model body to 180 degrees, the pneumatic multi-way communication valve 7 is opened, the back pressure valve 25 is set to have the pressure of 0.5MPa, the heating sleeve 32 is opened to heat the formation water intermediate container to 100 degrees centigrade, the electromagnetic valve 19 is controlled, the openings of the second fluid input channel 212, the third fluid input channel 213, the fourth fluid input channel 214, the fifth fluid input channel 215, the sixth fluid input channel 216, the seventh fluid input channel 217 and the eighth fluid input channel 218 are closed, at the moment, the first fluid input channel 211 is connected with the fluid input pipeline 30 and is used as an input port, the ninth fluid input channel 219 is connected with the fluid extraction pipeline 31 and is used as an extraction port, the metering valve 35 is opened, the ISO plunger pump 1 controls the displacement of the formation water intermediate container 2 in a constant speed mode of 10mL/min, and the oil-water flow condition is observed and recorded through the computer system 24.
Step six: record ISO plunger pump 1 accumulated injection quantity
The oil-water separator 26 simulates the total amount of oil production +.>
And stratum aquatic product yield in measuring cup 27 +.>
Calculate the final recovery ∈ ->
：
According to the above steps, the simulated displacement test is performed by using different block models, the experimental results are shown in table 2, and the final recovery ratio of the simulated heavy oil steam displacement of the oil reservoir viscosity field is controlled in the experimental scene and is consistent with the on-site final recovery ratio:
table 2: final recovery ratio comparison of steam displacement of heavy oil reservoir
Specifically, taking the first and second embodiments as examples, two wells X of a certain area oil reservoir of a winning oil field 1 Well, X 2 Well, X 1 Well water injection, X 2 Well exploitation, injection and production relations correspond to low injection and high production, and formation crude oil between two wells has viscosity non-uniformity and X due to formation factors 1 Viscosity 13000 mPa.s, X of thick oil in near-well region of well 2 The viscosity of the thick oil in the near well region of 13500 mPa.s, the viscosity of the thick oil in the middle well region of 15000 mPa.s and the stratum permeability of 100mD are combined with the characterization result of the actual reservoir pore structure and the similar principle, the etched glass sheet 21 is designed, and the second fluid input channel 212 is utilized to simulate X 1 Well simulation X using eighth fluid input channel 218 2 A well.
Performing a displacement test on non-uniform simulated oil (silicone oil) in the etched glass sheet 21 by the following steps;
step one: clamping and mounting the etched glass sheet 21 by adopting a quartz cover plate 10, a quartz bottom plate 11 and a sealing ring 15; specifically, an etched glass sheet 21 is arranged in a sealing ring 15, an opening of the etched glass sheet 21, a through hole 16 on the sealing ring 15 and a through hole 12 are corresponding to each other, the etched glass sheet is arranged in a groove 13 in the middle of an quartz cover plate 10 and a quartz bottom plate 11, a model is arranged on a fixed support 29 by using screws, and a fluid input pipeline 30 is connected to a quick connector 20;
step two: according to the viscosity-temperature curve of the actual stratum thick oil, the viscosity of the simulated oil is adjusted, the prepared simulated oil is respectively filled into a low-viscosity simulated oil intermediate container 3, a medium-viscosity simulated oil intermediate container 4 and a high-viscosity simulated oil intermediate container 5, and is dyed and distinguished by an oily colorant; a low-viscosity simulated oil (13000 mPas) is arranged and dyed by a yellow oily dye, a medium-viscosity simulated oil (13500 mPas) is dyed by a red oily dye, and a high-viscosity simulated oil (15000 mPas) is dyed by a green oily dye;
step three: adjusting the angle of the model and the position of the high-definition camera 22 to enable the etched glass sheet 21 to be at the center of the screen of the computer system 24; closing the pneumatic multi-way communication valve 7, the metering valve 35, opening the vacuum valve 34, and vacuumizing the fluid input pipeline 30 and the etched glass sheet 21 by using the vacuum pump 28;
step four: the pneumatic multi-way communication valve 7 is opened, the model body is rotated to 90 degrees (the visual model is vertical to the ground) through the fixed bracket 29, the light source 9 is opened, and the electromagnetic valve 19 is controlled to be opened and closed:
when the low-viscosity simulated oil is injected, the lower fluid input channel is opened, the upper fluid input channel and the middle fluid input channel are closed, the ISO plunger pump 1 is controlled to inject the low-viscosity simulated oil, and the simulated oil is observed to be injected to a simulated height in the etched glass sheet 21 through the high-definition camera 22, wherein the simulated oil is at a height of 1/4;
when the medium-viscosity simulation oil is injected, the middle fluid input channel is opened, the upper fluid input channel and the lower fluid input channel are closed, the ISO plunger pump 1 is controlled to inject the medium-viscosity simulation oil, and the simulation oil is observed to be injected to the simulation height in the etched glass sheet 21 through the high-definition camera 22, wherein the simulation oil is at the 3/4 height;
when the high-viscosity simulated oil is injected, the upper fluid input channel is opened, the middle fluid input channel and the lower fluid input channel are closed, the ISO plunger pump 1 is controlled to inject the high-viscosity simulated oil until no bubbles are observed through the high-definition camera 22, the etched glass sheet 21 is fully saturated, the ISO plunger pump 1 is closed, and the total crude oil reserves are calculated through the computer system 24
The method comprises the steps of carrying out a first treatment on the surface of the The injection quantity of the injected simulated oil is flexibly adjusted in different actual reservoirs;
step five: controlling an electric turntable 8 to rotate a model body to 90 degrees (the model is vertical to the ground), opening a heating sleeve 32 to heat a stratum water intermediate container to a simulated temperature, wherein the simulated temperature is 100 ℃, opening a pneumatic multi-way communication valve 7, setting the pressure of a back pressure valve 25 to 0.1MPa, opening the back pressure valve 25 to control displacement pressure difference, opening a metering valve 35, simulating displacement by controlling an electromagnetic valve 19, and observing the oil-water flow law of a computer system 24;
the electromagnetic valve 19 is controlled to close the openings of the first fluid input channel 211, the third fluid input channel 213, the fourth fluid input channel 214, the fifth fluid input channel 215, the sixth fluid input channel 216, the seventh fluid input channel 217 and the ninth fluid input channel 219, at this time, the second fluid input channel 212 is connected with the fluid input pipeline 30, the eighth fluid input channel 218 is connected with the fluid extraction pipeline 31, the fluid extraction port is the fluid extraction port, the metering valve 35 is opened, the constant pressure mode (1 Mpa) of the ISO plunger pump 1 is controlled to control the displacement of the stratum water intermediate container 2, and the recorded oil-water flow condition is observed through the computer system 24;
step six: record ISO plunger pump 1 accumulated injection quantity
The oil-water separator 26 simulates the total amount of oil production +.>
And stratum aquatic product yield in measuring cup 27 +.>
Calculate the final recovery ∈ ->
：
According to the above procedure, the injection viscosity was changed to 13833 mPas (average value of non-uniform viscosity), the experimental result was shown in FIG. 7, the final recovery of the saturated non-uniform viscosity simulated oil model was 27.3%, the actual on-site recovery was 26.5%, and the saturated uniform viscosity simulated oil model was water-shifted relative to the non-uniform viscosity simulated oil model, and the final recovery of the model was 31.1%. The final recovery ratio of the saturated heterogeneous viscosity simulated oil model is more similar to the actual recovery ratio in situ.
Claims (5)
1. The visual displacement device simulating the non-uniform viscosity field is characterized in that: comprises a model system, a fluid displacement system, a block control system and a data acquisition device;
the model system comprises a fixed bracket and a model body arranged on the fixed bracket, wherein the fixed bracket is provided with an electric turntable and a light source;
the fluid displacement system comprises an ISO plunger pump, a stratum water intermediate container, a low-viscosity simulated oil intermediate container, a medium-viscosity simulated oil intermediate container, a high-viscosity simulated oil intermediate container, a one-way valve, a vacuum pump, an emptying valve and a vacuum valve;
the ISO plunger pump is connected with a check valve through a stratum water intermediate container, a low-viscosity simulated oil intermediate container, a middle-viscosity simulated oil intermediate container and a high-viscosity simulated oil intermediate container respectively, and the check valve is connected with a pneumatic multidirectional communication valve;
the block control system comprises a pneumatic multidirectional communication valve, an electromagnetic valve, a quick connector and a fluid input pipeline;
the data acquisition device comprises a high-definition camera, a pressure monitoring box, a computer system, a fluid extraction pipeline, a back pressure valve, an oil-water separator and a measuring cup;
the model body comprises a quartz cover plate, a quartz bottom plate and a sealing ring; an upper groove is formed in the middle of the quartz cover plate; the middle part of the quartz bottom plate is provided with a lower groove, nine through holes with equal intervals 3*3 are arranged on the lower groove, and a quick connector is arranged at the through holes at the outer side of the quartz bottom plate; clamping and etching glass sheets between the quartz cover plate and the quartz bottom plate; a sealing ring matched with the etched glass sheet in size is arranged between the quartz cover plate and the quartz bottom plate, the sealing ring is cuboid, an inner groove for installing the etched glass sheet is arranged in the sealing ring, sealing and fixing effects are achieved, and a through hole corresponding to the quartz bottom plate is formed in the bottom side of the inner groove; the quartz bottom plate is arranged on the fixed bracket and is connected with the electric turntable; the fixed bracket is provided with a light source;
the quick connector is fixedly arranged on the through hole of the quartz bottom plate, the pneumatic multidirectional communication valve is respectively connected with the quick connector on the quartz bottom plate through the fluid input pipeline, and the electromagnetic valve is controlled by the computer system to realize the opening and closing of the fluid input pipeline;
the pressure monitoring boxes are respectively arranged on the fluid input pipelines; the high-definition camera is arranged on the fixed support and is opposite to the quartz cover plate; the fluid extraction pipeline is connected with a back pressure valve, and the back pressure valve is used for controlling displacement pressure difference;
the etched glass sheet corresponds to the size formed by the upper groove and the lower groove, and the thickness of the etched glass sheet is larger than the total depth of the upper groove and the lower groove; the etched glass sheet is provided with nine openings corresponding to the bottom plate, and two arbitrary openings are model fluid input and output ports;
and (3) arranging on the etched glass sheet: an upper fluid input channel, a middle fluid input channel, and a lower fluid input channel;
the upper fluid input channel comprises: a seventh fluid input channel, an eighth fluid input channel, and a ninth fluid input channel;
the central fluid input channel comprises: a fourth fluid input channel, a fifth fluid input channel, a sixth fluid input channel;
the lower fluid input channel comprises: a first fluid input channel, a second fluid input channel, and a third fluid input channel;
the middle container of stratum water is provided with a heating jacket for controlling the temperature of the injected stratum water.
2. The method of using a visual displacement apparatus for simulating a non-uniform viscosity field of claim 1, wherein the specific experimental steps include:
step one: clamping and mounting the etched glass sheet by adopting a quartz cover plate, a quartz bottom plate and a sealing ring;
step two: according to the viscosity-temperature curve of the actual stratum thick oil, the viscosity of the simulated oil is adjusted, the prepared simulated oil is respectively filled into a low-viscosity simulated oil intermediate container, a medium-viscosity simulated oil intermediate container and a high-viscosity simulated oil intermediate container, and is dyed and distinguished by an oily colorant;
step three: adjusting the angle of the model and the position of the high-definition camera to enable the etched glass sheet to be at the center of a screen of the computer system; closing the pneumatic multidirectional communication valve, the metering valve, opening the vacuum valve, and vacuumizing the fluid input pipeline and the etched glass sheet by using the vacuum pump;
step four: opening a pneumatic multidirectional communication valve, rotating the model body to 90 degrees through a fixed support, opening a light source, and controlling an electromagnetic valve switch:
when the low-viscosity simulated oil is injected, the lower fluid input channel is opened, the upper fluid input channel and the middle fluid input channel are closed, the ISO plunger pump is controlled to inject the low-viscosity simulated oil, and the simulated oil is observed to be injected to the simulated height of the etched glass sheet through the high-definition camera;
when the medium-viscosity simulated oil is injected, opening the middle fluid input channel, closing the upper fluid input channel and the lower fluid input channel, controlling the ISO plunger pump to inject the medium-viscosity simulated oil, and observing the simulated oil injection to the simulated height of the etched glass sheet through the high-definition camera;
when the high-viscosity simulated oil is injected, the upper fluid input channel is opened, the middle fluid input channel and the lower fluid input channel are closed, and the ISO plunger pump is controlled to inject the high-viscosity simulated oil until the high-viscosity simulated oil cannot be observed through the high-definition cameraThe bubbles, making the etched glass sheet completely saturated, closing the ISO plunger pump, calculating the total reserve of crude oil of the model by a computer system
The method comprises the steps of carrying out a first treatment on the surface of the The injection quantity of the injected simulated oil is flexibly adjusted in different actual reservoirs;
step five: controlling an electric turntable, rotating the model body to 180 degrees, opening a heating sleeve to heat a stratum water intermediate container to a simulated temperature, opening a pneumatic multi-way communication valve, opening a back pressure valve to control displacement pressure difference, opening a metering valve, simulating displacement by controlling an electromagnetic valve, and observing the oil-water flow law of a computer system;
step six: recording the accumulated injection quantity of an ISO plunger pump
Total simulated oil production in oil-water separator>
And stratum aquatic product output in measuring cup->
Calculate the final recovery ∈ ->
：
3. The method of using a visual displacement apparatus for simulating a non-uniform viscosity field according to claim 2, wherein in the fourth step, the injection rate of low viscosity crude oil is not more than 0.8mL/min, the injection rate of medium viscosity crude oil is not more than 0.5mL/min, and the injection rate of high viscosity crude oil is not more than 0.2mL/min.
4. The method of using a visual displacement apparatus for simulating a non-uniform viscosity field according to claim 3, wherein in the fifth step, the rotation angle of the model body is set according to experimental conditions:
adjusting to 180 degrees in the horizontal direction to simulate the macroscopic displacement effect of a plane injection and production mode in the oilfield development process;
or, the micro fluid flow rule in the stratum section in the oilfield development process is simulated by adjusting the micro fluid flow rule to 90 degrees in the vertical direction.
5. The method of using a visual displacement apparatus for simulating a non-uniform viscosity field according to claim 4, wherein the difference in viscosity is distinguished by using an oil stain using colorless transparent silicone oil.
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