CN115925010A - Method for constructing farmland non-point source pollution zero-emission system - Google Patents
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Abstract
A method for constructing a farmland non-point source pollution zero emission system is disclosed, which comprises the steps of measuring the area of a region to be constructed and the river water capacity capable of circulating in the region, surveying the application ground area and open area in the region and the distribution thereof, and surveying the fertilizer variety and the fertilizing amount applied to crops in each season; carrying out year-round monitoring on the nitrogen runoff loss of plots planted with different crops in the area, and calculating the nitrogen runoff discharge amount of each plot in the area; determining optimal configuration parameters of a fertilizer source reduction scheme, a nutrient recycling scheme and an ecological ditch interception scheme in an area through a field test and a simulation test; calculating the loss amount of other nitrogen ways of each plot in the region and the system cost of the constructed region through the following nitrogen input and output balance model and the system cost model; and on the premise of keeping the balance of the input and output of nitrogen of the system, determining the scheme combination when the system cost of the constructed area is the lowest, and forming the economic and optimal method for the farmland non-point source pollution zero-emission system.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of farmland non-point source pollution prevention and control, and particularly relates to a construction method of a farmland non-point source pollution zero-emission system.
Background
The concept of non-point source pollution was proposed in the last 70 centuries, and with the effective control of point source pollution such as industrial wastewater and urban domestic sewage, agricultural non-point source pollution has replaced point sources and has become the most important source of water environmental pollution. In recent years, the country highly pays attention to agricultural non-point source pollution prevention and treatment work, a series of plans and documents are provided, and a mode for accelerating the change of agricultural development is provided.
The farmland non-point source pollution is the most widely distributed part in agricultural non-point sources, and refers to the pollution of nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus, pesticides and other organic or inorganic pollutants used in agricultural production activities on a surface of a farmland and the surface and underground water environment through the paths of farmland surface runoff, farmland leakage and the like. The non-point source pollution has the characteristics of complex source, dispersion, random occurrence, low pollutant concentration, difficult treatment and the like. According to the characteristics, chinese scholars propose a '4R' technical system for non-point source pollution control, namely a technical body tether consisting of source reduction (Reduce), process interruption (Retain), nutrient Reuse (Reuse) and ecological restoration (Restore) technologies. The source reduction technology is to realize the minimization of the non-point source pollution generation amount through the change of the production mode and the fertilization technology. Aiming at highly intensive farmlands, the fertilizer can be optimally managed according to the requirement rule of high yield and nutrients of crops, the soil fertilizer supply characteristics and the like, and a novel slow-controlled release fertilizer or a novel fertilizer application technology according to needs is adopted, so that the utilization rate of the fertilizer is improved, and the using amount of the fertilizer is reduced. The process blocking technology is used for blocking and strengthening purification of pollutants by some physical, biological and engineering methods and the like in the process of transferring the pollutants to the water body, so that the residence time of the pollutants in the land area is prolonged, and the pollutant amount entering the water body is reduced to the maximum extent. The recycling technology recycles nutrient resources such as nitrogen and phosphorus contained in pollutants, and achieves the purposes of saving resources, reducing pollution and increasing economic benefits. Ecological restoration mainly refers to restoration of a water body ecological system, and the structure and the function of the ecological system are restored through some ecological engineering restoration measures, so that the improvement of the self-restoration capability and the enhancement of the self-purification capability of the water body ecological system are realized.
At present, farmland non-point source pollution prevention and control has a relatively perfect theory and technology system, but because crop planting systems and non-point source pollution emission characteristics in various areas are different, combination effects and application costs of various technologies are different, and in the actual application process, the consistency of system implementation effects is difficult to guarantee by mostly depending on subjectively selected and adopted technologies.
Disclosure of Invention
The technical problem to be solved is as follows: the invention provides a method for constructing a farmland non-point source pollution zero-emission system, and aims to solve the problems of large farmland non-point source pollution emission and high prevention and control cost.
The technical scheme is as follows: a method for constructing a farmland non-point source pollution zero-emission system comprises the following steps: (A) Measuring the area of a region to be constructed and the river water capacity which can circulate in the region, investigating the application area, the open area and the distribution thereof in the region, and investigating the fertilizer variety and the application amount applied to crops in each season; (B) Carrying out annual monitoring on the nitrogen runoff loss of plots planted with different crops in the area, and calculating the nitrogen runoff discharge amount of each plot in the area; (C) Determining optimal configuration parameters of a fertilizer source reduction scheme, a nutrient recycling scheme and an ecological ditch interception scheme in an area through a field test and a simulation test; (D) Calculating the loss amount of other paths of nitrogen and the system cost of the constructed area of each plot in the area through the following nitrogen input and output balance model and system cost model: each parameter unit of the nitrogen input and output balance model is kg/hm 2 The conventional nitrogen application amount-reduced application amount + soil nitrogen content before planting = crop carrying amount + runoff loss amount + other path loss amount + post-harvest soil residue amount; a system cost model: system cost (element) = crop output value reduction amount + source reduction schemeCost, nutrient recycling scheme cost and ecological ditch intercepting scheme cost; (E) On the premise of keeping the input and output balance of nitrogen of the system, determining the scheme combination when the system cost of the constructed area is the lowest, and forming the economic and optimal method of the farmland non-point source pollution zero-emission system.
The implementation method of the step C comprises the following steps: c1 for a fertilizer source reduction scheme: respectively carrying out field experiments on different types of crops in the region, determining the maximum nitrogen fertilizer application reduction amount which can be realized when the fertilizer source reduction scheme is applied to different types of crops without causing crop reduction, and simultaneously calculating the nitrogen fertilizer utilization rate and runoff loss rate under the application reduction amount; c2 for the nutrient recycling scheme: calculating the maximum runoff load and the volume of a water collecting pool to be configured in the region according to the region area, the water capacity of the river in the region, the land utilization condition in the region and historical rainfall data; c3, for the ecological ditch intercepting scheme: simulation tests are carried out in the area, and the nitrogen removal effect of the scheme on the runoff water is clarified.
The method for calculating the loss amount of other nitrogen paths of each plot and the system cost of the constructed area in the step D comprises the following steps: nitrogen loss via other pathways: for each plot in the region, substituting the optimal nitrogen fertilizer application amount, the soil nitrogen content before planting, the nitrogen carrying amount of the crops, the nitrogen runoff loss amount and the soil nitrogen residual amount after harvesting into a nitrogen input and output balance model respectively according to the conventional nitrogen application amount and the fertilizer source reduction scheme of the crops, and calculating the loss amount of other paths of nitrogen; system cost of constructed area: and adding the source reduction scheme cost of each plot in the region to the crop yield reduction amount, and adding the nutrient recycling scheme cost and the ecological ditch interception scheme cost to obtain the system cost of the constructed region.
The implementation method of the step E comprises the following steps: step 1: the land blocks planted with different crops in the area are numbered as 1, 2, 3, …, i in sequence, i is a natural number, and available fertilizer source reduction schemes and schemes are combined and numbered as 1, 2, 3, …, j in sequence, wherein j is a natural number; and 2, step: determining the conventional nitrogen application amount of crops in each plot, and initializing model parameters; and 3, step 3: according to land utilization in the areaEstimating the maximum runoff yield per week under heavy rain load in the region according to the type and meteorological data, and determining the volume of a catchment pond in the region according to the runoff yield; and 4, step 4: calculating the nitrogen content of flowing water in the area according to the field monitoring result,
(runoff yield x runoff water total nitrogen concentration); and 5: calculating the recyclable quantity according to the irrigation quantity required in the growth period of the crops, and selecting the water quality>
(runoff water total nitrogen concentration multiplied by required irrigation quantity); and 6: calculating the lowest ecological ditch interception amount required to be reached by the system according to the difference value of the nitrogen content and the recoverable utilization amount of the runoff water, wherein the ecological ditch interception amount = the nitrogen content of the regional runoff water-the recoverable utilization amount- (regional runoff yield-regional recoverable runoff yield) x the standard nitrogen emission concentration; and 7: configuring an ecological ditch intercepting scheme in the area according to the lowest ecological ditch intercepting quantity; and step 8: calculating the system cost through a system cost model; and step 9: adding or replacing fertilizer source decrement schemes adopted by each plot, and updating scheme parameters in the model, wherein the updated parameters comprise yield, nitrogen fertilizer decrement, nitrogen fertilizer utilization rate, runoff loss rate, total loss rate of other ways and scheme cost; step 10: for any combination of i and j, iterating the steps 4-9, recording the system cost and model parameters in each iteration until all combinations are traversed, wherein the maximum combination number is (j + 1) i (ii) a Step 11: adopting a K-means cluster analysis method, setting the number of groups as j, carrying out cluster analysis on the system cost of all scheme combinations, selecting a group with the lowest system cost average value, and selecting the scheme combination with the minimum loss of other paths in the group, wherein the calculation method of the loss of other paths is as follows: />
(the loss rate of other ways of a certain plot is multiplied by the nitrogen application amount of the plot), and the farmland non-point source pollution zero emission is constructedProvided is a system.
The method for realizing the fertilizer source reduction comprises the steps of adopting water and fertilizer integration to replace conventional irrigation, adopting organic fertilizer to replace partial fertilizer, adopting nitrogen nutrition diagnosis and adopting fertilizer application according to needs or adopting slow-controlled release fertilizer to replace conventional fertilizer.
The scheme parameters in the step 9 are obtained through field experiments.
Has the beneficial effects that: according to the invention, the non-point source pollution prevention and control scheme and the space configuration in the area are optimally selected through the nitrogen input and output balance model and the system cost model, zero emission of non-point source pollutants is realized at the lowest system construction cost, the actual application effect of non-point source pollution prevention and control measures is improved according to local conditions, and the system investment cost is reduced.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic flow chart of the method of the present invention.
Detailed Description
The application of the principles of the present invention will now be described in further detail with reference to specific embodiments.
Example 1
Firstly, investigating land utilization modes and crop planting conditions of an area needing to be constructed with a farmland non-point source pollution zero-emission system, determining the coverage area and the boundary of the area needing to be constructed, drawing the distribution of rivers, drainage and irrigation ditches in the area, and measuring the area of the area, the area of the rivers capable of circulating in the area, the estimated water capacity, the length of the drainage ditches in the area and the floor area. And (4) investigating land utilization modes in the region, including facility land, open-air dry land and paddy field area and distribution, investigating planting systems and planted crops of various land parcels, and fertilizer varieties and fertilizer application amount applied to crops in each season.
Selecting plots planted with different crops in various land utilization modes in the region as representative plots, carrying out yearly monitoring on the nitrogen runoff loss of the plots, and calculating the runoff water volume and the runoff nitrogen loss volume of each plot. For the whole field without cell division, ridges can be built around the field or hard PVC plates can be used for replacing the ridges, water outlets are formed in the two sides of the field and used as runoff water collecting ports, flow meters are arranged at the water outlets, runoff flow is measured, and sampling is carried out to test the total nitrogen concentration in the runoff water when the runoff water exists. For plots with a plurality of communities and requiring to monitor runoff emission of each community, hard PVC plates are used for dividing each community, each community is provided with a water outlet, a flowmeter is arranged at the water outlet to measure runoff, and sampling is carried out to test the total nitrogen concentration in runoff water when runoff water exists. And calculating the total amount of annual runoff water and the runoff nitrogen loss amount through annual continuous monitoring, and calculating the nitrogen runoff loss coefficient through the runoff nitrogen loss amount/nitrogen application amount.
Before and after the crops are planted, soil samples are collected, and the total nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen and ammonium nitrogen contents of the soil of each plot are analyzed. When collecting soil samples, selecting 5-7 points in a land according to an S-shaped point taking method, collecting soil samples of 0-20cm soil layers, and uniformly mixing the samples to obtain the soil samples of the land. Taking 5g of fresh soil to test the content of nitrate nitrogen and ammonium nitrogen, and after the soil sample is air-dried, sieving the soil sample by a 100-mesh sieve to test the total nitrogen content.
And under various land utilization modes in the selected area, land parcels planted with different crops are used as representative land parcels. A field test is laid on a representative plot, the optimal parameter configuration (the maximum nitrogen fertilizer application reducing amount which can be realized when the crop reduction is not caused, and the corresponding nitrogen fertilizer utilization rate and runoff loss rate) of different fertilizer source reduction schemes and scheme combinations is determined, and related configuration parameters can also be obtained through the literature information of the recent years and the existing database. The embodiment comprises a scheme of integrating water and fertilizer, a scheme of partially substituting organic fertilizer for chemical fertilizer, a real-time on-site fertilizer application according to needs, a scheme of slowly controlling fertilizer release, and a combination of a scheme of integrating water and fertilizer and partially substituting organic fertilizer for chemical fertilizer.
For tomato and cabbage crop rotation farmlands, the optimal application reduction amount and the optimal application reduction effect of a water and fertilizer integrated scheme are determined. Setting the nitrogen content of the non-applied fertilizer, the nitrogen content of the conventional fertilizer and the nitrogen content of the reduced-applied fertilizer to be 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% and 50% to total 7 treatments, repeating the treatments for 3 times, and adopting random block arrangement. Water soluble fertilizer is used as top dressing fertilizer, wherein the nitrogen fertilizer is urea, the phosphate fertilizer is potassium dihydrogen phosphate, and the potassium fertilizer is used for supplementing potassium by potassium sulfate after the potassium content in the potassium dihydrogen phosphate is deducted. The nitrogen reducing treatment has reduced urea nitrogen amount and the same phosphorus and potassium amount as conventional fertilizer nitrogen amount treatment. The top dressing adopts a water and fertilizer integrated scheme to be applied for 1 time every 15-20 days after transplanting, and the top dressing is applied for 5 times in the growth period of tomatoes and cucumbers. Collecting soil samples before and after crop planting, and testing the contents of total nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen and ammonium nitrogen; measuring yield according to the harvesting habit of the crops, and sampling to test the biomass and the nitrogen content of the crops; and continuously monitoring the runoff loss of each treatment cell according to the runoff monitoring method. And calculating the yield, the utilization rate of the nitrogen fertilizer, the runoff loss rate and the loss rate of other paths of the crops under each treatment, and estimating the application cost of the scheme.
For tomato and cabbage crop rotation farmlands, the optimal application reduction amount and the optimal application reduction effect of a scheme of partially replacing chemical fertilizers with organic fertilizers are determined. No nitrogen fertilizer application control, 100% of chemical fertilizer and organic fertilizer nitrogen are set to replace 10%, 20%, 30% and 40% of chemical fertilizer nitrogen, each treatment is repeated for 3 times, and random block arrangement is carried out. The fertilizer uses 15-15-15 compound fertilizer, the organic fertilizer is decomposed chicken manure, the nutrient content (calculated on dry basis) is N1.59%, P 2 O 5 3.14％、K 2 O1.71%, organic carbon 26.55%, pH 8.05. And calculating the application amount of the chicken manure according to the substitution proportion of the input amount of each treatment nitrogen element. The phosphorus fertilizer and the potassium fertilizer are replaced by superphosphate and potassium sulfate and are completely applied as base fertilizer. The treatment of applying the fertilizer was divided into 3 topdressing treatments. Collecting soil samples before and after crop planting, and testing the contents of total nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen and ammonium nitrogen; measuring yield according to the harvesting habit of the crops, and sampling to test the biomass and the nitrogen content of the crops; and continuously monitoring the runoff loss of each treatment cell according to the runoff monitoring method. And calculating the yield, the utilization rate of nitrogen fertilizer, the runoff loss rate and the loss rate of other ways of the crops under each treatment, and estimating the application cost of the scheme.
For tomato and cabbage rotation farmlands, in order to clarify the optimal application reduction amount and the optimal application reduction effect of the combination of a water and fertilizer integration scheme and a scheme of partially replacing chemical fertilizers with organic fertilizers. Setting 7 treatments of no-fertilizer nitrogen control, conventional fertilizer nitrogen amount, reduced-fertilizer nitrogen 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% and 50%, except control treatment, replacing 30% of nitrogen amount with organic fertilizer, applying as base fertilizer, repeating each treatment for 3 times, and applyingAnd (5) arranging the machine block groups. Water soluble fertilizer is used as top dressing fertilizer, wherein the nitrogen fertilizer is urea, the phosphate fertilizer is potassium dihydrogen phosphate, and the potassium fertilizer is used for supplementing potassium by potassium sulfate after the potassium content in the potassium dihydrogen phosphate is deducted. The organic fertilizer adopts decomposed sheep manure N, P 2 O 5 And K 2 The O content is 0.62 percent, 0.41 percent and 0.35 percent respectively, and the base fertilizer is not applied with chemical fertilizers. The nitrogen reducing treatment has reduced urea nitrogen amount and phosphorus and potassium consumption the same as that of conventional chemical fertilizer. The top dressing adopts a water and fertilizer integrated scheme to be applied for 1 time every 15-20 days after transplantation, and the top dressing is applied for 5 times in the growth period of the tomatoes and the cucumbers. Collecting soil samples before and after crop planting, and testing the contents of total nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen and ammonium nitrogen; measuring yield according to the harvesting habit of the crops, and sampling to test the biomass and the nitrogen content of the crops; and continuously monitoring the runoff loss of each treatment cell according to the runoff monitoring method. And calculating the yield, the utilization rate of the nitrogen fertilizer, the runoff loss rate and the loss rate of other paths of the crops under each treatment, and estimating the application cost of the scheme.
For rice and wheat crop rotation farmlands, the optimal application reduction amount and the optimal application reduction effect of a real-time field on-demand fertilization scheme are determined. The test presets 4 treatments of nitrogen fertilizer dosage without nitrogen control (N0) and N1 (200 kg of rice N.hm) -2 Wheat 180kg N.hm -2 ) N2 (Rice 300kg N.hm) -2 Wheat 270kg N.hm -2 ) And N3 (Rice 400kg N.hm) -2 Wheat 360kg N.hm -2 ) The phosphorus fertilizer and the potassium fertilizer are respectively treated in equal amount in rice season and wheat season, each treatment is repeated for 3 times, the treatment is randomly arranged in groups, and the area of each cell is 40m 2 (5 m.times.8 m). Rice Ji Danfei was fertilized with a base fertilizer, a tillering fertilizer and a spike fertilizer in a ratio of 3 2 O 5 )60kg·hm -2 As basic fertilizer, potassium fertilizer (K) 2 O)90kg·hm -2 The base fertilizer and the spike fertilizer are applied in two times according to 1:1. The nitrogen fertilizer is applied by base fertilizer and jointing fertilizer according to the proportion of 4:6, and the phosphate fertilizer is 40 kg.hm -2 Is used as a base fertilizer and is applied at one time, and the potassium fertilizer is 60 kg.hm -2 The base fertilizer and the jointing fertilizer are applied twice according to 1:1. Performing nitrogen nutrition diagnosis in rice ear fertilization period and wheat elongation period, determining final nitrogen fertilizer topdressing amount according to diagnosis result, and presetting nitrogen application amount reductionThe nitrogen application amount in the whole growing season is the nitrogen fertilizer application reduction amount. After the two-season base fertilizer for rice and wheat is applied, the shallow layer is uniformly turned, and the top dressing is applied on the soil surface. The nitrogenous fertilizer used in the test is common urea, the phosphate fertilizer is calcium superphosphate, and the potash fertilizer is potassium chloride. Collecting soil samples before and after crop planting, and testing the contents of total nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen and ammonium nitrogen; measuring yield according to the harvesting habit of the crops, and sampling to test the biomass and the nitrogen content of the crops; and continuously monitoring the runoff loss of each treatment cell according to the runoff monitoring method. And calculating the yield, the utilization rate of nitrogen fertilizer, the runoff loss rate and the loss rate of other ways of the crops under each treatment, and estimating the application cost of the scheme.
For rice and wheat crop rotation farmlands, the optimal fertilizer reduction amount and the optimal fertilizer reduction effect of a slow and controlled fertilizer release scheme are determined. The test shows that 6 treatments of nitrogen fertilizer dosage are set, wherein the control of no chemical fertilizer nitrogen application, the conventional chemical fertilizer nitrogen dosage, the reduced chemical fertilizer nitrogen dosage of 10 percent, 20 percent, 30 percent and 40 percent are set, each treatment is repeated for 3 times, and random block arrangement is adopted. The rice Ji Danfei is applied with a base fertilizer, a tillering fertilizer and a spike fertilizer in a ratio of 3 2 O 5 )60kg·hm -2 As basic fertilizer, potassium fertilizer (K) 2 O)90kg·hm -2 The base fertilizer and the spike fertilizer are applied in two times according to 1:1. The wheat season nitrogen fertilizer is applied by base fertilizer and jointing fertilizer according to the proportion of 4:6, and the phosphate fertilizer is 40 kg.hm -2 Is used as a base fertilizer and is applied at one time, and the potassium fertilizer is 60 kg.hm -2 The base fertilizer and the jointing fertilizer are applied twice according to 1:1. After the two-season base fertilizer for rice and wheat is applied, the shallow layer is uniformly turned, and the top dressing is applied on the soil surface. The nitrogenous fertilizer used in the test is coated slow-release urea, the phosphate fertilizer is calcium superphosphate, and the potash fertilizer is potassium chloride. Collecting soil samples before and after crop planting, and testing the contents of total nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen and ammonium nitrogen; measuring yield according to the harvesting habit of the crops, and sampling to test the biomass and the nitrogen content of the crops; and continuously monitoring the runoff loss of each treatment cell according to the runoff monitoring method. And calculating the yield, the utilization rate of nitrogen fertilizer, the runoff loss rate and the loss rate of other ways of the crops under each treatment, and estimating the application cost of the scheme.
And calculating the minimum water collecting tank volume and farmland consumption required to be configured in the region by combining the land utilization condition, the crop planting condition, the runoff and the historical rainfall data in the system construction region. Taking the system construction area in Yixing city of Jiangsu province as an example: the average annual rainfall in 1-12 months in Yixing city is 73.5, 72.8, 107.4, 92.7, 108.7, 202, 195.3, 150.6, 108, 77, 64.3 and 42.3mm respectively, the maximum rainfall in a single month is 202mm, the runoff load is calculated by the month in which the maximum rainfall in the single month is located, and the volume of the water collecting pool in the construction area is calculated by taking the maximum runoff load in the single month as a standard on the assumption that the runoff quantity is the same as the rainfall under the continuous rainfall condition. The area of the facility used in the area is 50% of the area, surface runoff generated in the facility area can be directly discharged according to rainwater due to the fact that the facility blocks rain from showering the farmland, in addition, the area of 50 open planting areas is 50% of the area, and runoff generated by rain in the area needs to be recycled. Calculated by the water storage depth of the water storage tank of 2m, the floor area of the water storage tank required to be built is (S1 multiplied by 202mm/2-1/2V 1)/2000 mm. The average irrigation water volume of farmlands in the area is 650 mm/year, the average monthly irrigation volume is 54.1mm, the calculation is carried out according to the month of the maximum single-month runoff load of the system, and the water volume with 14.2mm of redundancy in the month needs to be intercepted and purified through an ecological ditch intercepting scheme.
For the ecological ditch intercepting scheme, a simulation test of the ecological ditch intercepting efficiency is carried out in an area, and the nitrogen removal effect of the scheme on the runoff water and the optimal configuration parameters of the adsorption materials in the ditch are determined. And calculating the maximum water storage capacity required to be reached by the ecological ditch intercepting scheme according to the difference between the runoff water flow and the nutrient recovery utilization rate. Ecological ditches are built in the area or the existing ditches are reformed. The depth of the ditch is 1.2m, the upper width is 0.8m, the bottom width is 0.6m, a sedimentation promoting device is arranged at the water inlet of the ditch, the wall of the ditch is paved by 8-shaped grass planting bricks, broken stones are filled as a matrix, and calamus and loosestrife are planted alternately. And (3) taking the cement ditch as a contrast, extracting water in a nearby water storage pond for configuration as simulated drainage: 59g of calcium nitrate (Ca (NO) per 500L of water 3 ) 2 ) 17.83g ammonium chloride (NH) 4 Cl), the concentration of simulated drainage is: NO 3 - -N (nitrate nitrogen) 15mg/L; NH 4 + -N (ammonium nitrogen) 10mg/L; TN 26mg/L. The water flow rate is set to be 50L/min, and the total amount of runoff in each ditch is 3000L. Equivalent to the heavy rain condition (1 h precipitation 8-1)6mm)300m 2 The amount of water displaced. From the beginning of runoff generation, the simulated drainage enters the ecological ditch through the sedimentation promoting device, and sampling is carried out at the drainage port and in the drainage process of the ditch.
The removal rates of nitrogen and phosphorus in the drainage water by the ecological interception ditch can respectively reach TN 67.2%, nitrate nitrogen 57.9% and ammonium nitrogen 72.5% after 24 hours, and the discharge standard of 5 types of water bodies can be reached after physical adsorption materials are added for 24-72 hours according to the total nitrogen concentration of runoff water. Therefore, for the allocation requirement of the ditch, redundant 14.2mm water quantity needs to be retained in the ecological ditch for purification, and the area of the ditch is 3 percent of the area calculated by that the retained water accounts for 40 percent of the volume of the ditch.
Calculating the loss amount of other nitrogen paths and the system cost of the constructed area of each typical block through a nitrogen input and output balance model and a system cost model:
the nitrogen input and output balance model is as follows: conventional nitrogen application amount-reduced application amount + soil nitrogen content before planting = crop carrying amount + runoff loss amount + other path loss amount + post-harvest soil residue amount;
and substituting the conventional nitrogen application amount of the crops, the optimal nitrogen application amount which can be realized by a fertilizer source reduction scheme, the nitrogen content of soil before planting, the nitrogen carrying amount of the crops, the nitrogen runoff loss amount and the soil nitrogen residual amount after harvesting into a model for each typical plot in which different crops are planted in the region, and calculating the loss amount of other ways of nitrogen.
The system cost model is: the system cost = the crop output value reduction amount + the source reduction scheme cost + the nutrient recycling scheme cost + the ecological ditch interception scheme cost.
And calculating the cost of a nutrient recycling scheme and the cost of an ecological ditch intercepting scheme by taking the whole construction area as a whole, calculating the cost of a source reduction scheme and the reduction value of the crop output value of the plots planted with different crops respectively, and accumulating the calculation results to obtain the system construction cost.
On the premise of keeping the balance of the input and output of the nitrogen of the system, different source decrement schemes or scheme combinations are used for traversing different plots in the construction area, the runoff loss amount of the nitrogen and the loss amount of other paths are calculated, the scheme combinations in the system are reconfigured, the scheme combination with the minimum system cost is screened out, and the economically optimal farmland non-point source pollution zero-emission system is constructed.
Step 1: the land blocks planted with different crops in the area are numbered as 1, 2, 3, …, i in sequence, and the available fertilizer source decrement schemes and scheme combinations are numbered as 1, 2, 3, …, j in sequence;
step 2: determining the conventional nitrogen application amount of crops in each region, initializing model parameters, and replacing the conventional nitrogen application amount, the reduced application amount, the nitrogen content of soil before planting, the crop carrying-away amount, the runoff loss amount, the loss amount of other ways and the residual soil amount after harvesting with the monitoring value of the comparison treatment in the test;
and step 3: estimating the maximum runoff yield per week under heavy rain load in the region according to the land utilization type and meteorological data in the region, and determining the volume of a water collecting pond in the region according to the runoff yield;
and 4, step 4: calculating the nitrogen content of flowing water in the inner diameter of the area according to the field monitoring result
And 5: calculating the recoverable utilization amount according to the irrigation amount required in the crop growth period
And 6: calculating the minimum ecological ditch interception amount required to be reached by the system (ecological ditch interception amount = regional runoff water nitrogen content-recoverable amount- (regional runoff yield-regional recoverable runoff amount) multiplied by standard nitrogen emission concentration) according to the difference value of the runoff water nitrogen content and the recoverable utilization amount;
and 7: configuring an ecological ditch intercepting scheme in the area according to the lowest ecological ditch intercepting quantity;
and 8: calculating the system cost through a system cost model;
and step 9: adding or replacing fertilizer source decrement schemes adopted by each plot, and updating scheme parameters (yield, decrement application amount, crop carrying amount, runoff loss amount, other path loss amount and scheme cost) in the model;
step 10: for any combination of i and j, iterating the steps 4-9, recording the system cost and model parameters in each iteration until all combinations are traversed (the maximum combination number is (j + 1)) i )；
Step 11: and (3) setting the grouping number as j by adopting a K-means cluster analysis method, carrying out cluster analysis on the system cost of all scheme combinations, selecting one group with the lowest system cost average value, and selecting scheme combinations with the smallest loss amount in other ways from the group to construct a farmland non-point source pollution zero-emission system.
TABLE 1 protocol parameters obtained by field research and field trials
Claims (6)
1. A method for constructing a farmland non-point source pollution zero-emission system is characterized by comprising the following steps: (A) Measuring the area of a region to be constructed and the river water capacity capable of circulating in the region, surveying the application area and open area in the region and the distribution of the application area and the open area, and surveying the fertilizer variety and the fertilizer application amount applied to crops in each season; (B) Carrying out year-round monitoring on the nitrogen runoff loss of plots planted with different crops in the area, and calculating the nitrogen runoff discharge amount of each plot in the area; (C) Determining optimal configuration parameters of a fertilizer source reduction scheme, a nutrient recycling scheme and an ecological ditch interception scheme in an area through a field test and a simulation test; (D) Calculating the loss amount of other nitrogen paths of each land in the area and the system cost of the constructed area through the following nitrogen input and output balance model and system cost model: each parameter unit of the nitrogen input and output balance model is kg/hm 2 Conventional nitrogen application amount-reduced application amount + soil nitrogen content before planting = crop carrying amount+ runoff loss amount + other-way loss amount + post-harvest soil residue amount; a system cost model: the system cost (Yuan) = crop yield reduction amount + source decrement scheme cost + nutrient recycling scheme cost + ecological ditch interception scheme cost; (E) On the premise of keeping the input and output balance of nitrogen of the system, determining the scheme combination when the system cost of the constructed area is the lowest, and forming the economic and optimal method of the farmland non-point source pollution zero-emission system.
2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the step C is implemented by: c1 for a fertilizer source reduction scheme: respectively carrying out field experiments on different types of crops in the region, determining the maximum nitrogen fertilizer application reduction amount which can be realized when a fertilizer source reduction scheme is applied to different types of crops without causing crop reduction, and simultaneously calculating the nitrogen fertilizer utilization rate and runoff loss rate under the application reduction amount; c2 for the nutrient recycling scheme: calculating the maximum runoff load and the volume of a water collecting pool to be configured in the region according to the region area, the water capacity of the river in the region, the land utilization condition in the region and historical rainfall data; c3, for the ecological ditch intercepting scheme: simulation tests are carried out in the area, and the nitrogen removal effect of the scheme on the runoff water is clarified.
3. The method of claim 1, wherein the method of calculating the nitrogen other pathway loss amount and the system cost of the constructed area of each land in the step D comprises: nitrogen other pathway loss: for each plot in the area, substituting the optimal nitrogen fertilizer application amount which can be realized by the conventional nitrogen application amount and fertilizer source decrement scheme of the crops, the nitrogen content of soil before planting, the nitrogen carrying amount of the crops, the nitrogen runoff loss amount and the soil nitrogen residual amount after harvesting into a nitrogen input and output balance model, and calculating the loss amount of other ways of nitrogen; system cost of constructed area: and adding the source decrement scheme cost of each plot in the area and the crop yield decrement respectively, and adding the nutrient recycling scheme cost and the ecological ditch interception scheme cost to obtain the system cost of the constructed area.
4. The method according to claim 1, wherein the step E is implemented by: step 1: the land blocks planted with different crops in the area are numbered as 1, 2, 3, …, i in sequence, i is a natural number, and available fertilizer source reduction schemes and schemes are combined and numbered as 1, 2, 3, …, j in sequence, wherein j is a natural number; step 2: determining the conventional nitrogen application amount of crops in each region, and initializing model parameters; and step 3: estimating the maximum runoff yield per week under heavy rain load in the region according to the land utilization type and meteorological data in the region, and determining the volume of a water collecting pond in the region according to the runoff yield; and 4, step 4: calculating the nitrogen content of flowing water in the area according to the field monitoring result,
and 5: based on the irrigation quantity required in the crop growth period, the recoverable quantity is calculated and>
step 6: calculating the lowest ecological channel interception amount required to be reached by the system according to the difference value of the nitrogen content and the recoverable utilization amount of the runoff water, wherein the ecological channel interception amount = regional runoff water nitrogen content-recoverable utilization amount- (regional runoff yield-regional recoverable runoff) multiplied by standard nitrogen emission concentration; and 7: configuring an ecological ditch intercepting scheme in the area according to the lowest ecological ditch intercepting quantity; and 8: calculating the system cost through a system cost model; and step 9: adding or replacing fertilizer source decrement schemes adopted by each plot, and updating scheme parameters in the model, wherein the updating parameters comprise yield, nitrogen fertilizer decrement, nitrogen fertilizer utilization rate, runoff loss rate, total loss rate of other paths and scheme cost; step 10: iterating the foregoing for any combination of i and jStep 4-9, recording the system cost and model parameters in each iteration until all combinations are traversed, and the maximum combination number is (j + 1) i (ii) a Step 11: adopting a K-means cluster analysis method, setting the number of groups as j, carrying out cluster analysis on the system cost of all scheme combinations, selecting a group with the lowest average value of the system cost, and selecting the scheme combination with the minimum loss of other paths in the group, wherein the calculation method of the loss of other paths comprises the following steps: />
Constructing a farmland non-point source pollution zero-emission system.
5. The method of claim 4, wherein the method for reducing the amount of the fertilizer source comprises the steps of replacing conventional irrigation with water and fertilizer, replacing part of fertilizer with organic fertilizer, diagnosing nitrogen nutrition, and applying fertilizer according to needs or slowly releasing fertilizer to replace conventional fertilizer.
6. The method of claim 4, wherein the protocol parameters of step 9 are obtained by field trial.
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