CN115921095A - Method for enriching gold in gold-antimony bulk concentrate - Google Patents
Method for enriching gold in gold-antimony bulk concentrate Download PDFInfo
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- CN115921095A CN115921095A CN202310000604.5A CN202310000604A CN115921095A CN 115921095 A CN115921095 A CN 115921095A CN 202310000604 A CN202310000604 A CN 202310000604A CN 115921095 A CN115921095 A CN 115921095A
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- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 102
- 239000012141 concentrate Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 93
- KAPYVWKEUSXLKC-UHFFFAOYSA-N [Sb].[Au] Chemical compound [Sb].[Au] KAPYVWKEUSXLKC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 47
- 229910052737 gold Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 37
- 239000010931 gold Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 37
- PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N gold Chemical compound [Au] PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 29
- 229910052500 inorganic mineral Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 73
- 239000011707 mineral Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 73
- 238000005188 flotation Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 34
- 230000005484 gravity Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 25
- 229910052787 antimony Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 19
- WATWJIUSRGPENY-UHFFFAOYSA-N antimony atom Chemical compound [Sb] WATWJIUSRGPENY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 18
- 239000008396 flotation agent Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 claims description 38
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 claims description 19
- 239000006260 foam Substances 0.000 claims description 12
- 238000011010 flushing procedure Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000000178 monomer Substances 0.000 description 13
- 239000003153 chemical reaction reagent Substances 0.000 description 6
- 239000010419 fine particle Substances 0.000 description 5
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- MJLGNAGLHAQFHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N arsenopyrite Chemical compound [S-2].[Fe+3].[As-] MJLGNAGLHAQFHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229910052964 arsenopyrite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000011362 coarse particle Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- NIFIFKQPDTWWGU-UHFFFAOYSA-N pyrite Chemical compound [Fe+2].[S-][S-] NIFIFKQPDTWWGU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229910052683 pyrite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000011028 pyrite Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000002699 waste material Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000011084 recovery Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000002002 slurry Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052959 stibnite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- IHBMMJGTJFPEQY-UHFFFAOYSA-N sulfanylidene(sulfanylidenestibanylsulfanyl)stibane Chemical compound S=[Sb]S[Sb]=S IHBMMJGTJFPEQY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910021532 Calcite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000007630 basic procedure Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910001919 chlorite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052619 chlorite group Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- QBWCMBCROVPCKQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N chlorous acid Chemical compound OCl=O QBWCMBCROVPCKQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000002734 clay mineral Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000007547 defect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000018044 dehydration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000006297 dehydration reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010494 dissociation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000005593 dissociations Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010453 quartz Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001105 regulatory effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- -1 sericite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N silicon dioxide Inorganic materials O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 1
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P10/00—Technologies related to metal processing
- Y02P10/20—Recycling
Abstract
A method for enriching gold in gold-antimony bulk concentrates comprises the following steps: s1, performing a table concentrator gravity concentration grading process on gold-antimony bulk concentrates obtained through a gold-antimony bulk flotation process to obtain secondary concentrates, middlings and concentrates; s2, returning the middlings to perform a regrinding process to dissociate the low-grade intergrowths; and combining the secondary concentrate and the concentrate to obtain the high-gold antimony concentrate. In the invention, the secondary concentrate, the middlings and the concentrate can be obtained by a table concentrator gravity concentration and classification process, wherein most of the flotation agents used in the gold-antimony mixed flotation process are enriched in the secondary concentrate, so that the influence of the flotation agents on part of the antimony-preferential flotation process can be reduced when the middlings are returned to regrinding and refloating, and the quality of the antimony-gold concentrate is improved; the monomer-dissociated minerals are enriched in the secondary concentrate and the concentrate respectively, so that the middling basically does not contain the monomer-dissociated minerals, and the monomer-dissociated minerals are not over-ground.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of mineral separation, in particular to a method for enriching gold in gold-antimony bulk concentrate.
Background
The mineral composition of the gold-antimony symbiotic ore in the nature is simpler, and the main metal minerals comprise stibnite, natural gold, pyrite, arsenopyrite, stibium bloom and the like; the main nonmetallic minerals include quartz, sericite, calcite, chlorite, clay minerals, etc. The gold mineral in the ore is mainly natural gold, the natural gold is closely related to stibnite and pyrite, and gangue mineral and arsenopyrite are used.
In the process of mineral separation, two most basic procedures are provided: the first is to break and grind the large ore to separate various useful mineral particles from the ore; and the second is sorting, namely sorting the dissociated mineral particles into different products according to the difference of the chemical properties of the materials.
As shown in fig. 1, in the ore grinding process in the existing ore dressing process flow, a first-stage ball mill, a second-stage ball mill and a corresponding classifier are matched to form a two-stage and two-closed-loop process. The ore grinding process is influenced by the capacity of the two-stage ball mill, the proportion of ore particles in the obtained ore pulp to be less than 65% of the size fraction of 0.074mm is insufficient, and the dissociation degree of the pyrite and arsenopyrite monomers is only 70.23%.
In the ore separation process, a single foam flotation process is adopted, the ore pulp to be selected is firstly subjected to partial antimony-first selection process to obtain antimony gold concentrate, and the flotation tailings are subjected to gold-antimony mixed flotation process to obtain gold-antimony mixed concentrate. In the above process, in order to improve the utilization rate of the gold resource, part of non-monomer dissociated minerals (i.e. intergrowths) are usually enriched in the gold-antimony bulk concentrate, so as to reduce the waste of the gold resource, which results in lower gold grade in the obtained gold-antimony bulk concentrate.
In order to solve the problem of low gold grade in the gold-antimony bulk concentrate, the following two methods are generally adopted in the prior art: firstly, returning middling for regrinding; secondly, the concentrate or the rough concentrate is reground and refloated. When middlings are used for returning and regrinding, a large amount of flotation reagents in a gold-antimony mixed flotation process are contained in the middlings, so that when a part of antimony preferential selection processes are performed again after returning and regrinding, the flotation reagents influence part of antimony preferential selection processes (because the flotation reagents used in the part of antimony preferential selection processes are different from the flotation reagents used in the gold-antimony mixed flotation processes), and the quality of antimony gold concentrates is reduced; when the regrinding and refloating process of the concentrate or the rough concentrate is adopted, the phenomenon of over-grinding of the monomer dissociated minerals in the concentrate occurs, and the comprehensive recovery rate of the metal is reduced when the monomer dissociated minerals return to refloating.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to overcome the defects of the prior art and provide a method for enriching gold in gold-antimony bulk concentrates, which can reduce interference of different flotation reagents and prevent over-grinding of monomer dissociated minerals.
In order to solve the technical problems, the technical scheme provided by the invention is as follows: a method for enriching gold in gold-antimony bulk concentrate comprises the following steps:
s1, performing a table concentrator gravity concentration grading process on the gold-antimony bulk concentrate obtained by a gold-antimony bulk flotation process to obtain a secondary concentrate enriched with a mineralized foam layer, a flotation agent and mineral particles with the particle size of less than 0.02mm, a middling enriched with mineral particles with the low grade and the particle size of 0.2mm-0.074mm, and a concentrate enriched with high grade and mineral particles with the particle size of 0.2mm-0.074mm and mineral particles with the particle size of 0.074 mm-0.02 mm;
s2, returning the middlings to perform a regrinding process to dissociate low-grade intergrowths; and combining the secondary concentrate and the concentrate to obtain the high-gold antimony concentrate.
In the enrichment method, preferably, the stroke of the shaking table in the shaking table gravity separation and classification process is 20-25mm, and the stroke frequency is 260-280 times/min.
In the enrichment method, preferably, the longitudinal gradient of the bed surface of the shaking table in the gravity concentration and classification process of the shaking table is 0 degree.
In the enrichment method, preferably, the feeding amount in the table gravity concentration grading process is 0.2-0.3t/h, the feeding concentration is 10-15%, and the transverse flushing amount is 2-4m 3 /h。
In the enrichment method, preferably, the transverse gradient of the bed surface in the table surface reselection and classification process is 0.5-1 degrees.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the advantages that: in the invention, the secondary concentrate, the middlings and the concentrate can be obtained by a table concentrator gravity concentration and classification process, wherein most of the flotation agents used in the gold-antimony mixed flotation process are enriched in the secondary concentrate, so that the influence of the flotation agents on part of the antimony-preferential flotation process can be reduced when the middlings are returned to regrinding and refloating, and the quality of the antimony-gold concentrate is improved; the monomer-dissociated minerals are enriched in the secondary concentrate and the concentrate respectively, so that the middling basically does not contain the monomer-dissociated minerals, and the monomer-dissociated minerals are not over-ground.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a process flow in the prior art.
FIG. 2 is a schematic process flow of example 1.
FIG. 3 is a schematic view of the product orientation on the deck of the shaker of example 1.
Detailed Description
In order to facilitate an understanding of the invention, the invention will be described more fully and in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings and preferred embodiments, but the scope of the invention is not limited to the specific embodiments below.
It should be particularly noted that when an element is referred to as being "fixed to," secured to, "connected to or communicated with" another element, it can be directly fixed to, secured to, connected to or communicated with the other element or indirectly fixed to, secured to, connected to or communicated with the other element through other intermediate connecting members. The terms "transverse," "longitudinal," "front," "rear," "left," "right," "upper," "lower," "vertical," "horizontal," "top," "bottom," "inner," "outer," and the like hereinafter refer to an orientation or positional relationship as shown in the drawings for the purpose of describing the invention only, and do not indicate or imply that the referenced elements must have a particular orientation and, therefore, are not to be considered limiting of the scope of the invention.
Unless otherwise defined, all terms of art used hereinafter have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art. The terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to limit the scope of the present invention.
Example 1
As shown in fig. 1, in the ore grinding process in the existing ore dressing process, an ore is firstly fed to a first-stage ball mill, and two-stage and two-closed-loop processes are formed by the first-stage ball mill, a second-stage ball mill and a corresponding classifier to grind the ore; before the ore grinding process, an ore crushing process can be arranged to crush the large minerals so as to be convenient for the subsequent grinding of the minerals.
The ore is ground by a two-stage ball mill to obtain the selected ore pulp, antimony gold concentrate and flotation tailings can be obtained by the selected ore pulp through a part of antimony preferential flotation process, and then the gold-antimony mixed concentrate and the flotation tailings produced by the process can be obtained by the flotation tailings through a gold-antimony mixed flotation process. It should be noted that the processes mentioned in the above two sections all belong to the existing beneficiation processes, so that only the general flow of the processes is briefly described here, and the details of the processes are not described herein again.
As mentioned in the background of the invention section, due to the capacity of the two-stage ball mill, part of non-monomer dissociated minerals (i.e., intergrowths) may exist in the obtained ore slurry to be selected, and in order to avoid the waste of resources, these intergrowths are usually not removed, and finally enter the mixed gold-antimony concentrate after the partial antimony-preferred process and the mixed gold-antimony flotation process, thereby avoiding the waste of resources, but also resulting in a low gold grade in the mixed gold-antimony concentrate.
Aiming at the problem, the invention carries out the table reselection grading regrinding process on the gold-antimony bulk concentrate to enrich the gold in the gold-antimony bulk concentrate and obtain the high-gold-antimony concentrate with higher gold grade. As shown in fig. 2, the method for enriching gold in the mixed gold-antimony concentrate in this embodiment includes the following steps:
s1, carrying out a table concentrator gravity concentration and classification process on gold-antimony bulk concentrates obtained by a gold-antimony bulk flotation process to obtain secondary concentrates enriched with mineralized foam layers, flotation agents and mineral particles with the particle size smaller than 0.02mm, middlings enriched with mineral particles with the low grade and the particle size of 0.2mm-0.074mm, and concentrates enriched with mineral particles with the high grade and the particle size of 0.2mm-0.074mm and mineral particles with the particle size of 0.074 mm-0.02 mm. As shown in fig. 3, the obtained secondary concentrate, middlings and concentrate are collected through three ports in the figure respectively.
It should be noted that the term "enrichment" as used in the present invention means that the components contained in the secondary concentrate, the middlings and the concentrate are mainly distributed in the corresponding ore species; namely, the mineralized foam layer, the flotation reagent and the mineral particles with the particle size less than 0.02mm are mainly distributed in the secondary concentrate, the mineral particles with the low grade and the particle size of 0.2mm-0.074mm are mainly distributed in the middling, the mineral particles with the high grade and the particle size of 0.2mm-0.074mm and the mineral particles with the particle size of 0.074 mm-0.02 mm are mainly distributed in the concentrate, and therefore grading distribution of different components is formed.
In the said secondary concentrate, the mineral particles with the size less than 0.02mm mainly comprise micro-fine monomeric dissociated mineral, the mineral particles with the size of 0.074 mm-0.02 mm in the concentrate mainly comprise medium-sized monomeric dissociated mineral, and the mineral particles with the size of 0.2mm-0.074mm in the middling and the concentrate mainly comprise coarse-sized non-monomeric dissociated mineral (i.e. intergrowth); for the intergrowths, as mentioned above, there is a difference between high and low grade, where the high and low grade mainly refers to the relative amount of gold content in the intergrowths, and different gold content causes different densities, so that the low grade intergrowths are mainly located in middlings under the action of the shaking table, the high grade intergrowths are mainly located in concentrates, and the high grade intergrowths located in concentrates are not required to be returned for regrinding because of high gold content, and the high grade intergrowths are also prevented from being returned for regrinding, while the low grade intergrowths located in middlings are required to be returned for regrinding.
S2, after the secondary concentrate, the middlings and the concentrate are obtained through the S1, the middlings are returned to be subjected to a regrinding process to dissociate the intergrowth with low grade, and then are subjected to refloatation through a part of antimony-preferred process and a gold-antimony mixed flotation process, so that gold in the middlings can be enriched.
Because the singly dissociated minerals are mainly enriched in the secondary concentrate and the concentrate after the table concentrator gravity separation and classification process, the middlings basically do not contain the singly dissociated minerals, the singly dissociated minerals cannot be over-ground, and the comprehensive recovery rate of metals cannot be reduced when the singly dissociated minerals return to refloatation; meanwhile, most of the flotation agents used in the gold-antimony mixed flotation process are enriched in the secondary concentrate, so that the influence of the flotation agents on part of the antimony-preferential flotation process can be reduced when middlings are returned to be reground and refloated, and the quality of the antimony-gold concentrate is improved.
And (3) merging the secondary concentrate and the concentrate obtained in the step (1) to obtain the high-gold antimony concentrate, and dehydrating the high-gold antimony concentrate by a subsequent dehydration process.
Specifically, in this embodiment, the table for performing the table gravity separation and classification process may be an existing 6-S type slurry table, the cross-sectional shape of the table surface is triangular, the gold grade of the gold-antimony bulk concentrate obtained by the gold-antimony bulk flotation process is 37.35g/t, and the antimony grade is 6.04%. After the table concentrator gravity separation and classification process is carried out, the yield of the obtained secondary concentrate is 25.2 percent, wherein the gold grade is 40.23g/t, and the antimony grade is 10.23 percent; the yield of the concentrate is 33.4 percent, wherein the gold grade is 68.52g/t, and the antimony grade is 6.32 percent; the yield of middlings is 41.4 percent, wherein the gold grade is 10.43g/t, and the antimony grade is 3.25 percent; and (3) merging the secondary concentrate and the concentrate to obtain the high-gold antimony concentrate, wherein the gold grade is 56.35g/t, and the antimony grade is 8%. Therefore, the gold grade of the high-gold antimony concentrate obtained by the process is enriched by 1.5 times.
It should be noted that most of the mineral separation processes in the prior art form mature and relatively fixed process flows, and in the existing process flows, the table gravity separation and classification process is generally used for processing ores which are not processed by a flotation process, and the ore forms are all granular; in the invention, a table concentrator gravity separation and classification process is creatively introduced after the flotation process, high-grade high-gold antimony concentrate can be obtained through the table concentrator gravity separation and classification process, and meanwhile, middlings basically do not contain monomer dissociated minerals and flotation agents used in the gold antimony mixed flotation process, so that the phenomenon of over grinding of the monomer dissociated minerals during regrinding can be avoided, the flotation agents are prevented from being mixed into part of the antimony preferential flotation process during refloating, and the quality of the antimony gold concentrate is improved.
In the embodiment, because the treated mineral is the mineral treated by the flotation process, part of the mineral exists in the form of foam, and the monomer dissociated mineral or the non-monomer dissociated mineral has multiple size fractions and different grades; in order to better carry out gravity concentration and grading on minerals, the stroke of the shaking table in the gravity concentration and grading process of the shaking table is 20-25mm, and the stroke frequency is 260-280 times/min; specifically, in this embodiment, the stroke of the shaking table in the gravity concentration and classification process of the shaking table is 25mm, and the stroke frequency is 260 times/min.
The invention sets the shaking table as high stroke and low stroke frequency, which can improve the longitudinal movement speed of coarse-particle non-monomer dissociated minerals and medium-fine particle monomer minerals and rapidly separate the coarse-particle non-monomer dissociated minerals from mineralized foam layer and fine-particle minerals. It should be noted that the mixed gold-antimony concentrate processed in this embodiment belongs to high-density and fine-grained minerals, and when this type of minerals is subjected to a table gravity separation and classification process, the table is usually set to be low-stroke and high-frequency, but in actual use, it is found that when the above setting is adopted, the separation effect of mineralized foam layer and fine-grained minerals from other minerals is not good, and when the high-stroke and low-frequency setting opposite to the conventional process is adopted, a good separation effect can be achieved. For the other two settings, when a high stroke and a high frequency are selected, micro-fine particle minerals can be mixed into a middling product, and coarse particle low-grade minerals can also be mixed into a concentrate product, so that the middling grade is higher and the concentrate grade is lower; when a low stroke and a low stroke frequency are selected, the transverse movement speed of most minerals is too low, and the minerals are difficult to separate from a mineralized foam layer and micro-fine particle minerals, so that a good separation effect cannot be achieved by adopting the two settings.
In this embodiment, the mineralized foam layer floats on the water surface and is subjected to a smaller force by the driving device of the shaking table, and therefore, the longitudinal gradient of the bed surface of the shaking table in the gravity separation and classification process of the shaking table is 0 degree, so that the mineralized foam layer is prevented from entering the middling area due to the influence of gravity. It should be noted that in the present embodiment, the longitudinal direction is the longitudinal direction of the rocking bed surface and the transverse direction is the width direction of the rocking bed surface, i.e. the longitudinal and transverse directions are indicated in FIG. 3.
In the gravity separation and classification process of the shaking table, the ore feeding amount is 0.2 to 0.3t/h, the ore feeding concentration is 10 to 15 percent, and the transverse flushing amount is 2 to 4m 3 H; specifically, in this embodiment, the feeding amount is 1t/h, and the fed gold-antimony bulk concentrate is pumped to the table feeding barrel by the centrifugal pump and then uniformly distributed to four table surfaces of the table, i.e., the feeding amount of each table is 0.25t/h, in this embodiment, the feeding concentration is 10%, and the lateral flushing amount is 4m 3 H is used as the reference value. According to the embodiment, the ore feeding water quantity is increased, the ore feeding concentration is adjusted to be lower, the transverse movement speed of the mineralized foam layer and the micro-fine particle minerals can be accelerated, and the clear water is better utilized to clean the mineral surface agent and dilute the agent concentration.
In the table surface reselection grading process, the transverse gradient of the table surface is 0.5-1 degree; specifically, in this embodiment, the transverse slope of the bed surface is 1 °, and the transverse slope of the bed surface is actually adjusted and regulated by matching with the transverse flushing water amount, because the transverse flushing water amount is relatively large in this embodiment, in order to avoid the excessively high transverse movement speed of the low-grade middling, in this embodiment, the lower transverse slope of the bed surface is set so that the middling has a proper transverse movement speed, so that the middling can be separated from other minerals and is not easily mixed together.
Claims (5)
1. The method for enriching gold in the gold-antimony bulk concentrate is characterized by comprising the following steps of:
s1, performing a table concentrator gravity concentration grading process on the gold-antimony bulk concentrate obtained by a gold-antimony bulk flotation process to obtain a secondary concentrate enriched with a mineralized foam layer, a flotation agent and mineral particles with the particle size of less than 0.02mm, a middling enriched with mineral particles with the low grade and the particle size of 0.2mm-0.074mm, and a concentrate enriched with high grade and mineral particles with the particle size of 0.2mm-0.074mm and mineral particles with the particle size of 0.074 mm-0.02 mm;
s2, returning the middlings to perform a regrinding process to dissociate low-grade intergrowths; and combining the secondary concentrate and the concentrate to obtain the high-gold antimony concentrate.
2. The enrichment method according to claim 1, wherein: the stroke of the shaking table in the shaking table gravity separation and classification process is 20-25mm, and the stroke frequency is 260-280 times/min.
3. The enrichment method according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that: the longitudinal gradient of the bed surface of the shaking table in the shaking table gravity separation and classification process is 0 degree.
4. The enrichment method according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that: in the table concentrator gravity concentration grading process, the ore feeding amount is 0.2-0.3t/h, the ore feeding concentration is 10-15%, and the transverse flushing amount is 2-4m 3 /h。
5. The enrichment method according to claim 4, wherein: the transverse gradient of the bed surface in the table reselection grading process is 0.5-1 degrees.
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