CN115606594A - 一种灭鼠饵料及其制备方法 - Google Patents
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种灭鼠饵料及其制备方法，其中灭鼠饵料由以下成分组成竹纤维、肉毒素、燕麦，竹纤维和燕麦的比例为1:1，肉毒素浓度为0.1％，壳聚糖浓度为0.3％；饵料制备方法包括：S1：按照1:1的比例取燕麦和竹纤维；S2：取肉毒素水剂加水进行稀释，配制肉毒素稀释液；S3：将燕麦在肉毒素稀释液中搅拌均匀，密封12‑24h；S4：密封后的燕麦与肉毒素混合物再与竹纤维和壳聚糖混合，均匀制成球状饵料；该竹纤维复合饵料(基本饵料为燕麦)与D型肉毒素混合制作成的灭鼠饵料，实现物理+化学双重灭鼠；竹纤维价格低廉且容易获得；首次将竹纤维+肉毒素这个灭鼠配方用于灭鼠；能够大范围用于灭鼠工作，且灭鼠效果好；加入壳聚糖之后能够延长灭鼠饵料的保质期。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于鼠虫害防治技术领域，具体涉及一种灭鼠饵料及其制备方法。
背景技术
老鼠是一种啮齿动物，体型有大有小，种类繁多，繁殖速度快，生命力强；鼠害是老鼠对农业产业造成的危害，数量能在短期内急剧增加，老鼠适应性很强，常对农业造成巨大灾害；鼠害还可以传播多种病毒性和细菌性疾病，包括鼠疫和出血性肾综合症，在鼠害严重的季节和局部地区，老鼠还会咬人，对人的身体健康造成直接的危害；
目前老鼠的防治主要包括：化学防治法、物理防治法和生物防治法；
1)化学防治法又称药物灭鼠法，是目前应用最广、效果最好的一种灭鼠法，且成本低、效率高，能在较短时间内将害鼠密度降低。然而，灭鼠药物在杀死害鼠的同时，也杀死了害鼠的天敌，且残余药物会污染环境，危及人畜安全，造成二次中毒和生物富集，并可导致害鼠天敌生物种类和数量的下降，破坏生态系统的稳定性；
2)物理防治法主要包括捕鼠器、粘鼠板、吊弓、鼠夹与鼠笼等这种方式，需要耗费大量的人力物力财力；
3)国外有人利用植物性不育剂防控害鼠，虽然对环境和非靶生物较安全，但常因为技术要求高、价格昂贵，不宜推广；
4)目前的灭鼠方法中，没有双重灭鼠作用及多重灭鼠效果的杀鼠剂。
发明内容
为了解决上述技术问题，本发明提供了一种灭鼠饵料及其制备方法，利用竹纤维加肉毒素以及其他饵料制作而成的配方制成灭鼠饵料，由于竹纤维表面具有大量的亲水基团羧基、羧基及大量的空隙，能够快速吸收水分并且凝固。在鼠类食用后能够吸取鼠胃及肠道内的水分在肠道凝固，造成肠道堵塞膨大、肠道出血而死；肉毒素能作用于胆碱能运动神经的末梢，引起老鼠呼吸衰竭，达到灭鼠的效果；且肉毒素不易产生抗药性，适合于大面积的草原鼠害防控；
为了达到上述技术效果，本发明是通过以下技术方案实现的：
一种灭鼠饵料，由以下任意一个配方组成：
配方一：配方组成成分为竹纤维、肉毒素、燕麦，燕麦和竹纤维的比例为1：1，肉毒素浓度为0.1％；
配方二：配方组成成分为竹纤维、肉毒素、燕麦，燕麦和竹纤维的比例为1：1；肉毒素浓度为0.05％；
配方三：配方组成成分为竹纤维、肉毒素、普通小鼠饲料，普通小鼠饲料和竹纤维的比例为1：1，肉毒素浓度为0.1％；
配方四：配方组成成分为竹纤维、肉毒素、普通小鼠饲料，普通小鼠饲料和竹纤维的比例为1：1，肉毒素浓度为0.1％；
配方五：配方组成成分为竹纤维、肉毒素、玉米，玉米和竹纤维的比例为1：1，肉毒素浓度为0.1％；
配方六：配方组成成分为竹纤维、肉毒素、玉米，玉米和竹纤维的比例为1：1，肉毒素浓度为0.05％；
配方七：配方组成成分为竹纤维、肉毒素、燕麦，燕麦和竹纤维的比例为1：1，肉毒素浓度为0.05％；
配方八：配方组成成分为竹纤维、肉毒素、大米，大米和竹纤维的比例为1：1，肉毒素浓度为0.1％；
配方九：配方组成成分为竹纤维、肉毒素、大米，大米和竹纤维的比例为1：1，肉毒素浓度为0.05％；
配方十：配方组成成分为竹纤维、肉毒素、燕麦，燕麦和竹纤维的比例为2；3，肉毒素浓度为0.1％；
配方十一：配方组成成分为竹纤维、肉毒素、燕麦，燕麦和竹纤维的比例为3:7，肉毒素浓度为0.1％；
配方十二配方组成成分为竹纤维、肉毒素、燕麦，麦和竹纤维的比例为3:2,肉毒素浓度为0.1％。
配方十三：配方组成成分为竹纤维、肉毒素、燕麦、壳聚糖，燕麦和竹纤维的比例为1:1,肉毒素浓度为0.1％，壳聚糖浓度为0.3％。
本发明的另一目的在于提供灭鼠饵料的制备方法，包括以下步骤：
S1：取大米、燕麦、玉米、普通小鼠饲料中的一种或几种组成A料，再取竹纤维；
S2：根据配方取相应肉毒素水剂加水进行稀释，配制肉毒素稀释液；
S3：将A料在肉毒素稀释液中搅拌均匀，密封12-24小时；
S4：密封后的A料与肉毒素混合物再与竹纤维混合，再加入浓度为0.3％的壳聚糖，均匀制成球状饵料；
优选的，所述肉毒素为10000毒价的D型肉毒素水剂；
优选的，所述肉毒素稀释液的浓度为0.1％；
优选的，所述A料与竹纤维的混合比例为1:1，肉毒素浓度为0.1％；
优选的，所述球状饵料重量为5～6g，然后进行冷风烘干。
本发明的有益效果是：
1)竹纤维复合饵料(基本饵料为燕麦)与D型肉毒素混合制作成的灭鼠饵料，实现物理+化学双重灭鼠；
2)竹纤维价格低廉且容易获得，灭鼠成本低；
3)首次将竹纤维+肉毒素这个灭鼠配方用于灭鼠；
4)能够大范围用于灭鼠工作，且灭鼠效果好；
5)加入壳聚糖之后能够延长灭鼠饵料的保质期，节省每年人工。
附图说明
为了更清楚地说明本发明实施例的技术方案，下面将对实施例描述所需要使用的附图作简单地介绍，显而易见地，下面描述中的附图仅仅是本发明的一些实施例，对于本领域普通技术人员来讲，在不付出创造性劳动的前提下，还可以根据这些附图获得其他的附图。
图1是实施例2死亡小鼠解剖图；
图2是实施例2小鼠肠道出血状况图。
具体实施方式
下面将结合本发明实施例中的附图，对本发明实施例中的技术方案进行清楚、完整地描述，显然，所描述的实施例仅仅是本发明一部分实施例，而不是全部的实施例。基于本发明中的实施例，本领域普通技术人员在没有作出创造性劳动前提下所获得的所有其它实施例，都属于本发明保护的范围。
实施例1
一种灭鼠饵料的制备方法，包括以下步骤：
S1：按照1:1的比例取燕麦和竹纤维；
S2：取肉毒素水剂加水进行稀释，配制肉毒素稀释液；
S3：将燕麦在肉毒素稀释液中搅拌均匀，密封10-12h；
S4：密封后的燕麦与肉毒素混合物再与竹纤维混合，均匀制成球状饵料；
优选的，所述肉毒素为10000毒价的D型肉毒素水剂；
优选的，所述肉毒素稀释液的浓度为0.1％；
优选的，所述燕麦与竹纤维的混合比例为1：1，肉毒素浓度为0.1％。
优选的，所述球状饵料重量为5～6g。
实施例2
试验对象为小白鼠，选取同一地区，20-22g左右的小白鼠，实验前正常喂食普通小鼠饲料三天。研究内容是为了测试小鼠对竹纤维不同梯度含量适口性、灭杀效果及时效性。分别对小鼠体重变化、饵料取食情况、灭鼠情况以及时效性进行调查。实验步骤如下：
1)实验分为五组。一组对照组，四组实验组。实验组分别按照2：3、1：1、3：2、7：3的比例取竹纤维和普通小鼠饲料。将普通小鼠饲料用打磨机粉碎然后与竹纤维混合，混合均匀之后加水使其能够成型，用手捏成乒乓球大小的竹纤维球放入55℃的烘箱里直至完全烘干；
2)将烘干之后的竹纤维球按照实验设计分别投喂到不同的实验组，观察、记录小鼠的精神状态、取食情况、体重变化、死亡时间、灭鼠效率。
3)灭鼠调查情况如下：
a.灭杀效果及时效性：投饵后直至死亡，每天观察小鼠的精神状态、取食状态，逐日收集解剖并记录各处理死亡小鼠的数量，根据逐日收集鼠尸数量和状况绘制死鼠曲线，检验不同处理结果的时效性并记录饵料取食、小鼠体重变化、灭鼠情况。
b.饵料取食情况调查。不同的试验组分别投入不同含量的竹纤维复合饵料。试验前用电子称称量药剂重量，配制饵料。在分别投饵后，每日对每个试验组和对照组进行采食量、取水量的消耗量记录，直至小鼠死亡。
c.体重变化调查。从进行实验的第一天到鼠死亡，每日固定时间对不同编号的实验鼠进行体重测量记录。不同实验组的数据进行分类整理，以便对不同处理组的实验结果进行对比。
根据以上的实验数据，不同组别的实验结果如下：
表1不同竹纤维含量梯度实验
| 竹纤维含量 | 40％ | 50％ | 60％ | 70％ | 对照组 |
| 平均每天消耗水量(g) | 36.5 | 24.6 | 20.9 | 19 | 55.2 |
| 平均每天取食量(g) | 11.36 | 10.46 | 3.12 | 1.04 | 35.6 |
| 平均五天小鼠体重变化(g) | -3.6 | -5.8 | -5.1 | -6.2 | +2.7 |
| 平均死亡天数(天) | 8.4 | 6.5 | 6.3 | 5.5 |
根据竹纤维的梯度实验结果得出，竹纤维对小白鼠的灭杀效果较好，喂养40％竹纤维含量的复合饵料平均死亡天数为8.4天，喂养50％竹纤维含量的复合饵料平均死亡天数为6.5天，喂养60％竹纤维含量的复合饵料平均死亡天数为6.3天，喂养70％竹纤维含量的复合饵料平均死亡天数为5.5天。
根据以上实验数据计算得出，50％的竹纤维含量的复合饵料适口性以及灭鼠效果综合效果最好。所以在后续的实验中选择50％竹纤维含量作为基础配方的一部分。
实施例3
试验对象为小白鼠，选取同一地区，20-22g左右的小白鼠，实验前正常喂食普通小鼠饲料三天。研究内容是为了测试小鼠的适口性。分别对小鼠饵料取食情况、灭鼠情进行调查。实验步骤如下：
基本饵料选择玉米、燕麦、普通小鼠饲料。在鼠盒中投喂两种不同的饵料，并把食盒放在对角，24小时对换一次食盒，每日回收剩余饵料并更换新鲜饲料，称重记录，4天后结束该项实验计算摄食系数。
表2多饵料适口性选择
根据多饵料适口性选择来看，基本饵料为燕麦、玉米、普通小鼠饲料。根据实验结果来看，燕麦的适口性最好，其次是普通小鼠饲料最后是玉米。根据适口性结果来选择灭鼠材料。
实施例4
为了验证十三个配方中不同处理配方的灭鼠效果和适口性，本研修选择的试验对象为小白鼠，选取同一地区，20-22g左右的小白鼠，实验前正常喂食普通小鼠饲料三天。实验处理如下：
根据以上实验结果来看，处理1和处理13灭鼠效率最高，而在这两个配方中不同的是处理13添加了壳聚糖，壳聚糖的加入能够延长饵料的保质期，所以最后选择应用的配方为0.1％肉毒素浓度的竹纤维复合饵料(基本饵料为燕麦)加0.3％壳聚糖。
Claims (6)
1.一种灭鼠饵料，其特征在于，由以下任意一个配方组成：
配方一：配方组成成分为竹纤维、肉毒素、燕麦，燕麦和竹纤维的比例为1：1，肉毒素浓度为0.1％；
配方二：配方组成成分为竹纤维、肉毒素、燕麦，燕麦和竹纤维的比例为1：1；肉毒素浓度为0.05％；
配方三：配方组成成分为竹纤维、肉毒素、普通小鼠饲料，普通小鼠饲料和竹纤维的比例为1：1，肉毒素浓度为0.1％；
配方四：配方组成成分为竹纤维、肉毒素、普通小鼠饲料，普通小鼠饲料和竹纤维的比例为1：1，肉毒素浓度为0.1％；
配方五：配方组成成分为竹纤维、肉毒素、玉米，玉米和竹纤维的比例为1：1，肉毒素浓度为0.1％；
配方六：配方组成成分为竹纤维、肉毒素、玉米，玉米和竹纤维的比例为1：1，肉毒素浓度为0.05％；
配方七：配方组成成分为竹纤维、肉毒素、燕麦，燕麦和竹纤维的比例为1：1，肉毒素浓度为0.05％；
配方八：配方组成成分为竹纤维、肉毒素、大米，大米和竹纤维的比例为1：1，肉毒素浓度为0.1％；
配方九：配方组成成分为竹纤维、肉毒素、大米，大米和竹纤维的比例为1：1，肉毒素浓度为0.05％；
配方十：配方组成成分为竹纤维、肉毒素、燕麦，燕麦和竹纤维的比例为2；3，肉毒素浓度为0.1％；
配方十一：配方组成成分为竹纤维、肉毒素、燕麦，燕麦和竹纤维的比例为3:7，肉毒素浓度为0.1％；
配方十二配方组成成分为竹纤维、肉毒素、燕麦，麦和竹纤维的比例为3:2,肉毒素浓度为0.1％；
配方十三：配方组成成分为竹纤维、肉毒素、燕麦、壳聚糖，燕麦和竹纤维的比例为1:1,肉毒素浓度为0.1％，壳聚糖浓度为0.3％。
2.如权利要求1所述的一种灭鼠饵料的制备方法，其特征在于，包括以下步骤：
S1：取大米、燕麦、玉米、普通小鼠饲料中的一种或几种组成A料，再取竹纤维；
S2：根据配方取相应肉毒素水剂加水进行稀释，配制肉毒素稀释液；
S3：将A料在肉毒素稀释液中搅拌均匀，密封12-24小时；
S4：密封后的A料与肉毒素混合物再与竹纤维混合，再加入浓度为0.3％的壳聚糖，均匀制成球状饵料。
3.根据权利要求2所述的一种灭鼠饵料的制备方法，其特征在于，所述肉毒素为10000毒价的D型肉毒素水剂。
4.根据权利要求2所述的一种灭鼠饵料的制备方法，其特征在于，所述肉毒素稀释液的浓度为0.1％。
5.根据权利要求2所述的一种灭鼠饵料的制备方法，其特征在于，所述A料与竹纤维的混合比例为1:1，肉毒素浓度为0.1％。
6.根据权利要求2所述的一种灭鼠饵料的制备方法，其特征在于，所述球状饵料重量为5～6g，然后进行冷风烘干。
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