CN115589911A - 一种作物催芽育苗基质复合移栽高产栽培方法 - Google Patents
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种作物催芽育苗基质复合移栽高产栽培方法,适宜于各类农作物移栽种植。种子催芽育苗与基质复合后移栽,适宜在正常农田、轻度盐渍化土地开展;种子催芽、育苗适宜在小拱棚、中棚或温室中进行;本发明所述复合基质由半炭化生物炭、褐煤腐殖酸、马铃薯淀粉保水剂、膨润土、微肥、秸秆颗粒等材料组成;本发明中复合基质可与农作物已经催芽并出芽的萌发种子、经过育苗的幼苗复合,形成锥形种植钵体,通过移栽机直接栽植进入播种穴;也可将基质与出芽种子复合填装进纸筒,利用育苗移栽机移栽;本发明中复合基质与幼苗、种子结合,为种子提供保温、供水、供养条件,作物苗齐、苗全、苗壮,同时加快生育进程,提高作物产量。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及的是农作物高产栽培方法技术领域,具体涉及一种作物催芽育苗基质复合移栽高产栽培方法。
背景技术
低温冷害和干旱是我国北方等农作物主产区的主要农业气象灾害,但抵卸低温、干旱的实用技术研究不足,切实有效的方法较少,特别是用一种方法同时防御两种以上灾害的技术更少。我国大部分农作区易发生春季干旱和低温,避开这一时段,就可使干旱和冷害发生的可能性明显减少,提高出苗率、从而增产;催芽育苗移栽,即在保护地内催芽、育苗,而后移入大田,是躲避春季低温和干旱的较好方法;研究证明,复合基质配制简便,播种和移栽易于操作,采用基质复合催芽、育苗移栽技术,可增加积温,可采用较当地大田播种所用品种生育期长的偏晚熟品种,并可躲避春季第一层透雨前的一段干旱时期,防御播种出苗期干旱,因而增产效果显著,可提早成熟、防御秋霜,降低收获时籽含水率,提高玉米品质;基质复合育苗移栽在气温偏低、积温不足的早熟品种区防御低温冷害和霜冻效果明显,在春旱严重地区防御春旱效果也很明显,而在气温高、积温足的地方效果不十分明显。
传统的营养钵育苗移栽技术制作程序用工多、管理复杂、技术执行难度大、劳动强度大,在当前农村劳动力大量转移的背景下,已不适应植农业向现代化和规模化发展的需要;鉴于此,国内众多科研单位和生产企业尝试了多种育苗方式,如基质育苗、无土育苗、微钵育苗、水浮育苗、穴盘育苗等,为改变我国传统的育苗移栽方式和提高农业生产效率提供了技术支持;综上所述,本发明提供了一种作物催芽育苗基质复合移栽高产栽培方法,该实用技术可在我国大部分低温干旱区推广应用。
发明内容
针对现有技术上存在的不足,本发明目的是在于提供一种作物催芽育苗基质复合移栽高产栽培方法,栽培效果好,能改良土壤,提高土地利用率。
为了实现上述目的,本发明是通过如下的技术方案来实现:一种作物催芽育苗基质复合移栽高产栽培方法,包括以下步骤:
1、育苗、催芽工作宜在小拱棚、中棚或温室中进行,棚室具备通风、透光、灌溉和排水条件;根据移栽数量,确定育苗棚搭建面积,每平方米育苗棚可育苗800-1000株幼苗或催芽2000粒种子;选择当地主栽品种如玉米、小麦、水稻、大豆等作物开展催芽、育苗工作;
2、复合基质构成材料混拌均匀后,与农作物幼苗、已经萌发的种子按照1份基质1株幼苗或1粒萌发种子的比例复合,通过人工或机械将大约20-30克基质加工成团,人工或机械压制成圆锥形种植钵体,种植钵内包含1粒萌发种子或1株幼苗,通过育苗移栽机直接栽植进入大田播种穴内覆土压实;
3、可将配制好的基质均匀填装进入纸筒里,将配好的复合基质均匀的撒在纸筒里,加至基质离纸筒顶部约1cm处即可;装好复合基质的纸筒用喷头浇水,每个育苗畦需水量在40-60kg;待纸筒内水分充分渗透后,机械或人工点种,播深1cm即可,每筒播种1粒已经催芽萌发种子;播种后用网筛将已准备好拌有杀菌剂的消毒土均匀地筛到纸筒上面作为表土,机械或人工压实待播;基质复合、移栽适宜在正常耕地、轻度盐渍化黑土地、沙地、轻中度盐碱地开展;
所述的步骤2中的基质配方中材料的组成比为秸秆颗粒50%、半炭化生物炭10%、褐煤腐殖酸10%、膨润土5%、马铃薯淀粉保水剂5%、钙镁微肥0.5%,该复合基质还包含植物所需适量化肥约4.5%。复合基质有机质含量≥30%,总养分含量(N+P2O5+K2O)≥5%,含水量<15%,pH 6.5-7.5。
所述的步骤3中的长宽高为长×宽×高=6cm×3cm×3cm。
本发明的有益效果:本发明的栽培效果好,能改良土地,提高土地利用率,增加单位土地面积的经济效益,栽培出的作物产量高,品质好。
具体实施方式
为使本发明实现的技术手段、创作特征、达成目的与功效易于明白了解,下面结合具体实施方式,进一步阐述本发明。
1棚室建设
催芽、育苗工作在小拱棚、中棚或温室中进行,棚室要具备通风、透光、灌溉和排水条件;需要棚室的面积大小根据育苗移栽数量而定,根据育苗纸筒规格不同,一般每平方米可育苗800-1000株,也可完成2000粒种子的催芽工作。棚室地面要平整、无石块、杂草、秸秆、残茬,以有机质含量较高的壤土为好;棚室要临近大田,以便于移栽。棚室宽度6.5~7.0m;高度为2.2~2.5m;棚架从地面起往上1.5m处不要有太大弧度,弧度越大与棚内夹角越小,温度越低,靠棚布近的生长越慢。采用幅宽1.8m的农膜,顺大棚底脚处埋入20cm,上面还剩1.6m左右,正处在通风口的部位;顶部也用同样的棚膜,计算好宽度后,把几幅棚膜在下边粘在一起,扣在棚顶,要与下面的通风口处重叠30cm,同时要在大棚的两头留出作业通道;扣棚后要及时用线绳压膜,顺棚架放绳,每空一压,将线绳拉紧系牢,防止大风吹坏。
2育苗床制备
育苗床要在春季建棚前进行翻(旋)耙,土壤细碎。育苗棚内放盘的育苗床要整齐一致,不能出现高低不平现象,避免因育苗床含水量不同而发生病坏苗,同时捡出置床上的残茬、根茎、砾石;育苗床整平后进行镇压,土壤表面平整紧实,摆盘时与土壤紧密接触;大棚内要铺设作业道,方便作业;宽度6.5~7.0m的大棚顺中间铺1条作业道;作业道宽30cm,可用红砖横摆(24cm),也可用水泥方砖。
3营养土制备
营养土的主要成分是富含有机质、氮磷钾营养的菜园土或耕层土。包含富含微量元素和大量矿质营养的膨润土,有机肥或厩肥(根据各地不同情况因材而用,可用猪粪、牛马厩肥、草木灰、人粪尿等,其含量应占培养土的20-30%,所有有机肥必须经过充分腐熟后使用)、化肥(磷酸二铵、尿素),杀虫剂、杀菌剂;先将耕层土或菜园土和农家肥过筛,去除体积过大的土块和未腐熟的肥块,取细碎均匀的土肥备用;再将农家肥以3000kg每亩的比例混入耕层土或菜园土,最后将膨润土与耕层土或菜园土以质量比1:75混合;还要调节土壤pH至6.5-7.0,若过酸,可用石灰调整,若过碱,可用稀盐酸中和;土质过于疏松的,可增加牛粪或黏土;土质过于黏重或有机质含量极低(不足1.5%)时,应掺入有机堆肥、锯末等。充分搅拌、混匀后备用。
4催芽育苗
将配好的营养土均匀的撒在育苗畦或排列好的纸筒里,加至营养土离纸筒顶部约1cm时用扫帚扫匀纸筒表层土,保持各纸筒内填入的营养土高度一致;装好复合基质的纸筒用喷头浇水,每个育苗畦需水量在40-60kg;待纸筒内水分充分渗透后,机械或人工点种,播深1cm即可,每筒播种1粒已经催芽萌发种子;播种后用网筛将已准备好拌有杀菌剂的消毒土均匀地筛到纸筒上面作为表土,机械或人工压实待播,根据定植时间及定植类型,提前30-50天播种,于3月上旬在日光温室中播种;一般播种后6~10天可陆续发芽出苗,待出苗后间苗。
5大田移栽
移栽质量的好坏直接影响着产量与经济效益的高低,须达到栽直、栽正、栽实,不漏栽,不窝根、不悬空、不外露;起苗应本着先育先起先栽,运苗时尽量减少颠簸震动,防止床土脱落损根;幼苗上面应遮盖用水浇湿的麻袋或草袋,防止幼苗在运送、移栽过程中风吹日晒失水萎蔫、影响成活;人工或机械移栽,根据各类作物的亩保苗株数,按行距、株距栽植。
进一步地,所述基质的制作方法如下:
育苗基质配方中材料的组成比为秸秆颗粒或粉末50%、半炭化生物炭10%、褐煤腐殖酸10%、膨润土5%、马铃薯淀粉保水剂5%、钙镁微肥0.5%,该复合基质还包含植物所需适量化肥约4.5%;复合基质有机质含量≥30%,总养分含量(N+P2O5+K2O)≥5%,含水量<15%,pH 6.5-7.5;制作方法如下:将玉米、小麦、大豆等可利用作物秸秆粉碎,可以颗粒或粉末形式加以利用;将部分玉米、小麦、大豆等作物秸秆在240℃下底纹无氧炭化6-8小时,制成半炭化生物炭备用;将上述制备好材料按照秸秆颗粒或粉末50%、半炭化生物炭10%、褐煤腐殖酸10%、膨润土5%、马铃薯淀粉保水剂5%、钙镁微肥0.5%比例混合,在制作复合基质时,加水、加肥与萌发种子或幼苗复合,机械加工成锥形种植钵。
以上显示和描述了本发明的基本原理和主要特征和本发明的优点。本行业的技术人员应该了解,本发明不受上述实施例的限制,上述实施例和说明书中描述的只是说明本发明的原理,在不脱离本发明精神和范围的前提下,本发明还会有各种变化和改进,这些变化和改进都落入要求保护的本发明范围内。本发明要求保护范围由所附的权利要求书及其等效物界定。
Claims (4)
1.一种作物催芽育苗基质复合移栽高产栽培方法,其特征在于,包括以下步骤:
(1)本技术适宜于大部分农作物品种,农作物种子萌发或育苗成苗与基质进行复合后移栽,适宜在正常耕地、轻度盐渍化黑土地、沙地、轻中度盐碱地开展生产;
(2)种子催芽、育苗、基质复合工作适宜在小拱棚、中棚或温室中进行,棚室要具备通风、透光、灌溉和排水条件;
(3)本发明中复合基质与农作物幼苗、已经萌发的种子进行复合,通过手工、机械加工形成种植钵体,通过移栽机直接栽植进入播种穴;也可将配制好的基质均匀填装进入长×宽×高为6cm×3cm×3cm的纸筒里,将配好的复合基质均匀的撒在纸筒里,加至基质离纸筒顶部约1cm处即可;
(4)装好复合基质的纸筒用喷头浇水,每个育苗畦需水量在40-60kg;待纸筒内水分充分渗透后,机械或人工点种,播深1cm即可,每筒播种1粒已经催芽萌发种子;播种后用网筛将已准备好拌有杀菌剂的消毒土均匀地筛到纸筒上面作为表土,机械或人工压实待播;
(5)利用甜菜纸筒播种机或专用育苗移栽机进行播种,将复合基质钵体或纸筒有序码放至移栽机移栽盘内,机器进行人工辅助移栽工作。
2.根据权利要求1所述的一种基于以点代面理论的作物育苗基质复合移栽高产栽培方法,其特征在于,所述的步骤(1)中的基质为复合基质由半炭化生物炭、褐煤腐殖酸、马铃薯淀粉保水剂、膨润土、微肥、秸秆颗粒组成。
3.根据权利要求2所述的一种作物催芽育苗基质复合移栽高产栽培方法,其特征在于该复合基质配方中材料的组成比为秸秆颗粒50%、半炭化生物炭10%、褐煤腐殖酸10%、膨润土5%、马铃薯淀粉保水剂5%、钙镁微肥0.5%,该复合基质还包含植物所需适量化肥约4.5%;复合基质有机质含量≥30%,总养分含量(N+P2O5+K2O)≥5%,含水量<15%,pH 6.5-7.5。
4.根据权利要求1所述的一种作物催芽育苗基质复合移栽高产栽培方法,其特征在于,复合基质可与农作物幼苗、已萌发种子复合,形成锥形种植钵体,通过移栽机直接栽植进入播种穴;也可将配制好的基质均匀填装进入长×宽×高为6cm×3cm×3cm的纸筒里后移栽。
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