CN115572630A - 一种微乳化柴油的高效复配表面活性剂及制备工艺 - Google Patents

一种微乳化柴油的高效复配表面活性剂及制备工艺 Download PDF

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CN115572630A
CN115572630A CN202211322474.9A CN202211322474A CN115572630A CN 115572630 A CN115572630 A CN 115572630A CN 202211322474 A CN202211322474 A CN 202211322474A CN 115572630 A CN115572630 A CN 115572630A
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diesel oil
micro
surfactant
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compound surfactant
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王彦宗
王茹月
张梓宸
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Beijing Tianni Biotechnology Co ltd
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
    • C10L10/00—Use of additives to fuels or fires for particular purposes
    • C10L10/18—Use of additives to fuels or fires for particular purposes use of detergents or dispersants for purposes not provided for in groups C10L10/02 - C10L10/16
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
    • C09K23/00—Use of substances as emulsifying, wetting, dispersing, or foam-producing agents
    • C09K23/017—Mixtures of compounds
    • C09K23/018—Mixtures of two or more different organic oxygen-containing compounds
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
    • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
    • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
    • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
    • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
    • C10L1/12—Inorganic compounds
    • C10L1/1225—Inorganic compounds halogen containing compounds
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
    • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
    • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
    • C10L1/14—Organic compounds
    • C10L1/16—Hydrocarbons
    • C10L1/1608—Well defined compounds, e.g. hexane, benzene
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
    • C10L2200/00—Components of fuel compositions
    • C10L2200/04—Organic compounds
    • C10L2200/0407—Specifically defined hydrocarbon fractions as obtained from, e.g. a distillation column
    • C10L2200/0438—Middle or heavy distillates, heating oil, gasoil, marine fuels, residua
    • C10L2200/0446—Diesel
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
    • C10L2250/00—Structural features of fuel components or fuel compositions, either in solid, liquid or gaseous state
    • C10L2250/08—Emulsion details
    • C10L2250/086—Microemulsion or nanoemulsion

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
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  • Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
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Abstract

本发明涉及精细化学、物理化学和胶体及界面化学等学科，是一种微乳化柴油的高效复配表面活性剂及制备工艺。通过表面活性剂的复配，形成协和增效作用，达到万紫千红作用。把不同类型的表面活性剂人为地进行混合，得到混合物性能比原来单一组分性能更加优良，达到“1+1＞2”效果。主要用于微乳化柴油，使其节能环保。

Description

一种微乳化柴油的高效复配表面活性剂及制备工艺
技术领域
本发明涉及精细化学、物理化学和胶体及界面化学等学科，是一种微乳化柴油的高效复配表面活性剂及制备工艺.
背景技术
表面活性剂是活跃于表面和界面上，具有极高降低表、界面张力能力和效率一种物质.在一定浓度溶液中能形成分子有序组合体，从而具有一系列应用功能.它具有双亲结构，即一个分子内，既有亲水基，又有亲油基，其行为取决于两种结构争竞、妥协.因为它具有界面行为、能够形成界面、自组织行为和矛盾的结构等四大功能特点，至此形成这种表面活性剂神奇物质.从哲学上讲，它的结构是天生为三维世界准备的.
表面活性剂也称乳化剂，它不是一种物质组成的，一种表面活性剂也不会是万能的，通过表面活性剂的复配，形成了协和增效作用，达到万紫千红.表面活性剂相互间或与其他化合物的配合使用称为复配.即把不同类型的表面活性剂人为地进行混合，得到的混合物性能比原来单一组分的性能更加优良，也就是通常所说“1+1＞2”效果，会使表面活性剂的各种性能得到改善和提高.随着这方面理论的深入，应用将越来越广，并在国民经济的各个领域发挥更大的作用.
柴油是轻质石油产品，复杂烃类(碳原子数约10～22)混合物，为柴油机燃料.主要由原油蒸馏、催化裂化、热裂化、加氢裂化、石油焦化等过程生产的柴油馏分调配而成；也可由页岩油加工和煤液化制取.分为轻柴油(沸点范围约180～370℃)和重柴油(沸点范围约350～410℃)两大类.广泛用于大型车辆、铁路机车、船舰.柴油最重要用途是用于车辆、船舶的柴油发动机.柴油成分杂质，燃烧时产生烟尘，造成空气污染.
微乳化柴油是将柴油、水和乳化剂按照一定比例调合而成的.柴油和水是互不相溶的两种物质，两者之间存在着很大界面张力，因此造成油水两相尽量缩小面积，使体系能最低，因而形成油水两层.为了获得油水稳定混合物，必须施加外力或利用化学助剂(即表面活性剂)来形成油水混合液.乳化柴油制备简单，不仅能在工厂中大量生产，也能随时随地在任何地方进行小样的制备，只需将柴油、水和微乳化剂振荡混合形成.此外，使用安全柴油还能大大改善燃烧过程，提高燃烧效率，能显著减少烟度、氮氧化物和一氧化碳等有害气体的排放.
微乳化柴油燃烧能产生“微爆”效应，将柴油雾化颗粒二次雾化成更为细小的油颗粒，使油颗粒与空气接触的比表面积成倍提高，使燃烧速度加快，火焰强度提高.同时水蒸气在高温下与碳发生水煤气反应，相应提高燃料油热值的有效转换效率，降低燃料的实际消耗和成本，也控制烟气中污染物质或气体的排放，保护大气环境.因此，燃料油乳化技术是一项具有深远社会和经济效益的节能环保技术.
目前，国内外对于柴油掺水乳化技术研究较多，并取得一定进展，但在使用过程中出现高温易破乳、储存时间短、节油率不高等现象，柴油掺水乳化的缺少实际应用指导，关键因素是选择高效复配表面活性剂，使其微乳化柴油更稳定，发挥良好效果.
发明内容
为了克服和解决现有不足，本发明提供了一种微乳化柴油的高效复配表面活性剂及制备工艺.
采用HLB值法筛选出乳化效果和稳定性均较好的复配表面活性剂，通过对其稳定性和乳化效果的研究比较，确定了最佳的乳化剂配比及助添加剂种类.
根据相似相溶原理，所选择的表面活性剂的亲油基团应尽量与柴油主要组分的分子结构相似，因为表面活性剂结构与柴油越相似，在油水界面上的吸附作用越强，可以使油水界面张力降至最低，又使乳化剂分子在界面上能紧密排列形成强度大的界面膜，所形成的微乳液也越稳定.柴油具有多组分的复杂体系，饱和烷烃占了65.16～77.85％，其中C13～C22的直链正构烷烃最多，为44.50～56.39％，剩余的为异构烷烃和环烷烃，因此本研究选取了与柴油的主要成分有相似分子结构的油酸类表面活性剂.以油酸类阴离子型表面活性剂为乳化剂，通过对助表面活性剂醇的筛选和各组分间的配比的优化，制备出稳定存在的柴油微乳液，研究了表面活性剂的结构对微乳化的影响.
助表面活性剂电解质，在乳状液形成过程中，适量加入电解质氯化钠，可以降低表面活性剂的加入量，使表面活性剂效率增加.
具体实施方式
将油酸称质量2％～9％，一乙醇胺质量份0.8％～3％，加入容器内进行搅拌待全部溶解后，制成复配的表面活性剂。
将氯化钠质量份0.003％～0.01％，加入以上复配好的表面活性剂容器内，进行搅拌制备成一种微乳化柴油的高效复配表面活性剂。

Claims (3)

1.一种微乳化柴油的高效复配表面活性剂及制备工艺，其选择多种表面活性剂和助剂制成乳化剂，调合柴油、水和乳化剂形成微乳化柴油。
2.根据权利要求1所述的一种微乳化柴油的高效复配表面活性剂及制备工艺，其特征是油酸质量2％～9％，一乙醇胺质量0.8％～3％，加入容器内进行搅拌溶解，制成复配的表面活性剂。
3.根据权利要求1所述的一种微乳化柴油的高效复配表面活性剂及制备工艺，其特征是氯化钠质量0.003％～0.01％，加入以上复配好表面活性剂容器内，进行混合搅拌，制备成微乳化柴油的高效复配表面活性剂。
CN202211322474.9A 2022-10-17 2022-10-17 一种微乳化柴油的高效复配表面活性剂及制备工艺 Pending CN115572630A (zh)

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