CN115558839B - 一种p91钢锭的生产方法 - Google Patents
一种p91钢锭的生产方法 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种P91钢锭的生产方法,其包括:1)转炉冶炼:控制转炉冶炼终点C含量为0.06~0.09%、O含量为0.0500~0.0700%、P含量≤0.008%,终点温度1590~1630℃;2)VD真空脱气:确保入VD前钢包净空高度≥1000mm,VD脱气高真空保持时间8~10min;VD脱气及氧脱碳过程钢水温降2~3℃/min,VD破空后温度1560~1580℃、H含量1.0~1.5ppm、C含量0.005~0.015%;3)LF精炼:LF精炼过程钢包全程底吹氮气搅拌,钢包升温期间采用100~300NL/min的氮气流量。本方法可实现节能环保,成分控制均匀稳定,降低合金成本。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及冶炼技术领域,尤其是一种P91钢锭的生产方法。
背景技术
近年来随着超临界和超超临界火电机组建设的增加和发电机组参数的提高,P91已大规模替代P22用于制造电站锅炉的蒸汽集箱、主蒸汽管道热段、高温联箱等重要部件,P91的使用对提高锅炉参数和热效率起到了重要的作用。
P22热导率高、线膨胀系数小、价格低廉,但热强性低、抗蚀性差、淬透性小、受抗氧化温度的影响通常用于580℃以下。TP304H热强性高、抗蚀性好,具有较高的抗氧化温度,但热导率低、线膨胀系数大、抗热疲劳能力低、且价格昂贵,通常只用于650℃左右的环境。P91热强性好、韧性高、淬透性好、可焊性良、热导率高、线膨胀系数小,抗蚀性和价格居于P22和TP304之间。P91是我国火电厂主力钢种之一,目前执行的GB/T5310-2017中10Cr9Mo1VNbN的成分即为P91。
P91生产难点在于采用合理的工艺流程,生产合金含量较高的产品,同时保证成品C含量、N含量及P、S、Al、Cr等成分满足标准要求,材料上不能出现皮下气泡和白点等缺陷。
目前现有的P91生产工艺如下:
中原特钢股份有限公司申请、公开号CN106636953B的专利申请,公开了一种锅炉管用马氏体不锈钢P91冶炼方法,其采用“电弧炉/中频感应炉+AOD精炼炉+LF精炼炉+VD真空脱气+LF精炼炉+连铸”的工艺流程生产。使用电弧炉为初炼炉,中频炉熔化高碳铬铁、钼铁、P91料头,与电炉出钢的钢水勾兑,AOD精炼炉兑钢后搅拌测温,去碳保铬,钢包入LF精炼炉调整成分,精炼后入VD真空脱气,破空后吊回LF精炼炉升温、调整N含量及成分,一次性按0.050~0.055%加入氮化铬铁合金调整N含量,成分、温度合适后,喂入钙线,弱搅拌吊往连铸浇钢。此工艺生产工序多,工艺流程比较复杂,先后经过1次AOD精炼、2次LF精炼、1次VD真空处理,精炼时间长、能耗大。
烟台台海玛努尔核电设备有限公司申请、公开号CN109457169A的专利申请,公开了一种P91钢的冶炼方法,其采用“电弧炉粗炼+AOD炉精炼+LF精炼炉+VD真空除气+浇注”的工艺流程生产。该工艺与传统工艺接近,工艺流程相对较长,先后经过1次AOD精炼、1次LF精炼、1次VD真空处理,对气体N含量控制不稳定,极易造成N含量不符合标准要求的情况。
鉴于目前工艺存在,工艺流程长、先后经过多次精炼、生产过程能耗大、成分及气体N含量控制不稳定等问题,需要对工艺进行优化调整。
发明内容
本发明要解决的技术问题是提供一种工艺简单、能耗小的P91钢锭的生产方法。
为解决上述技术问题,本发明包括下述方法步骤:
(1)转炉冶炼:控制转炉冶炼终点C含量为0.06~0.09wt%、O含量为0.0500~0.0700wt%、P含量≤0.008%,终点温度1590~1630℃;
(2)VD真空脱气:确保入VD前钢包净空高度≥1000mm,VD脱气高真空保持时间8~10min;VD脱气及氧脱碳过程钢水温降2~3℃/min,VD破空后温度1560~1580℃、H含量1.0~1.5ppm、C含量0.005~0.015wt%;
(3)LF精炼:LF精炼过程钢包全程底吹氮气搅拌,钢包升温期间采用100~300NL/min的氮气流量;LF精炼过程使用氮化铬铁按N目标含量0.060~0.065wt%调整钢水成分,其余使用低碳铬铁按目标8.60~8.70wt%调整钢水中Cr含量;
(4)下注浇注:下注浇注过热度40~50℃,浇注过程全程进行氩气保护。
本发明所述转炉冶炼步骤,转炉出钢过程不进行脱氧合金化,不加入铝制品及合金,仅加入白灰6~7kg/t、萤石1~1.5kg/t造渣并进行脱硫,转炉出钢禁止下渣。
本发明所述转炉冶炼步骤,转炉出钢使用的钢包为无碳钢包。
本发明所述VD真空脱气步骤,破空后按1.0~1.5kg/t钢喂入铝线进行沉淀脱氧,同时向渣面按0.3~0.5kg/t钢加入铝粒进行扩散脱氧。
本发明所述LF精炼步骤,LF到位后根据钢水成分及炉渣状态加入白灰、萤石造渣冶炼,控制精炼渣成分:CaO 56~60wt%、SiO2 15~17wt%、Al2O3≤19wt%、MgO≤7.0wt%、TFe+MnO≤0.50wt%,R 3.3~4.0。
本发明所述LF精炼步骤,LF精炼时间70~90min,使用碳化硅和硅铁粉进行扩散脱氧。
本发明所述LF精炼步骤,吊包浇注前H含量为1.2~1.8ppm。
本发明所述下注浇注步骤,浇注过程中加入保护渣1.5~2.5kg/t、发热剂1.5~2.5kg/t、碳化稻壳1.0~1.5kg/t。
采用上述技术方案所产生的有益效果在于:本发明采用“转炉-VD真空脱气-LF精炼-下注浇注”的工艺流程生产低碳高合金P91产品,有别于常规“转炉-LF精炼-VD真空脱气-下注浇注”的工艺流程。转炉高温出钢,在保证较高钢水温度的情况下,同时使钢水存在一定的过氧化。出钢后先进行VD真空脱气处理,在高真空状态下促使钢水内[C]与[O]发生反应,形成CO/CO2气体,实现高真空氧脱碳,为生产低碳高合金产品创造条件。LF精炼过程中在全程底吹氮气搅拌的情况下,使用氮化铬铁合金调整N含量和Cr含量,成分、温度合适的钢水直接下注浇注,避免LF精炼结束后的钢水在VD真空处理过程中大量脱N。
本发明在传统工艺基础上进行优化,可有效解决传统工艺流程长、先后经过多次精炼、生产过程能耗大、成分及气体N含量控制不稳定等问题;实现节能环保,成分控制均匀稳定,使用氮气辅助调整N含量降低合金成本,高真空状态下氧脱碳,为低碳高合金产品生产开拓新的工艺流程。
具体实施方式
下面结合具体实施方式对本发明作进一步详细的说明。
实施例1-8:本P91钢锭的生产方法采用“转炉冶炼+VD真空脱气(氧脱碳)+LF精炼(底吹氮气)+下注浇注”工艺步骤生产P91钢锭。为了提高材料的塑性、细化组织、提高韧性,控制AlN质点尺寸,牌号10Cr9Mo1VNbN的P91钢锭成分控制为(wt):C 0.08%~0.12%、Si0.20%~0.40%、Mn 0.35%~0.50%、Cr 8.50%~9.00%、Mo 0.87%~0.95%、V 0.18%~0.20%、Ni≤0.20%、Al≤0.020%、Nb 0.06%~0.08%、N 0.035%~0.070%、P≤0.015%、S≤0.005%、N/Al≥4.0,余量为Fe和不可避免的杂质。各实施例P91钢锭的化学成分见表1。
表1:各实施例P91钢锭的化学成分(wt%)
表1中,余量为Fe和不可避免的杂质。
(1)转炉冶炼:使用铁水80~85wt%和废钢15~20wt%进行冶炼,铁水中P含量≤0.100wt%。控制转炉冶炼终点C含量为0.06~0.09wt%、O含量为0.0500~0.0700wt%、P含量≤0.008%,终点温度1590~1630℃。转炉出钢过程不进行脱氧合金化,不加入铝制品及合金,仅加入白灰6~7kg/t、萤石1~1.5kg/t造渣,并且形成的精炼渣起到脱氧脱硫的作用,所述白灰为冶金白灰。转炉出钢禁止下渣,可有效控制VD氧脱碳过程钢渣反应强度,避免钢包溢渣。转炉出钢使用的钢包为无碳钢包,避免钢包MgO-C砖增碳对成品[C]含量造成影响。各实施例转炉冶炼的工艺参数见表2。
表2:各实施例转炉冶炼的工艺参数
(2)VD真空脱气:确保入VD前钢包净空高度≥1000mm,真空度≤67Pa条件下VD脱气高真空保持时间8~10min。VD脱气及氧脱碳过程钢水温降2~3℃/min,VD破空后温度1560~1580℃、H含量1.0~1.5ppm、C含量0.005~0.015wt%。因VD破空时炉渣中FeO、MnO含量很高,为了保证LF快速形成白渣,破空后按1.0~1.5kg/t钢喂入铝线进行沉淀脱氧,同时向渣面按0.3~0.5kg/t钢加入铝粒进行扩散脱氧。各实施例VD真空脱气的工艺参数见表3。
表3:各实施例VD真空脱气的工艺参数
(3)LF精炼:LF到位后根据钢水成分及炉渣状态加入白灰、萤石造渣冶炼。LF精炼过程加入的合金及粉状物料先经干燥烘烤,其中铬铁合金加热至600~800℃进行干燥烘烤,以缩短LF精炼时间同时控制钢水中H含量。控制精炼渣主要成分要求:CaO 56~60wt%、SiO2 15~17wt%、Al2O3≤19wt%、MgO≤7.0wt%、TFe+MnO≤0.50wt%,R 3.3~4.0,可实现良好的脱氧脱硫效果。LF精炼前做好电极准备,避免使用电极带头精炼,防止LF精炼过程中电极头脱落影响钢水中C含量。LF精炼过程钢包全程底吹氮气搅拌,钢包升温期间采用较小的氮气流量,以实现埋弧操作。LF精炼过程使用氮化铬铁按N目标含量0.060~0.065wt%调整钢水成分,其余使用低碳铬铁按目标8.60~8.70wt%调整钢水中Cr含量。LF精炼时间70~90min,使用碳化硅和硅铁粉进行扩散脱氧;成分合适、温度合适后可吊包浇注,吊包前控制H含量1.2~1.8ppm。各实施例精炼渣系成分见表4,各实施例LF精炼的工艺参数见表5。
表4:各实施例精炼渣系成分(wt%)
表5:各实施例LF精炼的工艺参数
(4)下注浇注:下注浇注过热度40~50℃,浇注过程全程进行氩气保护,浇注过程中加入保护渣1.5~2.5kg/t、发热剂1.5~2.5kg/t、碳化稻壳1.0~1.5kg/t;所述保护渣、发热剂和碳化稻壳均采用粉状物料,且使用前全部进行烘干干燥,保证水分含量≤0.5wt%。浇注前钢包外排钢水0.5t~1.0t,以保证钢包水口端引流砂完全排出;浇注结束时钢包内剩余钢水3t~5t,以避免浇注过程中钢包下渣,可保证钢水良好的纯净度。各实施例下注浇注的工艺参数见表6。
表6:各实施例下注浇注的工艺参数
(5)各实施例所得P91钢锭进行低倍检测和高倍检测,低倍检测结果见表7,高倍检测结果见表8。
表7:各实施例所得P91钢锭低倍检测结果
表8:各实施例所得P91钢锭高倍检测结果
。
Claims (7)
1.一种P91钢锭的生产方法,其特征在于,其包括下述方法步骤:
(1)转炉冶炼:控制转炉冶炼终点C含量为0.06~0.09wt%、O含量为0.0500~0.0700wt%、P含量≤0.008%,终点温度1590~1630℃;
(2)VD真空脱气:确保入VD前钢包净空高度≥1000mm,真空度≤67Pa条件下VD脱气高真空保持时间8~10min;VD脱气及氧脱碳过程钢水温降2~3℃/min,VD破空后温度1560~1580℃、H含量1.0~1.5ppm、C含量0.005~0.015wt%;破空后按1.0~1.5kg/t钢喂入铝线进行沉淀脱氧,同时向渣面按0.3~0.5kg/t钢加入铝粒进行扩散脱氧;
(3)LF精炼:LF精炼过程钢包全程底吹氮气搅拌,钢包升温期间采用100~300NL/min的氮气流量;LF精炼过程使用氮化铬铁按N目标含量0.060~0.065wt%调整钢水成分,其余使用低碳铬铁按目标8.60~8.70wt%调整钢水中Cr含量;
(4)下注浇注:下注浇注过热度40~50℃,浇注过程全程进行氩气保护。
2.根据权利要求1所述的一种P91钢锭的生产方法,其特征在于:所述转炉冶炼步骤,转炉出钢过程不进行脱氧合金化,不加入铝制品及合金,仅加入白灰6~7kg/t、萤石1~1.5kg/t造渣并进行脱硫,转炉出钢禁止下渣。
3.根据权利要求1所述的一种P91钢锭的生产方法,其特征在于:所述转炉冶炼步骤,转炉出钢使用的钢包为无碳钢包。
4.根据权利要求1所述的一种P91钢锭的生产方法,其特征在于:所述LF精炼步骤,LF到位后根据钢水成分及炉渣状态加入白灰、萤石造渣冶炼,控制精炼渣成分:CaO 56~60wt%、SiO2 15~17wt%、Al2O3≤19wt%、MgO≤7.0wt%、TFe+MnO≤0.50wt%,R 3.3~4.0。
5.根据权利要求1所述的一种P91钢锭的生产方法,其特征在于:所述LF精炼步骤,LF精炼时间70~90min,使用碳化硅和硅铁粉进行扩散脱氧。
6.根据权利要求1所述的一种P91钢锭的生产方法,其特征在于:所述LF精炼步骤,吊包浇注前H含量为1.2~1.8ppm。
7.根据权利要求1-6任意一项所述的一种P91钢锭的生产方法,其特征在于:所述下注浇注步骤,浇注过程中加入保护渣1.5~2.5kg/t、发热剂1.5~2.5kg/t、碳化稻壳1.0~1.5kg/t。
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