CN115505801A - High-strength 3D printing aluminum alloy material, printing method and aluminum alloy part - Google Patents
High-strength 3D printing aluminum alloy material, printing method and aluminum alloy part Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention provides a high-strength 3D printing aluminum alloy material, a printing method and an aluminum alloy part, wherein the aluminum alloy material comprises the following components in percentage by mass: mg:3.5-8.0wt%; hf:1.5-5.5wt% and/or Nb:1.0-5.0wt%, hf + Nb: less than or equal to 10wt percent; fe: less than or equal to 0.3wt percent; si: less than or equal to 0.2wt percent; the balance is Al, grain refinement and aging strengthening effects are provided by Hf and/or Nb, thermal cracks are effectively inhibited, the compactness of the aluminum alloy part prepared by the powder spreading type 3D printing method exceeds 99.9%, the strength of the aluminum alloy part is remarkably higher than that of the existing AlSi10Mg material, the performance of the aluminum alloy part is equivalent to that of Scalmalloy with high price, but the cost can be remarkably reduced compared with a material taking Sc as a core, the aluminum alloy part can replace titanium alloy in certain application scenes, the density of the aluminum alloy part is only 60% of that of the titanium alloy, and the production and application are facilitated.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of 3D printing, and particularly relates to a high-strength 3D printing aluminum alloy material, a printing method and an aluminum alloy part.
Background
The 3D printing technology can be used for manufacturing aluminum alloy parts with complex structures and has important application in the fields of aerospace and the like. The 3D printing material widely used in the market at present is AlSi10Mg, the tensile strength of the material is 280MPa, and the defect of insufficient strength exists, and the traditional high-strength wrought aluminum alloy materials such as 2024 materials, 7075 materials and the like can generate a large amount of thermal cracks in the 3D printing process due to high thermal cracking tendency, so that the 3D printing material cannot be applied to 3D printing.
The existing 3D printing high-strength aluminum alloy material is mainly a patent material Scalmalloy developed by airbus, for example, the existing patent CN111778433B, CN109487126B also uses Sc as a core element, because Al 3 Sc has a relatively low lattice mismatch with an Al matrix in Al 3 The energy barrier for nucleation on Sc particles is low, and meanwhile, the solubility of Sc in Al is low, so that a precipitate phase is favorably separated out, and on one hand, al is generated in the solidification process 3 Sc promotes heterogeneous nucleation of an Al matrix, and grains are refined, so that generation of thermal cracks is inhibited, and on the other hand, more Al is generated in the aging heat treatment process 3 Sc provides precipitation strengthening effect, but the unit price of Sc is extremely high, so that the unit price of the powder raw material even exceeds that of the titanium alloy powder, and the method cannot be widely applied. In addition, factors such as interaction of the added elements and other alloy elements, influence on the degree of supercooling of components, dynamic behavior in the heat treatment process and the like have different degrees of influence on the performance of the final material, and meanwhile, the compactness and the mechanical property of the aluminum alloy part are influenced by improper printing method. Therefore, it is important to develop a 3D printing material, a printing method, and an aluminum alloy part having high strength, no crack, and low cost.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to solve at least one of the technical problems to a certain extent, and provides a high-strength 3D printing aluminum alloy material, a printing method and an aluminum alloy part, which have the characteristics of high strength, no crack and low cost.
The technical scheme adopted by the invention for solving the technical problem is as follows:
a high-strength 3D printing aluminum alloy material comprises the following components in percentage by mass: mg:3.5-8.0wt%; hf:1.5-5.5wt% and/or Nb:1.0-5.0wt%, hf + Nb: less than or equal to 10wt percent; fe: less than or equal to 0.3wt percent; si: less than or equal to 0.2wt percent; the balance being Al.
The aluminum alloy material comprises the following components by design basis:
(1) Mg: mg plays a role in solid solution strengthening in the aluminum alloy material, but the elongation is not facilitated due to the excessively high Mg content, so that the Mg content is determined to be 3.5-8.0wt%.
(2) Hf, nb: the aluminum alloy material is formed by forming Al in the solidification process 3 Nb、Al 3 Hf or Al 3 (Nb, hf) to refine the crystal grains and provide an age-hardening effect, improving the material strength; nb and Hf are more economical than Sc and have D0 22 Crystal structure of Al 3 Nb and Al 3 The lattice mismatch of Hf and Al (fcc) is very low, being-5% and-3.8%, respectively, compared with Al 3 The lattice mismatch between Sc and Al (fcc) is 1.3%, so that Al 3 Nb and Al 3 The Hf particles can promote heterogeneous nucleation of Al, thereby suppressing the generation of thermal cracks.
When the content of Nb and Hf is too low, sufficient nucleation points cannot be provided so as not to completely eliminate thermal cracks, and in addition, sufficient second phase particles cannot be generated for strengthening in subsequent aging heat treatment; if the content of Nb and Hf is too high, excessive and large second phase particles can be formed, even segregation of elements is formed, and the plasticity of the material is obviously reduced; thus, the Hf content of the present invention is determined to be 1.5 to 5.5wt%, the Nb of the present invention: 1.0 to 5.0wt%, and Hf and Nb may be added separately or simultaneously, and the total content of Hf + Nb at the time of addition is determined to be 10wt% or less.
(3) Fe, si: fe and Si are impurity components to be controlled, when the content is too high, larger and brittle intermetallic compound particles are formed, the particles and the interface of the particles and a substrate can be the origin of cracks and defects, and the toughness of the material is reduced, so that the Fe content is determined to be less than or equal to 0.3wt%, and the Si content is determined to be less than or equal to 0.2wt%.
The aluminum alloy material further comprises the following components: mg:5.5-6.5wt%, hf:3.0-4.0wt%, the mechanical property of the aluminum alloy part prepared by the material through 3D printing is as follows: the tensile strength can reach 540Mpa, and the elongation can reach 10%.
The aluminum alloy material further comprises the following components: mg:7.0-8.0wt%, nb:3.5-4.5wt%, and the mechanical properties of the aluminum alloy part prepared by the material through 3D printing are as follows: the tensile strength can reach 565MPa, and the elongation can reach 7 percent.
The aluminum alloy material further comprises the following components: mg:4.0-5.0wt%, hf:2.1-3.1wt%, nb:2.0-3.0wt%, the mechanical property of the aluminum alloy part prepared by the material through 3D printing is as follows: the tensile strength can reach 524MPa, and the elongation can reach 12%.
The aluminum alloy material is further prepared into high-sphericity powder with the granularity of 10-53 mu m and the sphericity of more than or equal to 98% by a vacuum induction gas atomization method after being melted in proportion, so that the absorption effect of the incident laser energy beam in 3D printing is enhanced, and the compactness of the aluminum alloy part in 3D printing is improved.
Furthermore, the raw materials adopt pure element metals or intermediate alloys, and the materials are heated to 720-750 ℃ at the heating rate of 10-20 ℃/min during melting and are kept warm for 15-25min, so that the uniformity of the components of the aluminum alloy material is ensured, and the burning loss and the impurity content are reduced.
Further, the vacuum induction gas atomization method uses argon or helium gas to carry out atomization powder preparation under the pressure of 1-6Mpa, and the cooled powder is screened and mixed to obtain the aluminum alloy material, which has the characteristics of high sphericity, less satellite powder and uniform components.
A method of 3D printing, the method comprising:
pouring any one of the aluminum alloy materials into a 3D printing container;
after the cavity of the forming chamber is sealed, introducing inert gas;
scanning the substrate by using laser, wherein the laser scanning range is adapted to the geometric dimension of the substrate;
spreading an aluminum alloy material on the surface of the substrate by using a scraper made of metal, ceramic or rubber;
and 3D printing is carried out according to the part layered scanning data to prepare the aluminum alloy part.
The 3D printing method adopts a powder-spreading type high-energy beam additive 3D printing method, has the characteristics of high dimensional precision and low surface roughness, and can be used for manufacturing parts with complex shapes.
According to the 3D printing method, the inert gas is argon, the oxygen content of the cavity of the forming chamber is lower than 200ppm by introducing the argon, 3D printing is performed in the cavity of the closed forming chamber of the inert gas, and the situation that harmful impurities such as oxygen or nitrogen in the air are introduced to reduce the performance of the aluminum alloy part is avoided.
The 3D printing method further includes the following steps: the laser power is 200-400W, the laser scanning rate is 600-1200 mm/s, the energy density is controlled through the laser power and the laser scanning rate, the keyhole defect caused by overhigh energy density is avoided, the influence of overlow energy density on the melting forming of the aluminum alloy material is avoided, and the porosity is reduced; the thickness of the aluminum alloy material is 15-40 μm, the track spacing is 80-120 μm, and the lapping rate of the cladding width can be ensured and the internal defects can be reduced through the thickness and the track spacing of the aluminum alloy material, so that the forming speed and the compactness of the aluminum alloy part are improved, and the mechanical property is improved.
The aluminum alloy part is prepared by the 3D printing method, the density of the aluminum alloy part exceeds 99.9%, the microstructure is reasonable, and the mechanical property is effectively improved.
The aluminum alloy part is further subjected to heat treatment by heating to 350-370 ℃, preserving the temperature for 4-6h and then cooling in air.
The aluminum alloy part further has the following mechanical properties: the tensile strength is more than 520MPa, the elongation is more than or equal to 7 percent, the tensile strength exceeds 500MPa, is equivalent to the Scalmalloy performance with high price, and belongs to high-strength aluminum alloy.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the beneficial effects that:
(1) By adding Hf and/or Nb which is more economical than Sc into the high-strength 3D printing aluminum alloy material composition, al with low lattice mismatch degree is formed in the solidification process 3 Nb、Al 3 Hf or Al 3 The (Nb, hf) refines crystal grains, provides an aging strengthening effect, inhibits thermal cracking, controls the influence of Fe and Si impurities on toughness through Mg solid solution strengthening, effectively improves the cracking and mechanical properties, and reduces the cost.
(2) The 3D printing method adopts the high-strength 3D printing aluminum alloy material and the powder-spreading type 3D printing technology, controls the laser power and the laser scanning rate to reduce the porosity, controls the spreading thickness and the track spacing of the aluminum alloy material to reduce the internal defects, improves the forming speed and the compactness of the aluminum alloy part, ensures that the compactness of the aluminum alloy part exceeds 99.9 percent, and effectively improves the microstructure and the mechanical property.
(3) The strength of the aluminum alloy part is remarkably higher than that of the existing AlSi10Mg material, the performance is equivalent to that of Scalmalloy with very high price, but compared with the Scalmalloy and other materials taking Sc as a core, the cost can be remarkably reduced, the titanium alloy can be replaced under certain application scenes, the density is only 60 percent of that of the titanium alloy, and the production and application are facilitated.
Drawings
The above and/or additional aspects and advantages of the present invention will become apparent and readily appreciated from the following description of the embodiments, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings of which:
FIG. 1 is a metallographic photograph of an optical microscope of example 1 of the present invention.
FIG. 2 is a comparison graph of mechanical properties of the aluminum alloy part made of the invention and AlSi10Mg material and Scalmalloy material.
Detailed Description
Reference will now be made in detail to embodiments of the present invention, examples of which are illustrated in the accompanying drawings, wherein like or similar reference numerals refer to the same or similar elements or elements having the same or similar function throughout. The embodiments described below with reference to the drawings are illustrative and intended to be illustrative of the invention and are not to be construed as limiting the invention.
Example 1:
according to a preferred embodiment of the high-strength 3D printing aluminum alloy material, the aluminum alloy material comprises the following components in percentage by mass: mg:5.6wt%; hf:3.5wt%; fe:0.2wt%; si:0.1wt%; the balance being Al.
The preparation method of the high-strength 3D printing aluminum alloy material comprises the following steps:
(1) Melting: adding the raw materials into a crucible according to the content requirement of the components, heating to 720 ℃ at the heating rate of 15 ℃/min, and preserving the heat for 20min; (2) vacuum induction gas atomization: using argon gas, and atomizing the melted materials to prepare powder under the pressure of 4 MPa; (3) sieving and mixing: and cooling the powder prepared by vacuum induction gas atomization, and screening the mixed powder to obtain the high-strength 3D printing aluminum alloy powder with the granularity of 10-53 mu m and the sphericity of more than or equal to 98%.
The 3D printing method for the high-strength 3D printing of the aluminum alloy powder comprises the following steps:
(1) Pouring aluminum alloy powder into a container of 3D printing equipment, and introducing argon to make the oxygen content lower than 200ppm after a cavity of a forming chamber is sealed;
(2) The 3D printing equipment scans the substrate by using laser, and the laser scanning range is adapted to the geometric dimension of the substrate;
(3) Spreading aluminum alloy powder on the surface of the substrate by using a stainless steel scraper by using 3D printing equipment, wherein the spreading thickness of the aluminum alloy powder is 30 micrometers;
(4) 3D printing is carried out by 3D printing equipment according to part layered scanning data, the laser power is 230W, the laser scanning speed is 800mm/s, the channel spacing is 100 mu m, the working cabin descends by one layer height after the laser beam melts the first layer of aluminum alloy powder, the next layer of aluminum alloy powder is spread, and the steps are repeated and stacked layer by layer to prepare the aluminum alloy part.
Example 2:
according to a preferred embodiment of the high-strength 3D printing aluminum alloy material, the aluminum alloy material comprises the following components in percentage by mass: mg:7.7wt%; nb:3.8wt%; fe:0.2wt%; si:0.1wt%; the balance being Al.
The preparation method of the high-strength 3D printing aluminum alloy material comprises the following steps:
(1) Melting: adding the raw materials into a crucible according to the content requirement of the components, heating to 720 ℃ at the heating rate of 20 ℃/min, and preserving the heat for 20min; (2) vacuum induction gas atomization: using argon gas, and atomizing the melted materials to prepare powder under the pressure of 4.5 MPa; (3) sieving and mixing: and cooling the powder prepared by vacuum induction gas atomization, and screening the mixed powder to obtain the high-strength 3D printing aluminum alloy powder with the granularity of 10-53 mu m and the sphericity of more than or equal to 98%.
The 3D printing method for the high-strength 3D printing of the aluminum alloy powder comprises the following steps:
(1) Pouring the aluminum alloy powder into a container of 3D printing equipment, and introducing argon gas to ensure that the oxygen content is lower than 200ppm after the cavity of a forming chamber is sealed;
(2) The 3D printing equipment scans the substrate by using laser, and the laser scanning range is adapted to the geometric size of the substrate;
(3) Spreading aluminum alloy powder on the surface of the substrate by using a stainless steel scraper by using 3D printing equipment, wherein the spreading thickness of the aluminum alloy powder is 25 micrometers;
(4) 3D printing is carried out by 3D printing equipment according to part layered scanning data, the laser power is 200W, the laser scanning speed is 900mm/s, the channel spacing is 100 mu m, the working cabin descends by one layer height after the laser beam melts the first layer of aluminum alloy powder, the next layer of aluminum alloy powder is spread, and the steps are repeated and stacked layer by layer to prepare the aluminum alloy part.
Example 3:
according to a preferred embodiment of the high-strength 3D printing aluminum alloy material, the aluminum alloy material comprises the following components in percentage by mass: mg:4.5wt%; hf:2.7wt%; nb:2.4wt%; fe:0.2wt%; si:0.2wt%; the balance being Al.
The preparation method of the high-strength 3D printing aluminum alloy material comprises the following steps:
(1) Melting: adding the raw materials into a crucible according to the content requirement of the components, heating to 720 ℃ at the heating rate of 15 ℃/min, and preserving the heat for 20min; (2) vacuum induction gas atomization: atomizing the melted materials into powder under the pressure of 5MPa by using argon; (3) sieving and mixing: and cooling the powder prepared by vacuum induction gas atomization, and screening the mixed powder to obtain the high-strength 3D printing aluminum alloy powder with the granularity of 10-53 mu m and the sphericity of more than or equal to 98%.
The 3D printing method for the high-strength 3D printing of the aluminum alloy powder comprises the following steps:
(1) Pouring aluminum alloy powder into a container of 3D printing equipment, and introducing argon to make the oxygen content lower than 200ppm after a cavity of a forming chamber is sealed;
(2) The 3D printing equipment scans the substrate by using laser, and the laser scanning range is adapted to the geometric dimension of the substrate;
(3) Spreading aluminum alloy powder on the surface of the substrate by using a stainless steel scraper by using 3D printing equipment, wherein the spreading thickness of the aluminum alloy powder is 30 micrometers;
(4) 3D printing is carried out by 3D printing equipment according to part layered scanning data, the laser power is 300W, the laser scanning speed is 1000mm/s, the channel spacing is 100 mu m, the working cabin descends by one layer height after the laser beam melts the first layer of aluminum alloy powder, the next layer of aluminum alloy powder is spread, and the steps are repeated and stacked layer by layer to prepare the aluminum alloy part.
Heating the aluminum alloy parts prepared in example 1 to 350 ℃, preserving heat for 6 hours, then cooling in air for heat treatment, heating the aluminum alloy parts prepared in example 2 to 400 ℃, preserving heat for 4 hours, then cooling in air for heat treatment, heating the aluminum alloy parts prepared in example 3 to 370 ℃, preserving heat for 6 hours, then cooling in air for heat treatment, performing tensile test with the aluminum alloy parts made of AlSi10Mg material and the aluminum alloy parts made of Scalmalloy material according to the standard GB/T228-220, and performing density detection on the aluminum alloy parts prepared in examples 1-3 through an optical microscope, wherein the results are shown in the following table 1:
TABLE 1
| Material | Tensile strength/MPa | Elongation/percent | Density/% |
| AlSi10Mg | 280 | 17 | - |
| Scalmalloy | 520 | 13 | - |
| Example 1 | 540 | 10 | 99.92 |
| Example 2 | 565 | 7 | 99.90 |
| Example 3 | 524 | 12 | 99.91 |
Is shown in Table 1 and attached figures 1-2As a result, the present invention has been made in view of the above circumstances, and it has been found that the addition of Hf and/or Nb, which is more economical than Sc, controls the Hf:1.5-5.5wt% and/or Nb:1.0-5.0wt%, hf + Nb: less than or equal to 10wt%, providing grain refinement and aging strengthening effect, and adding Al 3 Nb and Al 3 The Hf particles promote heterogeneous nucleation of Al, effectively inhibit thermal cracks and improve mechanical properties; the powder spreading type 3D printing is adopted, 3D printing parameters are controlled, so that the density of an aluminum alloy part exceeds 99.9%, the strength of the aluminum alloy part obviously exceeds that of the existing AlSi10Mg material, the performance is equivalent to that of Scalmalloy with very high price, but compared with Scalmalloy and other materials taking Sc as a core, the cost can be obviously reduced, the high-strength 3D printing aluminum alloy material, the printing method and the aluminum alloy part with high strength, no cracks and low cost can replace titanium alloy in certain application scenes, the density is only 60% of that of the titanium alloy, and the method is very beneficial to production and application.
The above-listed detailed description is only a specific description of a possible embodiment of the present invention, and they are not intended to limit the scope of the present invention, and equivalent embodiments or modifications made without departing from the technical spirit of the present invention should be included in the scope of the present invention.
Claims (10)
1. The high-strength 3D printing aluminum alloy material is characterized by comprising the following components in percentage by mass: mg:3.5-8.0wt%; hf:1.5-5.5wt% and/or Nb:1.0-5.0wt%, hf + Nb: less than or equal to 10wt percent; fe: less than or equal to 0.3wt percent; si: less than or equal to 0.2wt percent; the balance being Al.
2. The high-strength 3D printing aluminum alloy material according to claim 1, wherein the composition is as follows: mg:5.5-6.5wt%, hf:3.0-4.0wt%.
3. The high-strength 3D printing aluminum alloy material according to claim 1, wherein the composition is as follows: mg:7.0-8.0wt%, nb:3.5-4.5wt%.
4. The high-strength 3D printing aluminum alloy material according to claim 1, wherein the composition is as follows: mg:4.0-5.0wt%, hf:2.1-3.1wt%, nb:2.0-3.0wt%.
5. The high-strength 3D printing aluminum alloy material as claimed in claim 1, wherein the aluminum alloy material is prepared into high-sphericity powder with a particle size of 10-53 μm and a sphericity of more than or equal to 98% by a vacuum induction gas atomization method after being melted in a proportioning manner.
6. A3D printing method is characterized by comprising the following steps:
pouring the aluminum alloy material of any one of claims 1 to 5 into a 3D printing container;
after the cavity of the forming chamber is sealed, introducing inert gas;
scanning the substrate by using laser, and spreading an aluminum alloy material on the surface of the substrate;
and 3D printing is carried out according to the part layered scanning data to prepare the aluminum alloy part.
7. The 3D printing method according to claim 6, wherein the inert gas is argon, and the argon is introduced so that the oxygen content in the cavity of the forming chamber is less than 200ppm.
8. The 3D printing method according to claim 6, wherein the laser power is 200-400W, the laser scanning speed is 600-1200 mm/s, the aluminum alloy material is spread to a thickness of 15-40 μm, and the track pitch is 80-120 μm.
9. An aluminum alloy part produced by the 3D printing method of claim 6, wherein the aluminum alloy part has a density of greater than 99.9%.
10. An aluminium alloy part according to claim 9, characterized in that it has mechanical properties: the tensile strength is more than 520Mpa, and the elongation is more than or equal to 7 percent.
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