CN115450751A - 一种改善内燃机变工况性能及余热回收效率的系统及方法 - Google Patents

一种改善内燃机变工况性能及余热回收效率的系统及方法 Download PDF

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CN115450751A
CN115450751A CN202211014094.9A CN202211014094A CN115450751A CN 115450751 A CN115450751 A CN 115450751A CN 202211014094 A CN202211014094 A CN 202211014094A CN 115450751 A CN115450751 A CN 115450751A
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compressor
valve
expander
internal combustion
heat exchanger
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朱思鹏
封金凤
汤宇君
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Shandong University
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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
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    • F02B—INTERNAL-COMBUSTION PISTON ENGINES; COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL
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    • F01K25/00—Plants or engines characterised by use of special working fluids, not otherwise provided for; Plants operating in closed cycles and not otherwise provided for
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    • F01K25/103—Carbon dioxide
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Abstract

本发明涉及内燃机技术领域，特别涉及一种改善内燃机变工况性能及余热回收效率的系统及方法，包括内燃机机体，配置有用于进气的压气机和用于排气的涡轮且两者同轴旋转，压气机设有压气机入口管路开关阀；换热器，与涡轮之间设有两个通路，其中一路设有膨胀机及膨胀机开关阀，另一路为膨胀机旁通管路且其上设有膨胀机旁通阀；流经换热器后的废气经两路排入大气环境中，其中一路设有压缩机和压缩机开关阀，经压缩机压缩后排入大气环境中，另一路设有压缩机旁通阀并直排大气环境；蒸汽朗肯循环，通过换热器的换热驱动其循环运行；本发明将内燃机变工况性能调控和余热回收循环技术融合一起，并同时根据不同内燃机运行工况实现联合循环系统的模式切换。

Description

一种改善内燃机变工况性能及余热回收效率的系统及方法
技术领域
本发明涉及内燃机技术领域，特别涉及一种改善内燃机变工况性能及余热回收效率的系统及方法。
背景技术
内燃机作为经济发展中的重要动力装置面临着节能、减排的重大挑战，由内燃机的热平衡分析可知，内燃机曲轴对外输出功仅占燃油总能量的25％～45％，剩余燃油能量则经由排气、冷却水、扫气空气等形式散失到环境中去。典型余热回收技术包括余热回收底循环、动力涡轮、温差发电、余热制冷等技术，其中以余热回收底循环所能实现的余热回收效率最高。
按照底循环工质选取，典型内燃机余热回收动力循环系统包括蒸汽朗肯循环、有机朗肯循环、卡琳娜循环、CO2动力循环等。
但考虑内燃机运转工况具有较大波动性，上述典型动力底循环难以兼顾内燃机变工况下的高效运行。
发明内容
本发明的目的是提供一种改善内燃机变工况性能及余热回收效率的系统及方法，以解决现有典型动力底循环难以兼顾内燃机变工况下的高效运行问题。为了实现上述目的，本发明通过如下的技术方案来解决：
第一方面，本发明提供了一种改善内燃机变工况性能及余热回收效率的系统，包括：
内燃机机体，配置有用于进气的压气机和用于排气的涡轮且两者同轴旋转，所述压气机设有压气机入口管路开关阀；
换热器，与所述涡轮之间设有两个通路，其中一路设有膨胀机及膨胀机开关阀，另一路为膨胀机旁通管路且其上设有膨胀机旁通阀；流经所述换热器后的废气经两路排入大气环境中，其中一路设有压缩机和压缩机开关阀，经所述压缩机压缩后排入大气环境中，另一路设有压缩机旁通阀并直排大气环境；
蒸汽朗肯循环，通过所述换热器的换热驱动其循环运行。
作为进一步的技术方案，所述压缩机配置有压缩机入口管路和压缩机入口支路管路，所述压缩机入口管路连通所述换热器并设有压缩机入口开关阀，所述压缩机入口支路管路连通环境并设有压缩机入口支路管路开关阀；
所述压缩机压缩后的废气可通过设有压气机回流管开关阀的管路回流至所述压气机。
作为进一步的技术方案，所述膨胀机配置有发电机，所述压缩机配置有电动机，所述发电机和所述电动机均可用于驱动所述压缩机。
作为进一步的技术方案，所述膨胀机旁通阀、所述压缩机旁通阀、所述膨胀机开关阀、所述压缩机开关阀、所述压气机回流管开关阀和所述压缩机入口支路管路开关阀均为可调阀门。
作为进一步的技术方案，所述蒸汽朗肯循环包括配置有蒸汽发电机的蒸汽涡轮、冷凝器和水泵，通过所述水泵将工质泵送至所述换热器换热形成过热蒸汽，过热蒸汽进入蒸汽涡轮膨胀做功。
作为进一步的技术方案，所述工质为水或有机工质或非共沸工质或CO2。
第二方面，本发明提供了一种根据第一方面所述系统的工作方法，包括：
当发动机处于低转速工况时，膨胀机旁通阀和压缩机旁通阀开启，膨胀机开关阀和压缩机开关阀关闭，流经涡轮的废气直接进入换热器放热并驱动蒸汽朗肯循环运行。
作为进一步的技术方案，发动机处于中高转速工况时，膨胀机旁通阀和压缩机旁通阀关闭，膨胀机开关阀、压缩机入口开关阀和压缩机开关阀开启，流经涡轮的废气经膨胀机膨胀后经换热器放热并驱动蒸汽朗肯循环，流经换热器后的废气则进一步经压缩机压缩后排入到环境中去。
作为进一步的技术方案，当发动机运行过程中需要较高进气量时，压气机入口管路开关阀、膨胀机旁通阀和压缩机入口开关阀关闭，膨胀机开关阀、压缩机旁通阀、压缩机入口支路管路开关阀和压缩机开关阀开启，流经涡轮的废气经膨胀机膨胀做功后经换热器放热并驱动蒸汽朗肯循环，流经换热器后的废气则进一步经压缩机旁通阀排入大气环境中，新鲜空气经压缩机入口支路管路开关阀流入压缩机并加压后流经压气机回流管开关阀回流至压气机。
作为进一步的技术方案，当发动机运行过程中需要引入部分废气参与缸内燃烧过程时，可同时开启压缩机入口开关阀和压气机回流管开关阀。
上述本发明的有益效果如下：
本发明流经增压涡轮后的排气首先经膨胀机实现二次膨胀来回收排气剩余压差能用以驱动发电机发电或驱动压缩机做功，二次膨胀后的排气经换热器放热驱动蒸汽朗肯循环回收剩余排气余热能，冷凝后的排气则经由压缩机压缩排入到环境中去或直接排入到环境中去。当冷凝后的排气直接排入到环境中时，新鲜空气则经膨胀机驱动或电动机驱动的压缩机加压流入压气机入口管路，构成两级增压系统。为匹配内燃机不同负荷工况下的排气能量品质和大小，可通过控制系统中的阀门开度来实现不同运行模式的切换，使得系统各运行部件工作在最佳效率区域。可改善内燃机变工况性能及余热回收效率。
附图说明
构成本发明的一部分的说明书附图用来提供对本发明的进一步理解，本发明的示意性实施例及其说明用于解释本发明，并不构成对本发明的限定。还应当理解，这些附图是为了简化和清楚而示出的，并且不一定按比例绘制。现在将通过使用附图以附加的特征和细节来描述和解释本发明，其中：
图1示出了本发明实施例中系统结构示意图。
图中：1、压气机入口管路；2、压气机；3、压气机出口管路；4、内燃机机体；5、涡轮入口管路；6、涡轮；7、增压器连接轴；8、涡轮出口管路；9、膨胀机开关阀；10、膨胀机入口管路；11、膨胀机旁通管路；12、膨胀机旁通阀；13、膨胀机；14、膨胀机出口管路；15、压缩机上游总管路；16、压缩机；17、膨胀机发电机连接轴；18、压缩机发电机连接轴；19、发电机；20、压缩机出口管路；21、压缩机开关阀；22、换热器；23、蒸汽涡轮入口管路；24、蒸汽涡轮；25、蒸汽涡轮发电机连接轴；26、蒸汽发电机；27、蒸汽涡轮出口管路；28、冷凝器；29、冷凝器出口管路；30、水泵；31、水泵出口管路；32、压缩机旁通管路；33、压缩机旁通阀；34、电动机；35、压缩机电动机连接轴；36、压气机回流管路；37、压气机回流管开关阀；38、压缩机入口支路管路；39、压缩机入口支路管路开关阀；40、压缩机入口开关阀；41、压缩机入口管路；42、压气机入口管路开关阀。
具体实施方式
下面将结合本发明实施例中的附图，对本发明典型实施例中的技术方案进行清楚、完整地描述。
实施例1
如图1所示，本实施例提供了一种改善内燃机变工况性能及余热回收效率的系统，包括：
内燃机机体4，配置有用于进气的压气机2和用于排气的涡轮6且两者同轴旋转，压气机2设有压气机入口管路开关阀42；具体地，压气机2进气端设置压气机入口管路1，出气端设置压气机出口管路3并与内燃机机体4连通，内燃机机体4的排气端设置涡轮入口管路5与涡轮6连通，压气机入口管路开关阀42设置在压气机入口管路1上。
换热器22，与涡轮6之间设有两个通路，其中一路设有膨胀机13及膨胀机开关阀9，另一路为膨胀机旁通管路11且其上设有膨胀机旁通阀12；流经换热器22后的废气经两路排入大气环境中，其中一路设有压缩机16和压缩机开关阀21，经压缩机16压缩后排入大气环境中，另一路设有压缩机旁通阀33并直排大气环境。
具体地，涡轮6引出涡轮出口管路8，之后分成两路，其中一路通过膨胀机入口管路10将涡轮出口管路8与膨胀机13连通，膨胀机开关阀9设置在膨胀机入口管路10上，在膨胀机13出口设置膨胀机出口管路14并通过其与换热器22连通；另一路为膨胀机旁通管路11且其上设有膨胀机旁通阀12，膨胀机旁通管路11一端连接在涡轮出口管路8上，另一端连接在膨胀机出口管路14上。
换热器22引出压缩机上游总管路15，之后分成两路排入大气环境中，其中一路设有压缩机16和压缩机开关阀21，经压缩机16压缩后排入大气环境中，压缩机16入口设置压缩机入口管路41(连通在压缩机上游总管路15上)和压缩机入口支路管路38(连通在压缩机入口管路41上)；另一路设有压缩机旁通管路32，在该管路上设有压缩机旁通阀33。压缩机16的出口设置压缩机出口管路20，压缩机开关阀21设置在压缩机出口管路20上。
压缩机16配置有压缩机入口管路41和压缩机入口支路管路38，压缩机入口管路41连通换热器22并设有压缩机入口开关阀40，压缩机入口支路管路38连通大气环境并设有压缩机入口支路管路开关阀39。
压缩机16压缩后的废气可通过设有压气机回流管开关阀37的管路回流至压气机2。具体地，压缩机出口管路20与压气机入口管路1通过压气机回流管路36连通(连通节点设置在压气机入口管路开关阀42后端)。
膨胀机13配置有发电机19，通过膨胀机发电机连接轴17连接，压缩机16配置有电动机34，发电机19和电动机34均可用于驱动压缩机16，可以理解的是，发电机19既可以发电也可用作驱动使用。系统运转过程中，压缩机16可经由压缩机发电机连接轴18驱动或经压缩机电动机连接轴35驱动，系统可根据压缩机16的运行工况和运转效率来合理切换压缩机16的驱动方式，保证压缩机16处于最优工作状态同时使得联合循环系统运行效率最高。
蒸汽朗肯循环，通过换热器22的换热驱动其循环运行。蒸汽朗肯循环包括配置有蒸汽发电机26的蒸汽涡轮24、冷凝器28和水泵30，通过水泵30将工质泵送至换热器22换热形成过热蒸汽，过热蒸汽进入蒸汽涡轮24膨胀做功，之后通过冷凝器28冷凝。
具体地，换热器22与蒸汽涡轮24通过连通蒸汽涡轮入口管路23连通，蒸汽发电机26与蒸汽涡轮24通过蒸汽涡轮发电机连接轴25连接，蒸汽涡轮24出口设置蒸汽涡轮出口管路27与冷凝器28连通，冷凝器28出口设置冷凝器出口管路29与水泵30连通，水泵30通过水泵出口管路31与换热器22连通。
本实施例中工质为水，在其他一些实施例中也可以是有机工质或非共沸工质或CO2。
本实施例中，膨胀机旁通阀12、压缩机旁通阀33、膨胀机开关阀9、压缩机开关阀21、压气机回流管开关阀37和压缩机入口支路管路开关阀39均为可调阀门，可配合内燃机运行工况和排气能量品质实现各支路排气质量流量的调控。同理，除上述阀门外，本实施例涉及的其他阀门也为可调阀门。
可调阀门为开度可调的电动调节阀，用来控制各管路的通断和开度，水泵30为配有变频驱动的泵，用来控制泵出口水的流量。通过阀门与水泵的协同调节作用使得该系统稳定运行在发动机各工况下。
本实施例的工作原理为：新鲜空气经压气机入口管路1、压气机入口管路开关阀42、压气机2、压气机出口管路3进入内燃机机体4，压气机2则是通过增压器连接轴7连接到涡轮6；燃烧后废气经涡轮入口管路5进入涡轮6膨胀做功。膨胀后的废气经涡轮出口管路8、膨胀机开关阀9和膨胀机入口管路10进入膨胀机13二次膨胀，或经膨胀机旁通管路11和膨胀机旁通阀12进入膨胀机出口管路14；流经膨胀机出口管路14的废气经换热器22放热；冷却后的废气经压缩机上游总管路15、压缩机入口开关阀40、压缩机入口管路41流入压缩机16；新鲜空气经压缩机入口支路管路38、压缩机入口支路管路开关阀39和压缩机入口管路41流入压缩机16；流入压缩机16的废气或新鲜空气升压后流经压缩机出口管路20和压缩机开关阀21后排入到大气环境中，或流入压缩机16的部分废气或新鲜空气经压气机回流管路36和压气机回流管开关阀37回流至压气机入口管路1；压缩机上游总管路15中的废气可经压缩机旁通管路32和压缩机旁通阀33后进入大气环境中；液态水经水冷凝器出口管路29、水泵30、水泵出口管路31、换热器22变为具有一定压力的过热蒸汽；过热蒸汽随后经蒸汽涡轮入口管路23、蒸汽涡轮24膨胀做功并带动经蒸汽涡轮发电机连接轴25同轴连接的蒸汽发电机26发电；膨胀后的乏汽经蒸汽涡轮出口管路27流入冷凝器28后变为过冷水。
实施例2
本实施例提供了一种根据如实施例1中系统的工作方法，包括：
当发动机处于低转速工况时，膨胀机旁通阀12和压缩机旁通阀33开启，膨胀机开关阀9和压缩机开关阀21关闭，流经涡轮6的废气直接进入换热器22放热并驱动蒸汽朗肯底循环运行，实现中低转速工况下余热能的高效回收利用。
当发动机处于中高转速工况时，膨胀机旁通阀12和压缩机旁通阀33关闭，膨胀机开关阀9、压缩机入口开关阀40和压缩机开关阀21开启，流经涡轮6的废气经膨胀机13膨胀做功后经换热器22放热并驱动蒸汽朗肯循环，流经换热器22后的废气则进一步经压缩机16压缩后排入到环境中去，可有效利用发动机高转速工况下的排气余压动能和余热能，实现排气能量的高效回收。
当发动机运行过程中需要较高进气量时，压气机入口管路开关阀42、膨胀机旁通阀12和压缩机入口开关阀40关闭，膨胀机开关阀9、压缩机旁通阀33、压缩机入口支路管路开关阀39和压缩机开关阀21开启，流经涡轮6的废气经膨胀机13膨胀做功后经换热器22放热并驱动蒸汽朗肯循环，流经换热器22后的废气则进一步经压缩机旁通管路32和压缩机旁通阀33排入到环境中去，新鲜空气经压缩机入口支路管路38、压缩机入口支路管路开关阀39和压缩机入口管路41流入压缩机16并加压后流经压气机回流管路36和压气机回流管开关阀37回流至压气机出口管路3，可满足内燃机高进气压比及进气量需求。
当发动机运行过程中需要引入部分废气参与缸内燃烧过程时，可同时开启压缩机入口开关阀40和压气机回流管开关阀37，保证压气机回流管路36中含有部分已燃废气。
本发明虽然已以较佳实施例公开如上，但其并不是用来限定本发明，任何本领域技术人员在不脱离本发明的精神和范围内，都可以利用上述揭示的方法和技术内容对本发明技术方案做出可能的变动和修改，因此，凡是未脱离本发明技术方案的内容，依据本发明的技术实质对以上实施例所作的任何简单修改、等同变化及修饰，均属于本发明技术方案的保护范围。

Claims (10)

1.一种改善内燃机变工况性能及余热回收效率的系统，其特征在于，包括：
内燃机机体，配置有用于进气的压气机和用于排气的涡轮且两者同轴旋转，所述压气机设有压气机入口管路开关阀；
换热器，与所述涡轮之间设有两个通路，其中一路设有膨胀机及膨胀机开关阀，另一路为膨胀机旁通管路且其上设有膨胀机旁通阀；流经所述换热器后的废气经两路排入大气环境中，其中一路设有压缩机和压缩机开关阀，经所述压缩机压缩后排入大气环境中，另一路设有压缩机旁通阀并直排大气环境；
蒸汽朗肯循环，通过所述换热器的换热驱动其循环运行。
2.如权利要求1所述的一种改善内燃机变工况性能及余热回收效率的系统，其特征在于，所述压缩机配置有压缩机入口管路和压缩机入口支路管路，所述压缩机入口管路连通所述换热器并设有压缩机入口开关阀，所述压缩机入口支路管路连通环境并设有压缩机入口支路管路开关阀；
所述压缩机压缩后的废气可通过设有压气机回流管开关阀的管路回流至所述压气机。
3.如权利要求2所述的一种改善内燃机变工况性能及余热回收效率的系统，其特征在于，所述膨胀机配置有发电机，所述压缩机配置有电动机，所述发电机和所述电动机均可用于驱动所述压缩机。
4.如权利要求3所述的一种改善内燃机变工况性能及余热回收效率的系统，其特征在于，所述膨胀机旁通阀、所述压缩机旁通阀、所述膨胀机开关阀、所述压缩机开关阀、所述压气机回流管开关阀和所述压缩机入口支路管路开关阀均为可调阀门。
5.如权利要求1所述的一种改善内燃机变工况性能及余热回收效率的系统，其特征在于，所述蒸汽朗肯循环包括配置有蒸汽发电机的蒸汽涡轮、冷凝器和水泵，通过所述水泵将工质泵送至所述换热器换热形成过热蒸汽，过热蒸汽进入蒸汽涡轮膨胀做功。
6.如权利要求5所述的一种改善内燃机变工况性能及余热回收效率的系统，其特征在于，所述工质为水或有机工质或非共沸工质或CO2。
7.一种根据如权利要求2所述系统的工作方法，其特征在于，包括：
当发动机处于低转速工况时，膨胀机旁通阀和压缩机旁通阀开启，膨胀机开关阀和压缩机开关阀关闭，流经涡轮的废气直接进入换热器放热并驱动蒸汽朗肯循环运行。
8.如权利要求7所述的工作方法，其特征在于，发动机处于中高转速工况时，膨胀机旁通阀和压缩机旁通阀关闭，膨胀机开关阀、压缩机入口开关阀和压缩机开关阀开启，流经涡轮的废气经膨胀机膨胀后经换热器放热并驱动蒸汽朗肯循环，流经换热器后的废气则进一步经压缩机压缩后排入到环境中去。
9.如权利要求7所述的工作方法，其特征在于，当发动机运行过程中需要较高进气量时，压气机入口管路开关阀、膨胀机旁通阀和压缩机入口开关阀关闭，膨胀机开关阀、压缩机旁通阀、压缩机入口支路管路开关阀和压缩机开关阀开启，流经涡轮的废气经膨胀机膨胀做功后经换热器放热并驱动蒸汽朗肯循环，流经换热器后的废气则进一步经压缩机旁通阀排入大气环境中，新鲜空气经压缩机入口支路管路开关阀流入压缩机并加压后流经压气机回流管开关阀回流至压气机。
10.如权利要求7所述的工作方法，其特征在于，当发动机运行过程中需要引入部分废气参与缸内燃烧过程时，可同时开启压缩机入口开关阀和压气机回流管开关阀。
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