CN115449677A - Low-density high-strength high-plasticity aluminum alloy and preparation method thereof - Google Patents
Low-density high-strength high-plasticity aluminum alloy and preparation method thereof Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
A low-density high-strength high-plasticity aluminum alloy and a preparation method thereof belong to the technical field of metallurgy, and the aluminum alloy comprises the following chemical components in percentage by mass: cu:3.5 to 5.0%, li:1.0 to 2.0%, la:0.1 to 0.3%, ce:0.1 to 0.3%, zr:0.2 to 0.5 percent of Al, and the balance of Al; the preparation process comprises the following steps: preheating raw materials, smelting alloy, homogenizing and carrying out plastic processing; the method specifically weakens the texture of the deformed aluminum alloy plate by a low-cost rare earth micro-alloying mode to obtain the deformed alloy section with weakened non-basal plane texture, thereby improving the strength, the plasticity and the forming capability of the aluminum alloy section. The performance of the aluminum alloy is as follows: tensile strength is 580-630 MPa; elongation percentage: 8 to 12 percent; the microstructure of the aluminum alloy is composed of beta-Li solid solution crystal grains and alpha-Al solid solution; wherein the matrix structure is alpha-Al, and the intergranular structure is beta-Li.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of metallurgy, and particularly relates to a low-density high-strength high-plasticity aluminum alloy and a preparation method thereof.
Background
The aluminum alloy is used as the lightest metal structure material, has the excellent performances of high specific strength and specific stiffness, excellent processing performance, good damping and shock absorption performance, excellent heat conduction capability, no pollution and the like, has good deformability at high temperature and normal temperature, and is widely applied to the fields of military affairs, aerospace, nuclear energy engineering and the like.
Aluminum is a face centered cubic structure, which results in poor plastic formability. The addition of Li element to Al can reduce the density and make it 1/4-1/3 lighter than common Al alloy. When the Li element in the alloy is gradually increased, the close-packed hexagonal aluminum alloy is gradually converted into body-centered cubic. When the Li content is less than 1.0 percent, the alloy consists of a face-centered cubic alpha-Al single phase; when the Li content is 0.5-1.0%, the alloy consists of a face-centered cubic alpha-Al phase and a body-centered cubic beta-Li phase; when the Li content is greater than 0.5%, the alloy consists of a body-centered cubic β -Li single phase. The beta-Li phase has more slip systems relative to the alpha-Al phase, so the alloy has good plastic deformation capacity.
At present, most methods for improving the performance of the aluminum alloy are to control the content of Li element to be 0.5-1.0%, and to add a large amount of other alloy elements, such as Al, mn, ca, zn and the like, and rare earth elements. Therefore, a dual-phase structure of alpha and beta can be formed, the plasticity of the aluminum alloy is improved, and the mechanical properties, particularly the strength, of the aluminum alloy can be improved by adding other alloy elements. However, the addition of a large amount of other non-lithium alloy elements can increase the density of the aluminum alloy, and the density difference between the aluminum alloy and other common aluminum alloys must be reduced. Moreover, lithium is expensive, and adding too much lithium increases the cost of the alloy and also leads to a significant reduction in the strength of the alloy.
Disclosure of Invention
In order to solve the problems, the invention provides the low-density high-strength high-plasticity aluminum alloy and the preparation method thereof, so that the use amount of Li and the alloy cost are reduced, the strength of the aluminum alloy is improved, and meanwhile, the excellent plasticity of the aluminum alloy can be ensured.
The invention provides a low-density high-strength high-plasticity aluminum alloy which comprises the following chemical components in percentage by mass: cu:3.5 to 5.0%, li:1.0 to 2.0%, la:0.1 to 0.3%, ce:0.1 to 0.3%, zr:0.2 to 0.5 percent, and the balance of Al.
Further, the aluminum alloy comprises the following chemical components in percentage by mass: 5.0%, li:2.0%, la:0.3%, ce:0.3%, zr:0.5 percent, and the balance of Al.
The method for preparing the aluminum alloy with low density, high strength and high plasticity according to claim 1, characterized by comprising the following steps:
(1) Weighing: weighing the raw materials;
(2) Smelting: preheating pure aluminum, al-20Cu intermediate alloy, al-20Li intermediate alloy, al-20La intermediate alloy, al-20Ce intermediate alloy and Al-20Zr intermediate alloy to 250 ℃. Heating an electric furnace to 690-710 ℃, placing pure Al in a crucible, after the industrial pure aluminum is completely melted, heating to 730-740 ℃, adding preheated Al-20Cu intermediate alloy, al-20Li intermediate alloy, al-20La intermediate alloy, al-20Ce intermediate alloy and Al-20Zr intermediate alloy, heating to 760-780 ℃, adding preheated Al-5Ti-1B intermediate alloy, and fully stirring during melting; cooling to 710-720 ℃, standing for 30min, pouring into a cooling crystallizer, and performing direct-cooling semi-continuous casting at a certain speed by using a casting machine to obtain an alloy ingot;
(3) Homogenizing: homogenizing at 460-480 deg.c for 12-24 hr;
(4) Machining: the surface of the prepared cast ingot is turned into a skin, and casting defects of the head and the bottom are removed; processing to 410mm for later use;
(5) Hot extrusion: processing the ingot after homogenization treatment to a proper size before extrusion, removing surface oxide skin, preheating the treated ingot and an extrusion die at the temperature of 430-460 ℃ for 2-3 h, wherein the extrusion temperature is 440-460 ℃, the extrusion ratio is 10-1, and the extrusion rate is 2-5 m/min.
(6) Aging treatment: and cutting the extruded sample, and putting the sample into a vacuum drying oven for aging.
The aluminum alloy of claim 3, wherein the microstructure of the aluminum alloy is composed of uniform β -Li solid solution grains and α -Al solid solution; wherein the matrix structure is alpha-Al, the intergranular structure is beta-Li, and the size distribution of alpha-Al crystal grains is 0.5-15 mu m.
The method for preparing a high-strength wrought aluminum alloy according to claim 2, wherein: in the step (6), firstly, the aluminum alloy is kept at the temperature of 120-140 ℃ for 1-2 h, and then kept at the temperature of 160-180 ℃ for 8-12 h.
The method for preparing the aluminum alloy with low density, high strength and high plasticity according to claim 3, wherein the melting point of the aluminum alloy with high lithium content in the step 3 is determined according to an Al-Li binary phase diagram.
Compared with the traditional aluminum alloy with poor plasticity and a face-centered cubic crystal structure, the microstructure of the aluminum alloy has the advantages that the novel aluminum alloy bears deformation by an intercrystalline structure formed by high-lithium aluminum alloy with excellent plasticity during deformation, so that the plasticity of the aluminum alloy is effectively improved; the matrix structure formed of the conventional aluminum alloy maintains the strength of the new aluminum alloy.
The microstructure of the aluminum alloy is formed by mixing the traditional aluminum alloy and the aluminum alloy with high lithium content in proportion; when the two alloys are mixed, the microstructure is formed by the aluminum alloy with low temperature, low melting point and high lithium content and the traditional aluminum alloy with high temperature and high melting point; the matrix structure of the new aluminum alloy is the traditional aluminum alloy which is firstly solidified, and the intergranular structure of the new aluminum alloy is the aluminum alloy which is later solidified and has high lithium content.
FIG. 1 is a schematic view of the microstructure composition of an aluminum alloy. In the figure, 1 is a matrix structure or crystal grain composed of a high melting point conventional aluminum alloy; 2 is an intergranular structure composed of a high-lithium aluminum alloy having a low melting point. The microstructure composition of the aluminum alloy actually produced may not be as uniform as in the figures. The microstructure of the aluminum alloy is that the size of a matrix or crystal grains composed of high-melting-point traditional aluminum alloy is distributed between 0.5 and 15 mu m, and an intercrystalline structure composed of low-melting-point high-plasticity high-lithium aluminum alloy is distributed between the matrixes.
An Al-Li binary phase diagram, according to which the melting point of the aluminum alloy with a high lithium content can be determined.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the beneficial effects that:
this patent has obtained new aluminum alloy microstructure, is different from the even microstructure of traditional aluminum alloy, at the formation of new aluminum alloy in-process, by the high lithium aluminum alloy cooling high temperature high melting point of low temperature low melting point, the solidification back has formed the mixed microstructure that more traditional aluminum alloy of low plasticity high strength is matrix structure and less high lithium aluminum alloy of low plasticity low strength low density is intercrystalline structure. The traditional aluminum alloy or aluminum alloy is deformed through a slip system, the new aluminum alloy is deformed through a high-plasticity intergranular structure, and the high-strength matrix is used as a framework and can ensure the strength of the alloy. In addition, compared with the traditional aluminum alloy, the new aluminum alloy has higher strength and less Li consumption. Therefore, the process can obviously reduce the alloy cost and simultaneously improve the plasticity and the strength of the alloy.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a microstructure of an aluminum alloy of example 1;
FIG. 2 is a microstructure of an aluminum alloy of example 2;
FIG. 3 is a microstructure of an aluminum alloy of example 3;
Detailed Description
Example 1
The raw materials used in this example were: the mass fraction of the main components is Cu:3.5%, li:1.0%, la:0.1%, ce:0.1%, zr:0.2 percent and the balance of Al.
A preparation method of low-density high-strength high-plasticity aluminum alloy comprises the following steps:
(1) Weighing: weighing raw materials;
(2) Smelting: preheating pure aluminum, al-20Cu intermediate alloy, al-20Li intermediate alloy, al-20La intermediate alloy, al-20Ce intermediate alloy and Al-20Zr intermediate alloy to 250 ℃. Heating an electric furnace to 690 ℃, placing pure Al in a crucible, heating to 730 ℃ after the industrial pure aluminum is completely melted, adding preheated Al-20Cu intermediate alloy, al-20Li intermediate alloy, al-20La intermediate alloy, al-20Ce intermediate alloy and Al-20Zr intermediate alloy, heating to 760-780 ℃, adding preheated Al-5Ti-1B intermediate alloy, and fully stirring during smelting; cooling to 710-720 ℃, standing for 30min, pouring into a cooling crystallizer, and performing direct-cooling type semi-continuous casting at a certain speed by using a casting machine to obtain an alloy ingot;
(3) Homogenization: homogenizing at 480 deg.C for 24 hr;
(4) Machining: turning the surface of the prepared cast ingot to remove casting defects at the head and the bottom; processing to 410mm for later use;
(5) Hot extrusion: processing the ingot after homogenization treatment to a proper size before extrusion, removing surface oxide skin, preheating the treated ingot and an extrusion die at 460 ℃ for 3h, wherein the extrusion temperature is 480 ℃, the extrusion ratio is 25/min.
(6) Aging treatment: and cutting the extruded sample, and putting the sample into a vacuum drying oven for aging.
The new aluminum alloy can be used for a plastic processing technology with larger deformation, the elongation can reach 10.2%, and the tensile strength can reach 595MPa, so that the plasticity and the strength of the aluminum alloy are improved, and the use amount of expensive Li is reduced.
Example 2
The raw materials used in this example were: the mass fraction of the main components is Cu:4.0%, li:1.5%, la:0.2%, ce:0.2%, zr:0.3 percent and the balance of Al.
A preparation method of low-density high-strength high-plasticity aluminum alloy comprises the following steps:
(1) Weighing: weighing raw materials;
(2) Smelting: preheating pure aluminum, al-20Cu intermediate alloy, al-20Li intermediate alloy, al-20La intermediate alloy, al-20Ce intermediate alloy and Al-20Zr intermediate alloy to 250 ℃. Heating an electric furnace to 690 ℃, placing pure Al in a crucible, heating to 730 ℃ after the industrial pure aluminum is completely melted, adding preheated Al-20Cu intermediate alloy, al-20Li intermediate alloy, al-20La intermediate alloy, al-20Ce intermediate alloy and Al-20Zr intermediate alloy, heating to 760-780 ℃, adding preheated Al-5Ti-1B intermediate alloy, and fully stirring during smelting; cooling to 710-720 ℃, standing for 30min, pouring into a cooling crystallizer, and performing direct-cooling semi-continuous casting at a certain speed by using a casting machine to obtain an alloy ingot;
(3) Homogenizing: homogenizing at 480 deg.C for 24 hr;
(4) Machining: the surface of the prepared cast ingot is turned into a skin, and casting defects of the head and the bottom are removed; processing to 410mm for later use;
(5) Hot extrusion: processing the ingot after homogenization treatment to a proper size before extrusion, removing surface oxide skin, preheating the treated ingot and an extrusion die at 460 ℃ for 3h, wherein the extrusion temperature is 480 ℃, the extrusion ratio is 25/min.
(6) And (3) aging treatment: and cutting the extruded sample, and putting the sample into a vacuum drying oven for aging.
The new aluminum alloy can be used for a plastic processing process with larger deformation, the elongation can reach 9.7%, and the tensile strength can reach 619MPa, so that the plasticity and the strength of the aluminum alloy are improved, and the usage amount of expensive Li is reduced.
Example 3
The raw materials used in this example were: the mass fraction of the main components is Cu:5.0%, li:2.0%, la:0.3%, ce:0.3%, zr:0.5 percent and the balance of Al.
A preparation method of the aluminum alloy with low density, high strength and high plasticity comprises the following steps:
(1) Weighing: weighing the raw materials;
(2) Smelting: preheating pure aluminum, al-20Cu intermediate alloy, al-20Li intermediate alloy, al-20La intermediate alloy, al-20Ce intermediate alloy and Al-20Zr intermediate alloy to 250 ℃. Heating an electric furnace to 690 ℃, placing pure Al in a crucible, heating to 730 ℃ after the industrial pure aluminum is completely melted, adding preheated Al-20Cu intermediate alloy, al-20Li intermediate alloy, al-20La intermediate alloy, al-20Ce intermediate alloy and Al-20Zr intermediate alloy, heating to 760-780 ℃, adding preheated Al-5Ti-1B intermediate alloy, and fully stirring during smelting; cooling to 710-720 ℃, standing for 30min, pouring into a cooling crystallizer, and performing direct-cooling type semi-continuous casting at a certain speed by using a casting machine to obtain an alloy ingot;
(3) Homogenization: homogenizing at 480 deg.C for 24 hr;
(4) Machining: the surface of the prepared cast ingot is turned into a skin, and casting defects of the head and the bottom are removed; processing to 410mm for later use;
(5) Hot extrusion: processing the ingot after homogenization treatment to a proper size before extrusion, removing surface oxide skin, preheating the treated ingot and an extrusion die at 460 ℃ for 3h, wherein the extrusion temperature is 480 ℃, the extrusion ratio is 25/min.
(6) Aging treatment: and cutting the extruded sample, and putting the sample into a vacuum drying oven for aging.
The new aluminum alloy can be used for a plastic processing process with larger deformation, the elongation can reach 11.8 percent, and the tensile strength can reach 630MPa, so that the plasticity and the strength of the aluminum alloy are improved, and the usage amount of expensive Li is reduced.
Claims (6)
1. The aluminum alloy with low density, high strength and high plasticity is characterized by comprising the following chemical components in percentage by mass: cu:3.5 to 5.0%, li:1.0 to 2.0%, la:0.1 to 0.3%, ce:0.1 to 0.3%, zr:0.2 to 0.5 percent, and the balance of Al.
2. The aluminum alloy with low density, high strength and high plasticity as claimed in claim 1, wherein the aluminum alloy comprises the following chemical components in percentage by mass: 5.0%, li:2.0%, la:0.3%, ce:0.3%, zr:0.5 percent, and the balance of Al.
3. The method for preparing the aluminum alloy with low density, high strength and high plasticity according to claim 1, characterized by comprising the following steps:
(1) Weighing: weighing raw materials;
(2) Smelting: preheating pure aluminum, al-20Cu intermediate alloy, al-20Li intermediate alloy, al-20La intermediate alloy, al-20Ce intermediate alloy and Al-20Zr intermediate alloy at 250 ℃. Heating an electric furnace to 690-710 ℃, placing pure Al in a crucible, heating to 730-740 ℃ after the industrial pure aluminum is completely melted, adding preheated Al-20Cu intermediate alloy, al-20Li intermediate alloy, al-20La intermediate alloy, al-20Ce intermediate alloy and Al-20Zr intermediate alloy, heating to 760-780 ℃, adding preheated Al-5Ti-1B intermediate alloy, and fully stirring during smelting; cooling to 710-720 ℃, standing for 30min, pouring into a cooling crystallizer, and performing direct-cooling semi-continuous casting at a certain speed by using a casting machine to obtain an alloy ingot;
(3) Homogenizing: homogenizing at 460-480 deg.c for 12-24 hr;
(4) Machining: the surface of the prepared cast ingot is turned into a skin, and casting defects of the head and the bottom are removed; processing to 410mm for later use;
(5) Hot extrusion: processing the ingot after homogenization treatment to a proper size before extrusion, removing surface oxide skin, preheating the treated ingot and an extrusion die at the temperature of 430-460 ℃ for 2-3 h, wherein the extrusion temperature is 440-460 ℃, the extrusion ratio is 10-1, and the extrusion rate is 2-5 m/min.
(6) Aging treatment: and cutting the extruded sample, and putting the sample into a vacuum drying oven for aging.
4. The aluminum alloy with low density, high strength and high plasticity as recited in claim 3, wherein the microstructure of the aluminum alloy consists of uniform β -Li solid solution grains and α -Al solid solution; wherein the matrix structure is alpha-Al, the intergranular structure is beta-Li, and the size distribution of alpha-Al crystal grains is 0.5-15 mu m.
5. The method for preparing a high-strength wrought aluminum alloy according to claim 2, wherein: in the step (6), firstly, the aluminum alloy is kept at the temperature of 120-140 ℃ for 1-2 h, and then kept at the temperature of 160-180 ℃ for 8-12 h.
6. The method for preparing the aluminum alloy with low density, high strength and high plasticity according to claim 3, wherein the melting point of the aluminum alloy with high lithium content in the step 3 is determined according to an Al-Li binary phase diagram.
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Citations (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US4832910A (en) * | 1985-12-23 | 1989-05-23 | Aluminum Company Of America | Aluminum-lithium alloys |
| CN101889099A (en) * | 2007-12-04 | 2010-11-17 | 美铝公司 | Improved Aluminum-Copper-Lithium Alloy |
| CN108690926A (en) * | 2017-04-11 | 2018-10-23 | 波音公司 | Aluminium alloy and its method of manufacture |
| CN113227421A (en) * | 2018-12-24 | 2021-08-06 | Hrl实验室有限责任公司 | Additive manufactured high temperature aluminum alloy and raw materials for manufacturing same |
| CN114752824A (en) * | 2022-06-02 | 2022-07-15 | 山东南山铝业股份有限公司 | Rapid extrusion aluminum alloy profile with low rare earth content and preparation process thereof |
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- 2022-10-11 CN CN202211239636.2A patent/CN115449677A/en active Pending
Patent Citations (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US4832910A (en) * | 1985-12-23 | 1989-05-23 | Aluminum Company Of America | Aluminum-lithium alloys |
| CN101889099A (en) * | 2007-12-04 | 2010-11-17 | 美铝公司 | Improved Aluminum-Copper-Lithium Alloy |
| CN108690926A (en) * | 2017-04-11 | 2018-10-23 | 波音公司 | Aluminium alloy and its method of manufacture |
| CN113227421A (en) * | 2018-12-24 | 2021-08-06 | Hrl实验室有限责任公司 | Additive manufactured high temperature aluminum alloy and raw materials for manufacturing same |
| CN114752824A (en) * | 2022-06-02 | 2022-07-15 | 山东南山铝业股份有限公司 | Rapid extrusion aluminum alloy profile with low rare earth content and preparation process thereof |
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