CN115441017A - Water-cooled fuel cell stack low-temperature starting method based on optimal energy efficiency - Google Patents

Water-cooled fuel cell stack low-temperature starting method based on optimal energy efficiency Download PDF

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CN115441017A
CN115441017A CN202210965521.5A CN202210965521A CN115441017A CN 115441017 A CN115441017 A CN 115441017A CN 202210965521 A CN202210965521 A CN 202210965521A CN 115441017 A CN115441017 A CN 115441017A
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stack
temperature
low
constraint
fuel cell
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高艳
张禄昱
曹继申
马敖
王仁康
李凯
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University of Electronic Science and Technology of China
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
    • H01M8/04298—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems
    • H01M8/043—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems applied during specific periods
    • H01M8/04302—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems applied during specific periods applied during start-up
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
    • H01M8/04007—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids related to heat exchange
    • H01M8/04037—Electrical heating
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
    • H01M8/04298—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems
    • H01M8/04694—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems characterised by variables to be controlled
    • H01M8/04701—Temperature
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
    • H01M8/04298—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems
    • H01M8/04992—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems characterised by the implementation of mathematical or computational algorithms, e.g. feedback control loops, fuzzy logic, neural networks or artificial intelligence

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Abstract

The invention provides a water-cooled fuel cell stack low-temperature starting method based on optimal energy efficiency, which belongs to the technical field of new energy power generation, and is characterized in that the minimum temperature and the maximum time limit required by self-heating starting of a stack and the current density of an electronic load when the low-temperature starting of the stack is successful are set, and an electric heating wire power supply is started to adjust the power to the maximum; determining controlled variables, control variables and constraint conditions of the external multi-constraint predictive controller, adjusting the power of the electric heating wire in real time until the temperature of the galvanic pile reaches the minimum temperature required by self-heating starting, and turning off the power supply; and determining controlled variables, control variables and constraint conditions of the self-heating multi-constraint predictive controller, and adjusting the current density of the electronic load in real time until the current density of the electronic load reaches the current density when the galvanic pile is successfully started at the low temperature, so that the galvanic pile is successfully started at the low temperature. The invention controls the low-temperature start time of the electric pile in a safe range, is safe and reliable, simultaneously maximizes the energy utilization, reduces the cost and realizes the quick, stable and optimal energy efficiency low-temperature start control of the water-cooled fuel cell.

Description

Water-cooled fuel cell stack low-temperature starting method based on optimal energy efficiency
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of new energy power generation, and particularly relates to a water-cooled fuel cell stack low-temperature starting method based on optimal energy efficiency.
Background
Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells (PEMFC) are one of clean energy sources, have the characteristics of high efficiency, zero pollutant discharge, long endurance, low working temperature and the like, and are one of the research hotspots in the field of new energy sources at present. The working principle is as follows: the hydrogen is decomposed at the anode under the action of the oxidant to generate hydrogen protons and electrons, the hydrogen protons pass through the proton exchange membrane and react with the oxygen and the electrons transmitted by an external circuit at the cathode, and the product is water, so that the environment is not polluted.
With the wide application of fuel cells in various fields, the requirement for low-temperature starting capability of fuel cells is higher and higher. The ideal working temperature of the PEMFC is 75-80 ℃, and the whole power generation process is a water-associated electrochemical reaction process. Water is accumulated in the fuel cell along with the continuous generation of water, and if the ambient temperature is below 0 ℃, for example, in cities and plateau areas with low temperature in winter, the generated water freezes, blocks mass transfer channels, influences the reaction, further leads to the failure of the successful start-up of the fuel cell, and the repeated freezing and thawing process damages the structure of the cell assembly, and influences the durability and performance of the PEMFC. More seriously, the process causes the change of volume and stress, further causes the sudden voltage drop of the PEMFC, stops the reaction, causes the permanent damage of the proton exchange membrane, generates irreversible influence on materials, not only reduces the durability of the fuel cell, but also greatly increases the potential safety hazard of the fuel cell. The problem of low-temperature start-up of fuel cells is one of the major challenges impeding their development.
According to different heat sources, the existing proton exchange membrane fuel cell low-temperature starting method mainly comprises self-starting and external auxiliary heating. The self-starting method utilizes the heat generated by the self-reaction of the galvanic pile to achieve the purposes of increasing the temperature of the galvanic pile and realizing the low-temperature starting of the galvanic pile. The method can avoid using external equipment, does not need to add a redundant device, and saves the use cost. However, various studies have shown that self-starting is very difficult when the ambient temperature is below-10 ℃, and the amount of heat provided by self-starting is very limited, making it difficult to achieve a fast and stable effect. The external auxiliary heating technology is that heat is supplied to the galvanic pile by the outside, the galvanic pile can be stably heated, and low-temperature starting is successfully realized. Common heating methods are: electrical heating, gas heating and coolant heating, all of which require additional external equipment and result in higher energy consumption. Especially electrical heating and coolant heating, require a large amount of heat and heating time. In addition, the external auxiliary heating technology is easy to cause energy waste. Based on the defects of the above two methods, it is necessary to invent a device and a control method for low-temperature start of a water-cooled fuel cell, which can realize rapid low-temperature start, and can fully utilize energy to achieve maximum energy efficiency.
Disclosure of Invention
Aiming at the problems in the prior art, the invention provides a water-cooled fuel cell stack low-temperature starting method based on optimal energy efficiency, which combines an external auxiliary heating technology with a stack self-heating technology, reduces the energy consumption required by low-temperature starting on the premise of ensuring the successful low-temperature starting of the stack and not causing the performance attenuation of the stack, and realizes the rapid and stable high-performance output of the stack at low temperature.
The specific technical scheme of the invention is as follows:
a water-cooling type fuel cell stack low-temperature starting method based on optimal energy efficiency is characterized by comprising the following steps:
step 1: setting the minimum temperature T required by the self-heating start of the water-cooling type fuel cell stack min Setting the maximum time limit of the low-temperature start of the galvanic pile as t max Setting the current density of the electronic load to be I when the low-temperature start of the galvanic pile is successful suc When the voltage of the stack V stack Not lower than the lowest working voltage V min And an electronic load current density I stack To achieve I suc If so, the low-temperature start of the galvanic pile is successful;
step 2: opening an air inlet valve to adjust the inlet pressure to a fixed value;
and step 3: starting a power supply of an electric heating wire arranged at the air inlet end of the electric pile, and adjusting the power P of the electric heating wire to a maximum value P max Heating the air entering the galvanic pile, and starting the galvanic pile at a low temperature;
and 4, step 4: the moment of turning on the power supply of the electric heating wire is set as the initial moment t 0 Recording the duration T of the low-temperature start of the galvanic pile and the temperature T of the galvanic pile in real time stack Voltage V of the electric pile stack And the current density I of the electronic load stack ；
And 5: for the external auxiliary multi-constraint predictive controller, the controlled variable is determined as the temperature T of the electric pile stack The control variable is the power P of the electric heating wire, and the constraint condition is that t ≦ t max And T stack ≦T min (ii) a According to the prediction result of the external auxiliary multi-constraint prediction controller, adjusting the power P of the electric heating wire in real time until the temperature T of the galvanic pile stack To reach T min Turning off the power supply of the electric heating wire;
step 6: for the self-heating multi-constraint predictive controller, the controlled variable is determined as the temperature T of the electric pile stack The control variable being the current density I of the electronic load stack The constraint is t ≦ t max And V is stack ≦V min (ii) a Adjusting the current density I of the electronic load in real time according to the prediction result of the self-heating multi-constraint prediction controller stack Up to the electronic load current density I stack To achieve I suc And the low-temperature start of the galvanic pile is successful.
Further, in step 1, T is set according to the structure of the galvanic pile and the ambient temperature min And I suc 。
Further, P in step 3 max 5-10 KW.
Further, the external auxiliary multi-constraint prediction controller and the self-heating multi-constraint prediction controller are controllers with pure hysteresis objects, and the adopted algorithm is a constraint optimization algorithm based on quadratic programming.
The beneficial effects of the invention are as follows:
1. the invention provides a water-cooled fuel cell galvanic pile low-temperature starting method based on optimal energy efficiency, which comprises the steps of firstly utilizing an external multi-constraint prediction controller to adjust the power of an electric heating wire, preheating the galvanic pile, adjusting the current density of an electronic load through an automatic heating multi-constraint prediction controller when the galvanic pile reaches a certain temperature, realizing the self-heating of the galvanic pile, and further completing the low-temperature starting of the galvanic pile;
2. the invention controls the low-temperature starting time of the galvanic pile in a safe range, avoids the performance of the galvanic pile from being damaged due to overlong low-temperature starting process, is safe and reliable, simultaneously maximizes the energy utilization, greatly reduces the cost, saves the resources, and realizes the quick, stable and optimal energy efficiency low-temperature starting control of the water-cooled fuel cell;
3. the control method provided by the invention can realize full-automatic control through programming, has simple and efficient implementation process, is favorable for being combined with specific engineering application, and is convenient for actually solving the problem of the water-cooled fuel cell in the engineering application.
Drawings
Fig. 1 is a flowchart of a low-temperature start-up method for a water-cooled fuel cell stack based on optimal energy efficiency according to embodiment 1 of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a schematic view showing the operation of a fuel cell system in an external auxiliary heating process in example 1 of the present invention;
FIG. 3 is a schematic view showing the operation of a fuel cell system in an autothermal process of a stack in accordance with example 1 of the present invention;
fig. 4 is a schematic diagram of a fuel cell stack temperature control method in an external auxiliary heating process according to embodiment 1 of the present invention;
FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram of a method for controlling the temperature of a fuel cell stack during self-heating of the stack in accordance with embodiment 1 of the present invention;
FIG. 6 is a control result of the external multi-constrained predictive controller at a start-up temperature of-30 ℃ in example 1 of the present invention;
FIG. 7 shows the control results of the self-heating multi-constrained predictive controller at a start-up temperature of-30 ℃ in example 1 of the present invention.
Detailed Description
In order to make the objects, technical solutions and advantages of the present invention more apparent, the present invention will be further described with reference to the following embodiments and the accompanying drawings.
The following non-limiting examples will allow one of ordinary skill in the art to more fully understand the present invention, but will not limit the invention in any way.
Example 1
The embodiment provides a low-temperature starting method of a water-cooling type fuel cell stack based on optimal energy efficiency, which is realized based on a fuel cell system shown in fig. 2 and fig. 3 and comprises the water-cooling type fuel cell stack, an electronic load, a temperature sensor for measuring the temperature of the stack, a voltage measuring instrument for measuring the voltage of the stack, an electric heating wire arranged at the air inlet end of the stack, a power supply for supplying power to the electric heating wire, an external auxiliary multi-constraint prediction controller and a self-heating multi-constraint prediction controller.
The flow of the low-temperature starting method of the water-cooled fuel cell stack in this embodiment is shown in fig. 1, and specifically includes the following steps:
step 1: setting the minimum temperature T required by the self-heating start of the water-cooling type fuel cell stack min = 10 ℃, the maximum time limit of the low-temperature start of the galvanic pile is set as t max =90s, and the current density of the electronic load when the low-temperature start of the galvanic pile is successfully set as I suc ＝0.6A/cm 2 When the voltage V of the electric pile stack Not lower than the lowest working voltage V min =0.5V, and the electronic load current density I stack To achieve I suc If so, the low-temperature start of the galvanic pile is successful;
step 2: opening an air inlet valve, and adjusting the inlet pressure to a fixed value of 20KPa;
and step 3: the external auxiliary heating process of the fuel cell system is performed, as shown in fig. 2, specifically:
step 3.1: starting a power supply of an electric heating wire arranged at the air inlet end of the electric pile, and adjusting the power P of the electric heating wire to a maximum value P max =5KW, heating the air entering the pile, and supplying electricityThe stack low temperature start-up process begins;
step 3.2: the moment of turning on the power supply of the electric heating wire is set as the initial moment t 0 =0, recording duration T of low-temperature start of the galvanic pile and temperature T of the galvanic pile in real time stack Voltage V of the electric pile stack And the current density I of the electronic load stack ；
Step 3.3: as shown in FIG. 4, for the external auxiliary multi-constraint predictive controller, the controlled variable is determined to be the temperature T of the electric pile stack The control variable is the power P of the electric heating wire, and the constraint condition is that t ≦ t max And T stack ≦T min ；
The last time T and the temperature T of the electric pile stack The power P of the electric heating wire is used as the input of the external-auxiliary multi-constraint prediction controller, the temperature of the galvanic pile and the power of the electric heating wire at the next moment t +1 are predicted, and then the power P of the electric heating wire is adjusted in real time according to the prediction result of the external-auxiliary multi-constraint prediction controller;
data from a certain experiment were selected for interpretation: when temperature T of electric pile stack At the temperature of minus 20 ℃, the power P of the electric heating wire at the moment is 4.02KW, and the temperature T of the galvanic pile at the moment stack And the power P of the electric heating wire is used as the input of an external-auxiliary multi-constraint predictive controller, and the power of the heating wire at the next moment can be calculated by the external-auxiliary multi-constraint predictive controller to be 3.84KW;
and so on until the temperature T of the galvanic pile stack To reach T min Obtaining a control result (namely a control track) of the outer auxiliary multi-constraint predictive controller shown in FIG. 6, and turning off the power supply of the electric heating wire;
and 4, step 4: the self-heating process of the fuel cell stack is performed as shown in fig. 3, which specifically includes:
as shown in FIG. 5, for the self-heating multi-constraint predictive controller, the controlled variable is determined as the temperature T of the electric pile stack The control variable being the current density I of the electronic load stack The constraint is t ≦ t max And V is stack ≦V min ；
The last time t and the voltage V of the electric pile stack And the current density I of the electronic load stack As self-heating multi-constraint predictionThe input of the controller predicts the temperature of the galvanic pile and the current density of the electronic load at the next moment t +1, and then adjusts the current density I of the electronic load in real time according to the prediction result of the self-heating multi-constraint prediction controller stack ；
Data of a certain experiment are selected for explanation: when the load current density is 0.24A/cm 2 At this time, the voltage V of the electric pile stack Is 0.857V, meets less than V min The current load current density and the stack voltage are input as the self-heating multi-constraint prediction controller, and the current load density at the next moment calculated by the self-heating multi-constraint prediction controller is 0.31A/cm 2 ；
And so on until the current density I of the electronic load stack To achieve I suc And the control result of the self-heating multi-constraint predictive controller shown in FIG. 7 is obtained, and the low-temperature start of the galvanic pile is successful.
Finally, the above embodiments are only intended to illustrate the technical solutions of the present invention and not to limit the present invention, and although the present invention has been described in detail with reference to the embodiments, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that modifications or equivalent substitutions may be made on the technical solutions of the present invention without departing from the spirit and scope of the technical solutions, and all of them should be covered in the claims of the present invention.

Claims (4)

1. A water-cooling type fuel cell stack low-temperature starting method based on optimal energy efficiency is characterized by comprising the following steps:
step 1: setting the minimum temperature T required by the self-heating start of the electric pile min The maximum time limit of the low-temperature start of the galvanic pile is t max And the current density of the electronic load when the low-temperature start of the galvanic pile is successful is I suc (ii) a When the voltage V of the electric pile stack Not lower than the lowest working voltage V min And an electronic load current density I stack To achieve I suc If so, the low-temperature start of the galvanic pile is successful;
step 2: opening an air inlet valve to adjust the inlet pressure to a fixed value;
and step 3: opening arrangementThe power supply of the electric heating wire at the air inlet end of the electric pile adjusts the power P of the electric heating wire to the maximum value P max Starting the galvanic pile at low temperature;
and 4, step 4: the moment of turning on the power supply of the electric heating wire is set as the initial moment t 0 Recording the duration T of the low-temperature start of the galvanic pile and the temperature T of the galvanic pile in real time stack 、V stack And I stack ；
And 5: for the external auxiliary multi-constraint predictive controller, determining the controlled variable as T stack The control variable is P and the constraint is t ≦ t max And T stack ≦T min (ii) a Adjusting P in real time until T according to the prediction result of the external multi-constraint prediction controller stack To reach T min Closing the power supply of the electric heating wire;
step 6: for the self-heating multi-constraint predictive controller, the controlled variable is determined to be T stack The controlled variable is I stack The constraint is t ≦ t max And V is stack ≦V min (ii) a Adjusting I in real time based on the predicted result from the self-heating multi-constraint predictive controller stack Up to I stack To achieve I suc And the low-temperature start of the galvanic pile is successful.
2. The energy-efficiency-optimization-based low-temperature start-up method for the water-cooled fuel cell stack according to claim 1, wherein the T is set according to the stack structure and the ambient temperature in step 1 min And I suc 。
3. The energy-efficiency-optimization-based low-temperature starting method for the water-cooled fuel cell stack according to claim 2, wherein P in step 3 max Is 5-10 KW.
4. The energy-efficiency-optimization-based water-cooling type fuel cell stack low-temperature starting method according to claim 1, characterized in that the algorithms adopted by the external multi-constraint predictive controller and the self-heating multi-constraint predictive controller are quadratic programming-based constraint optimization algorithms.
CN202210965521.5A 2022-08-12 2022-08-12 Water-cooled fuel cell stack low-temperature starting method based on optimal energy efficiency Pending CN115441017A (en)

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Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN116581338A (en) * 2023-07-14 2023-08-11 深圳市氢蓝时代动力科技有限公司 Fuel cell system and control method for fuel cell system

Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN116581338A (en) * 2023-07-14 2023-08-11 深圳市氢蓝时代动力科技有限公司 Fuel cell system and control method for fuel cell system
CN116581338B (en) * 2023-07-14 2024-03-29 深圳市氢蓝时代动力科技有限公司 Fuel cell system and control method for fuel cell system

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