CN115403786B - Humic acid shale inhibitor and preparation method and application thereof - Google Patents
Humic acid shale inhibitor and preparation method and application thereof Download PDFInfo
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- CN115403786B CN115403786B CN202110592795.XA CN202110592795A CN115403786B CN 115403786 B CN115403786 B CN 115403786B CN 202110592795 A CN202110592795 A CN 202110592795A CN 115403786 B CN115403786 B CN 115403786B
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08H—DERIVATIVES OF NATURAL MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
- C08H6/00—Macromolecular compounds derived from lignin, e.g. tannins, humic acids
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
- C09K8/00—Compositions for drilling of boreholes or wells; Compositions for treating boreholes or wells, e.g. for completion or for remedial operations
- C09K8/02—Well-drilling compositions
- C09K8/03—Specific additives for general use in well-drilling compositions
- C09K8/035—Organic additives
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
- C09K8/00—Compositions for drilling of boreholes or wells; Compositions for treating boreholes or wells, e.g. for completion or for remedial operations
- C09K8/02—Well-drilling compositions
- C09K8/04—Aqueous well-drilling compositions
- C09K8/14—Clay-containing compositions
- C09K8/18—Clay-containing compositions characterised by the organic compounds
- C09K8/22—Synthetic organic compounds
- C09K8/24—Polymers
Abstract
The invention provides a preparation method of a humic acid shale inhibitor, which comprises the following steps: adding humic acid, sodium hydroxide and water under stirring, and reacting for 1 hour at 70 ℃ to obtain a mixture; adding polyamine A and formaldehyde into the mixture to react to obtain a reaction product; and (3) adding polyamine B and epichlorohydrin into the reaction product to react under the stirring state, and drying and crushing the obtained reaction product at 70 ℃ to obtain the humic acid shale inhibitor. The modified humic acid shale inhibitor prepared by the invention is obtained by modifying natural materials, is solid, is convenient to transport, has the characteristics of environmental protection, no toxicity and easy degradation, has good shale inhibition capability, has a certain viscosity reducing effect and low foaming rate, has little influence on shear force and fluid loss, and has good compatibility with drilling fluid. The invention also provides a humic acid shale inhibitor and drilling fluid.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of drilling fluid, and particularly relates to a humic acid shale inhibitor and a preparation method and application thereof.
Background
With the continuous exploitation of unconventional oil and gas resources, deep wells, ultra-deep wells, ocean wells and complex section wells, when shale formations are encountered in the drilling process, the hydration expansion and dispersion of the shale can cause a series of problems such as instability of the well wall, bit balling, borehole purification and the like, the drilling difficulty is increased, and higher requirements are put forward on a drilling fluid system, particularly shale inhibitors. The shale inhibitors commonly used mainly comprise polymers, inorganic salts, asphalt, polyamine and the like, and the shale inhibitors have certain defects, such as poor environmental protection, high cost and more negative influence on drilling fluid when the dosage is higher, such as viscosity increase, flocculation, foaming and the like. Therefore, the development of the shale inhibitor which has low cost, strong environmental protection performance and no negative effect on the drilling fluid has great significance.
Disclosure of Invention
In view of the above, the invention aims to provide the humic acid shale inhibitor, and the preparation method and application thereof.
The invention provides a preparation method of a humic acid shale inhibitor, which comprises the following steps:
carrying out a first reaction on humic acid, sodium hydroxide and water to obtain a first reaction product;
carrying out a second reaction on the first reaction product, polyamine A and formaldehyde to obtain a second reaction product;
performing a third reaction on the second reaction product and polyamine B and epichlorohydrin to obtain a humic acid shale inhibitor;
the polyamine A is selected from one of ethylenediamine, propylenediamine, butylenediamine, diethylenetriamine and triethylenetetramine;
the polyamine B is selected from dimethylamine or diethylamine.
Preferably, the mass ratio of humic acid, sodium hydroxide, water, polyamine A, formaldehyde, polyamine B and epichlorohydrin is (20-30): 2: (50-60): (5-8): (10-12): (10-15): (14-18).
Preferably, the temperature of the first reaction is 65 to 75 ℃.
Preferably, the temperature of the second reaction is 80 to 90 ℃.
Preferably, the temperature of the third reaction is 60 to 70 ℃.
Preferably, the first reaction is carried out under stirring; the third reaction is carried out with stirring.
Preferably, after the third reaction is completed, the method further comprises:
and drying and crushing the obtained reaction product to obtain the humic acid shale inhibitor.
Preferably, the drying temperature is 65-75 ℃.
The invention provides the humic acid shale inhibitor prepared by the method.
A drilling fluid comprising: the humic acid shale inhibitor disclosed by the technical scheme.
The biomass raw material has the advantages of environmental protection, easy biodegradation, low price and the like, but cannot be directly used, and needs to be modified by chemical, biological and other means. Humic acid is a biomass resource with wide sources and low material cost, so that the method has good prospect for preparing shale inhibitors by modifying humic acid.
The humic acid shale inhibitor provided by the invention is prepared by taking humic acid as a main agent and carrying out chemical modification. The humic acid shale inhibitor provided by the invention has the characteristics of no toxicity, environment friendliness, easiness in biodegradation, low use cost, strong shale inhibition capability and the like, and the product has the advantages of simple production process, mild reaction condition and low production cost.
Compared with the prior art, the preparation method of the modified humic acid shale inhibitor is obtained by modifying natural materials, and has the characteristics of wide raw material sources, excellent environmental protection, good biodegradability and the like. The shale inhibitor modified by humic acid has the characteristics of good shale inhibition capability, no tackifying and foaming in the use process, wider use dosage, certain viscosity reduction capability and the like. Compared with the common liquid shale inhibitor, the humic acid modified shale inhibitor provided by the invention has the advantages of simple and convenient production process and convenient transportation, and particularly has low humic acid material cost, so that the product cost is greatly reduced.
The cationic degree of the humic acid shale inhibitor provided by the invention is 2-4.5 mmol/g, and the relative inhibition rate is 97-99.5%.
Detailed Description
The following description of the technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention will be clear and complete, and it is obvious that the described embodiments are only some embodiments of the present invention, but not all embodiments. All other examples of modifications and alterations will be apparent to those skilled in the art based on the examples herein, and are intended to be within the scope of the invention. It should be understood that the embodiments of the present invention are only used for illustrating the technical effects of the present invention, and are not used for limiting the scope of the present invention. In the examples, the methods used are conventional methods unless otherwise specified.
The invention provides a preparation method of a humic acid shale inhibitor, which comprises the following steps:
carrying out a first reaction on humic acid, sodium hydroxide and water to obtain a first reaction product;
carrying out a second reaction on the first reaction product, polyamine A and formaldehyde to obtain a second reaction product;
performing a third reaction on the second reaction product and polyamine B and epichlorohydrin to obtain a humic acid shale inhibitor;
the polyamine A is selected from one of ethylenediamine, propylenediamine, butylenediamine, diethylenetriamine and triethylenetetramine;
the polyamine B is selected from dimethylamine or diethylamine.
In the present invention, the first reaction is preferably carried out under stirring. In the present invention, the temperature of the first reaction is preferably 65 to 75 ℃, more preferably 68 to 72 ℃, and most preferably 70 ℃; the time of the first reaction is preferably 0.5 to 1.5 hours, more preferably 0.8 to 1.2 hours, and most preferably 1 hour.
In the present invention, the method of the second reaction preferably comprises:
and adding polyamine A and formaldehyde into the first reaction product to perform a second reaction to obtain a second reaction product.
In the present invention, the temperature of the second reaction is preferably 80 to 90 ℃, more preferably 82 to 88 ℃, more preferably 84 to 86 ℃, and most preferably 90 ℃; the time of the second reaction is preferably 2 to 4 hours, more preferably 2.5 to 3.5 hours, and most preferably 2.5 hours or 3 hours.
In the present invention, the method of the third reaction preferably comprises:
and adding polyamine B and epichlorohydrin into the second reaction product to perform a third reaction to obtain the humic acid shale inhibitor.
In the present invention, the temperature of the third reaction is preferably 60 to 70 ℃, more preferably 63 to 67 ℃, and most preferably 60 ℃; the time of the third reaction is preferably 5 to 7 hours, more preferably 5.5 to 6.5 hours, and most preferably 6 hours or 7 hours.
In the present invention, the polyamine a is preferably ethylenediamine or diethylenetriamine, more preferably diethylenetriamine.
In the present invention, the polyamine B is preferably dimethylamine.
In the invention, the mass ratio of humic acid, sodium hydroxide, water, polyamine A, formaldehyde, polyamine B and epichlorohydrin is preferably (20-30): 2: (50-60): (5-8): (10-12): (10-15): (14 to 18), more preferably (23 to 27): 2: (53-57): (6-7): 11: (11-14): (15 to 17), most preferably 20:2:50:6:11:10:16.
the invention provides the humic acid shale inhibitor prepared by the method; the cationic degree of the humic acid shale inhibitor is preferably 2-4.5 mmol/g; the relative inhibition rate is preferably 97 to 99.5%.
The invention provides a drilling fluid, which comprises the following components: the humic acid shale inhibitor disclosed by the technical scheme.
The invention is not particularly limited to other components of the drilling fluid, and a person skilled in the art can select the drilling fluid with proper components according to actual needs, and the shale inhibitor in the technical scheme can be added into the drilling fluid.
In the present invention, the drilling fluid preferably includes:
bentonite slurry, sulfonated phenolic resin, sulfonated lignite, sulfonated asphalt, carboxymethyl cellulose sodium salt, oligomeric anionic cellulose, sodium hydroxide, humic acid shale inhibitor and barite.
In the present invention, the bentonite slurry is preferably a pre-hydrated bentonite slurry. In the present invention, the preparation method of the pre-hydrated bentonite slurry preferably comprises:
and mixing sodium carbonate, bentonite and water, and sealing and curing to obtain the pre-hydrated bentonite slurry.
In the present invention, the sodium carbonate is preferably anhydrous sodium carbonate.
In the invention, the dosage ratio of the water, the sodium carbonate and the bentonite is preferably (350-450 mL): (0.5-0.6) g: (12-20) g, more preferably (380-420) mL: (0.52-0.58) g: (14-18) g, most preferably 400mL:0.56g:16g.
In the present invention, the mixing is preferably performed under stirring; the stirring speed is preferably 10000-12000 r/min, more preferably 10500-11500 r/min, and most preferably 11000r/min; the mixing time is preferably 15 to 25 minutes, more preferably 18 to 22 minutes, and most preferably 20 minutes.
In the present invention, the sealed curing is preferably performed at room temperature, which is preferably 20 to 30 ℃, more preferably 22 to 28 ℃, more preferably 24 to 26 ℃, and most preferably 25 ℃; the time for the sealing maintenance is preferably 20 to 30 hours, more preferably 22 to 25 hours, and most preferably 24 hours.
In the present invention, the sulfonated phenolic resin is preferably a sulfonated phenolic resin type II (e.g., SMP-2); the mass volume ratio of the sulfonated phenolic resin in the bentonite slurry is preferably 2-6%, more preferably 3-5%, and most preferably 4%.
In the present invention, the mass-to-volume ratio of the sulfonated lignite (SMC) in the bentonite slurry is preferably 2 to 6%, more preferably 3 to 5%, and most preferably 4%.
In the present invention, the mass volume ratio of the sulfonated asphalt (FT-1) in the bentonite slurry is preferably 2 to 4%, more preferably 2.5 to 3.5%, and most preferably 3%.
In the present invention, the mass-to-volume ratio of the carboxymethyl cellulose sodium salt (LV-CMC) in the bentonite slurry is preferably 0.1 to 0.3%, more preferably 0.15 to 0.25%, and most preferably 0.2%.
In the present invention, the mass volume ratio of the oligo-anionic cellulose (LV-PAC) in the bentonite slurry is preferably 0.5 to 0.9%, more preferably 0.6 to 0.8%, and most preferably 0.7%.
In the present invention, the mass volume ratio of the sodium hydroxide in the bentonite slurry is preferably 0.3 to 0.7%, more preferably 0.4 to 0.6%, and most preferably 0.5%.
In the invention, the mass volume ratio of the humic acid shale inhibitor in the bentonite slurry is preferably 0.5-1.5%, more preferably 0.8-1.2%, and most preferably 1%.
In the present invention, the barite is preferably used in an amount such that the density of the drilling fluid is 1 to 2g/cm 3 More preferably 1.2 to 1.8g/cm 3 More preferably 1.4 to 1.6g/cm 3 Most preferably 1.5g/cm 3 。
In the present invention, the method for preparing the drilling fluid preferably includes:
sequentially adding sulfonated phenolic resin, sulfonated lignite and sulfonated asphalt into bentonite slurry to perform first high-speed stirring; then adding sodium carboxymethyl cellulose and low-polymer anion cellulose to stir at a second high speed; and then adding sodium hydroxide and a humic acid shale inhibitor for third high-speed stirring, and finally adding barite for fourth high-speed stirring to obtain the drilling fluid.
In the present invention, the time of the first high-speed stirring is preferably 3 to 7 minutes, more preferably 4 to 6 minutes, and most preferably 5 minutes; the second high-speed stirring time is preferably 8-12 min, more preferably 9-11 min, and most preferably 10min; the time of the third high-speed stirring is preferably 3-7 min, more preferably 4-6 min, and most preferably 5min; the fourth high-speed stirring time is preferably 15 to 25 minutes, more preferably 18 to 22 minutes, and most preferably 20 minutes.
In the present invention, the speed of the high-speed stirring is preferably 10000 to 11000r/min, more preferably 10200 to 10800r/min, still more preferably 10400 to 10600r/min, and most preferably 10500r/min.
The shale inhibitor of the modified humic acid prepared by the method has the shale inhibitor capacity equivalent to that of the traditional polyamine and polyether amine shale inhibitor, almost has no influence on rheological property, fluid loss and other performances of drilling fluid, does not thicken or foam, and has wide application dosage. The modified humic acid shale inhibitor prepared by the invention has the advantages of mild and simple production process, wide raw material source, low cost, excellent environmental protection and biodegradability, and the main agent is humic acid, and the product is solid and is convenient to transport and use.
Humic acid used in the following examples of the present invention was purchased from Yunnan double dragon brown source humic acid Co., ltd; sodium hydroxide, ethylenediamine, diethylenetriamine, dimethylamine, diethylamine, epichlorohydrin were all available from a company of Ama Ding Shiji, inc.; sulfonated phenolic resin type II (SMP-2) was purchased from Shandong cis oil technologies Co., ltd; sulfonated lignite (SMC) was purchased from Henan Desheng drilling fluid science and technology plant; sulfonated asphalt (FT-1) was purchased from seventh chemical Co., ltd., new county, henan province; bentonite, carboxymethylcellulose sodium salt (LV-CMC) available from the industrial company of the middle-aged three-force, of the taste house; the oligomeric anionic cellulose (LV-PAC) was purchased from Zhengzhou Oriental auxiliary Co.
The relative inhibition rate of the modified humic acid shale inhibitor prepared in the following embodiment of the invention is measured according to the standard Q/SH0323-2009 technical requirement of shale inhibitor for drilling fluid, and the cationicity is measured according to the method of the document Yang Chaodeng of application research of composite cationic polyamine shale inhibitor. LD in the embodiment of the invention 50 The value is determined according to the standard method for acute oral toxicity test of chemical (GB/T21603-2008) and the standard method for acute inhalation toxicity test of chemical (GB/T21605-2008), BOD 5 /COD Cr The values were determined according to the standard Water soluble field chemistry environmental protection technology requirements (SY/T6787-2010).
Example 1
Under stirring, 20 parts by mass of humic acid, 50 parts by mass of water and 2 parts by mass of sodium hydroxide were added to a reaction vessel, and reacted at 70℃for 1 hour to obtain a mixture. 6 parts by mass of diethylenetriamine and 11 parts by mass of formaldehyde are added into the mixture to react for 2.5 hours at 90 ℃, 10 parts by mass of dimethylamine and 18 parts by mass of epichlorohydrin are added to react for 7 hours at 60 ℃, and the obtained reaction product is dried and crushed at 70 ℃ to obtain the modified humic acid shale inhibitor.
Example 2
Under stirring, 20 parts by mass of humic acid, 50 parts by mass of water and 2 parts by mass of sodium hydroxide were added to a reaction vessel, and reacted at 70℃for 1 hour to obtain a mixture. 8 parts by mass of ethylenediamine and 12 parts by mass of formaldehyde are added into the mixture to react for 4 hours at 80 ℃, 15 parts by mass of dimethylamine and 16 parts by mass of epichlorohydrin are added to react for 6 hours at 70 ℃, and the obtained reaction product is dried and crushed at 70 ℃ to obtain the modified humic acid shale inhibitor.
Example 3
Under stirring, 20 parts by mass of humic acid, 50 parts by mass of water and 2 parts by mass of sodium hydroxide were added to a reaction vessel, and reacted at 70℃for 1 hour to obtain a mixture. 6 parts by mass of diethylenetriamine and 11 parts by mass of formaldehyde are added into the mixture to react for 2.5 hours at 90 ℃, 13 parts by mass of diethylamine and 14 parts by mass of epichlorohydrin are added to react for 5 hours at 60 ℃, and the obtained reaction product is dried and crushed at 70 ℃ to obtain the modified humic acid shale inhibitor.
Example 4
Under stirring, 30 parts by mass of humic acid, 60 parts by mass of water and 2 parts by mass of sodium hydroxide were added to a reaction vessel, and reacted at 70℃for 1 hour to obtain a mixture. 8 parts by mass of diethylenetriamine and 12 parts by mass of formaldehyde are added into the mixture to react for 3 hours at 85 ℃, 15 parts by mass of dimethylamine and 18 parts by mass of epichlorohydrin are added to react for 6 hours at 65 ℃, and the obtained reaction product is dried and crushed at 70 ℃ to obtain the modified humic acid shale inhibitor.
Performance detection
The modified humic acid shale inhibitors prepared in the embodiments 1 to 4 of the invention are subjected to relative inhibition rate, cation degree and LD 50 、BOD 5 /COD Cr Performance measurements and test results are shown in table 1.
TABLE 1 Performance test of modified humic acid shale inhibitors prepared by the examples of the invention
As can be seen from Table 1, the relative inhibition rate of the modified humic acid shale inhibitors prepared in examples 1 to 4 is 95.0 to 99.5 percent, and the cation degree is 2.0 to 4.5mmol/L; the modified humic acid shale inhibitor has excellent inhibition capability, higher cation degree and LD 50 ＞5000mg/kg，BOD 5 /COD Cr More than 0.5, the modified humic acid shale inhibitor has the advantages of no toxicity, easy biodegradability and excellent environmental protection performance.
Example 5
Pre-hydrating bentonite: 400mL of water is added into a stirring cup, 0.56g of anhydrous sodium carbonate and 16g of bentonite are added while stirring, the mixture is stirred at a high speed for 20min at 11000r/min, and the mixture is maintained for 24h in a sealing manner at room temperature, so as to obtain pre-hydrated bentonite slurry.
Based on the total volume of the pre-hydrated bentonite slurry: adding 4% of SMP-2, 4% of SMC and 3% of FT-1 in a mass-volume ratio into bentonite slurry in turn, and stirring at a high speed for 5min; then adding LV-CMC with the mass volume ratio of 0.2% and LV-PAC with the mass volume ratio of 0.7%, and stirring at a high speed for 10min; then adding 0.5% sodium hydroxide in mass-volume ratio, and stirring at high speed for 5min; finally, adding barite to adjust the density of the drilling fluid to 1.5g/cm 3 Stirring at high speed for 20min to obtain drilling fluid.
Example 6
The drilling fluid was prepared according to the preparation method of example 5, which is different from example 5 in that the modified humic acid shale inhibitor prepared in example 1 was added to bentonite slurry in a mass-volume ratio of 1%.
Example 7
A drilling fluid was prepared according to the method of example 6, which is different from example 6 in that the modified humic acid shale inhibitor prepared in example 1 was replaced with the modified humic acid shale inhibitor prepared in example 2.
Example 8
A drilling fluid was prepared according to the method of example 6, which is different from example 6 in that the modified humic acid shale inhibitor prepared in example 1 was replaced with the modified humic acid shale inhibitor prepared in example 3.
Example 9
A drilling fluid was prepared according to the method of example 6, which is different from example 6 in that the modified humic acid shale inhibitor prepared in example 1 was replaced with the modified humic acid shale inhibitor prepared in example 4.
Example 10
Drilling fluids were prepared according to the procedure of example 6, differing from example 6 in that a mass to volume ratio of 4% was used instead of 1% in example 6.
Performance detection
The drilling fluids prepared in the embodiments 5 to 10 of the invention are put into an aging kettle, placed in a roller furnace, rolled for 16 hours at 150 ℃, and then the performance of the drilling fluid is measured, and the performance measuring method is according to the national standard GB/T16783.1-2014 drilling fluid field test part 1: the water-based drilling fluid is detected, the detection results are shown in table 2, and table 2 shows the performance test results of the drilling fluid prepared by the embodiment of the invention.
Table 2 the drilling fluid performance test results prepared in the examples of the present invention
In Table 2, AV is apparent viscosity, PV is plastic viscosity, YP is dynamic shear force, Q 10s /Q 10min For initial final cut, FL is API fluid loss.
As shown in Table 2, the modified humic acid shale inhibitor prepared by the embodiment of the invention has a certain viscosity reducing effect, but has little influence on shear force and fluid loss, and after the shale inhibitor is added, drilling fluid hardly foams, and even when the shale inhibitor is added by 4%, the foaming rate is less than 5%. Therefore, the modified humic acid shale inhibitor prepared by the invention has little influence on drilling fluid and has good compatibility.
The shale inhibitor of the modified humic acid prepared by the method has the shale inhibitor capacity equivalent to that of the traditional polyamine and polyether amine shale inhibitor, almost has no influence on rheological property, fluid loss and other performances of drilling fluid, does not thicken or foam, and has wide application dosage. The modified humic acid shale inhibitor prepared by the invention has the advantages of mild and simple production process, wide raw material source, low cost, excellent environmental protection and biodegradability, and the main agent is humic acid, and the product is solid and is convenient to transport and use.
While the invention has been described with respect to the preferred embodiments, it should be noted that modifications and adaptations to those skilled in the art may be made without departing from the principles of the present invention and are intended to be within the scope of the present invention.
Claims (9)
1. A method for preparing a humic acid shale inhibitor, comprising the following steps:
carrying out a first reaction on humic acid, sodium hydroxide and water to obtain a first reaction product;
carrying out a second reaction on the first reaction product, polyamine A and formaldehyde to obtain a second reaction product;
performing a third reaction on the second reaction product, amine compounds and epichlorohydrin to obtain a humic acid shale inhibitor;
the polyamine A is selected from one of ethylenediamine, propylenediamine, butylenediamine, diethylenetriamine and triethylenetetramine;
the amine compound is selected from dimethylamine or diethylamine; the mass ratio of humic acid, sodium hydroxide, water, polyamine A, formaldehyde, amine compounds and epichlorohydrin is (20-30): 2: (50-60): (5-8): (10-12): (10-15): (14-18).
2. The method of claim 1, wherein the temperature of the first reaction is 65-75 ℃.
3. The method of claim 1, wherein the temperature of the second reaction is 80-90 ℃.
4. The method according to claim 1, wherein the temperature of the third reaction is 60 to 70 ℃.
5. The method of claim 1, wherein the first reaction is performed under stirring; the third reaction is carried out with stirring.
6. The method of claim 1, wherein after the third reaction is completed, further comprising:
and drying and crushing the obtained reaction product to obtain the humic acid shale inhibitor.
7. The method of claim 6, wherein the drying temperature is 65-75 ℃.
8. A humic acid shale inhibitor prepared by the method of claim 1.
9. A drilling fluid comprising: the humic acid shale inhibitor of claim 8.
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2021
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