CN115389342B - A rock torsion shear instrument combined with global monitoring - Google Patents
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- 238000012544 monitoring process Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 41
- 239000011435 rock Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 32
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 claims description 20
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- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000007789 sealing Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 abstract description 13
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 abstract description 13
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- 101100012902 Saccharomyces cerevisiae (strain ATCC 204508 / S288c) FIG2 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
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- G01N3/00—Investigating strength properties of solid materials by application of mechanical stress
- G01N3/22—Investigating strength properties of solid materials by application of mechanical stress by applying steady torsional forces
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- F24H3/00—Air heaters
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- G01B11/00—Measuring arrangements characterised by the use of optical techniques
- G01B11/16—Measuring arrangements characterised by the use of optical techniques for measuring the deformation in a solid, e.g. optical strain gauge
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种结合全局监测的岩石扭剪仪。在试样的装样过程中，通过固定的导杆，限制了上加载盘的晃动以及旋转，从而降低了装样过程中可能会导致的试样损伤，提高了试验的合格率。同时，通过不同的液压装置施加轴压与扭矩，避免了轴力和扭矩施加过程中的相互干涉，提高了试验的准确性。
The invention discloses a rock torsion shear instrument combined with global monitoring. During the sample loading process, the shaking and rotation of the upper loading plate are limited by a fixed guide rod, thereby reducing the sample damage that may be caused during the sample loading process and improving the test pass rate. At the same time, axial pressure and torque are applied by different hydraulic devices, avoiding mutual interference in the process of applying axial force and torque, and improving the accuracy of the test.
Description
技术领域Technical Field
本发明涉及岩石扭剪仪技术领域，尤其涉及一种结合全局监测的岩石扭剪仪。The invention relates to the technical field of rock torsion shear instruments, and in particular to a rock torsion shear instrument combined with global monitoring.
背景技术Background technique
在水利水电、交通、能源储存以及能源开发等领域的基础工程的开发过程中，围岩所处的应力环境是十分复杂的，不同应力路径下的岩石会表现出不同的破坏模式以及峰值强度。在应力路径变化的过程中，除了应力的大小会发生变化之外，应力方向的旋转也同样不容忽视。应力方向的大角度旋转会导致岩体强度的降低，并促进裂隙的发育，从而诱发岩爆等灾害的发生，不仅威胁施工人员的生命安全，并且还造成极大的经济损失。因此，研究由应力旋转而导致的强度降低以及变形规律，是十分有意义的。In the development process of infrastructure projects in the fields of water conservancy, hydropower, transportation, energy storage and energy development, the stress environment of the surrounding rock is very complex. Rocks under different stress paths will show different failure modes and peak strengths. In the process of stress path change, in addition to the change in stress magnitude, the rotation of stress direction cannot be ignored. Large-angle rotation of stress direction will lead to a decrease in rock strength and promote the development of cracks, thereby inducing disasters such as rock bursts, which not only threatens the lives of construction workers, but also causes huge economic losses. Therefore, it is very meaningful to study the strength reduction and deformation law caused by stress rotation.
发明内容Summary of the invention
本发明通过提供一种结合全局监测的岩石扭剪仪，能够研究由应力旋转而导致的强度降低以及变形规律。The present invention provides a rock torsion shear instrument combined with global monitoring, which can study the strength reduction and deformation law caused by stress rotation.
本发明提供了一种结合全局监测的岩石扭剪仪，包括：框架、导杆、下压杆、上加载盘、下加载盘、回转马达、动力缸、拍摄部件及处理器；所述导杆、下压杆、回转马达、动力缸均设置在所述框架上；所述上加载盘设置在所述下压杆的端部；所述下加载盘设置在所述回转马达上；在所述上加载盘上有导向通孔；所述导杆穿过所述导向通孔；所述动力缸的动力输出端与所述下压杆、所述回转马达的动力输入端连通；所述拍摄部件的拍摄端对向所述上加载盘、所述下加载盘之间，所述拍摄部件的信号输出端与所述处理器的信号输入端通信连接。The present invention provides a rock torsion shear instrument combined with global monitoring, comprising: a frame, a guide rod, a lower pressure rod, an upper loading disk, a lower loading disk, a rotary motor, a power cylinder, a shooting component and a processor; the guide rod, the lower pressure rod, the rotary motor and the power cylinder are all arranged on the frame; the upper loading disk is arranged at the end of the lower pressure rod; the lower loading disk is arranged on the rotary motor; there is a guide through hole on the upper loading disk; the guide rod passes through the guide through hole; the power output end of the power cylinder is connected with the power input end of the lower pressure rod and the rotary motor; the shooting end of the shooting component is opposite to between the upper loading disk and the lower loading disk, and the signal output end of the shooting component is communicatively connected with the signal input end of the processor.
具体来说，还包括：上套筒、下套筒、弹性部件及空气加热装置；所述上套筒的上端与所述上加载盘的下端连接；所述下套筒的下端与所述下加载盘的上端连接；所述上套筒的下端与所述下套筒的上端套接；所述上套筒的下端有上折弯结构；所述下套筒的上端有下折弯结构；所述弹性部件的上端与所述上折弯结构连接，所述弹性部件的下端与所述下折弯结构连接；在所述上套筒上有出气孔；在所述下套筒上有进气孔；所述出气孔与所述空气加热装置的进气端连通，所述进气孔与所述空气加热装置的出气端连通；所述空气加热装置的信号输入端与所述处理器的信号输出端通信连接。Specifically, it also includes: an upper sleeve, a lower sleeve, an elastic component and an air heating device; the upper end of the upper sleeve is connected to the lower end of the upper loading disk; the lower end of the lower sleeve is connected to the upper end of the lower loading disk; the lower end of the upper sleeve is sleeved with the upper end of the lower sleeve; the lower end of the upper sleeve has an upper bending structure; the upper end of the lower sleeve has a lower bending structure; the upper end of the elastic component is connected to the upper bending structure, and the lower end of the elastic component is connected to the lower bending structure; there is an air outlet on the upper sleeve; there is an air inlet on the lower sleeve; the air outlet is communicated with the air inlet end of the air heating device, and the air inlet is communicated with the air outlet end of the air heating device; the signal input end of the air heating device is communicatively connected with the signal output end of the processor.
具体来说，在所述上套筒与所述下套筒之间有耐高温密封圈。Specifically, a high temperature resistant sealing ring is provided between the upper sleeve and the lower sleeve.
具体来说，还包括：温度监测部件；所述温度监测部件设置在所述空气加热装置的出气端；所述温度监测部件的信号输出端与所述处理器的信号输入端通信连接。Specifically, it also includes: a temperature monitoring component; the temperature monitoring component is arranged at the air outlet end of the air heating device; the signal output end of the temperature monitoring component is communicatively connected with the signal input end of the processor.
具体来说，还包括：压力监测部件；所述压力监测部件设置在所述动力缸的动力输出端；所述压力监测部件的信号输出端与所述处理器的信号输入端通信连接。Specifically, it also includes: a pressure monitoring component; the pressure monitoring component is arranged at the power output end of the power cylinder; the signal output end of the pressure monitoring component is communicatively connected with the signal input end of the processor.
具体来说，所述处理器至少用于基于DIC处理系统将所述拍摄部件拍摄的相邻的两张图片进行对比分析，比较试样上特殊点的位置变化，以实现对试样的全局变形监测。Specifically, the processor is at least used to compare and analyze two adjacent pictures taken by the shooting component based on the DIC processing system, and compare the position changes of special points on the sample to achieve global deformation monitoring of the sample.
具体来说，所述拍摄部件为工业相机。Specifically, the shooting component is an industrial camera.
本发明中提供的一个或多个技术方案，至少具有如下技术效果或优点：One or more technical solutions provided in the present invention have at least the following technical effects or advantages:
在试样的装样过程中，通过固定的导杆，限制了上加载盘的晃动以及旋转，从而降低了装样过程中可能会导致的试样损伤，提高了试验的合格率。同时，通过不同的液压装置施加轴压与扭矩，避免了轴力和扭矩施加过程中的相互干涉，提高了试验的准确性。During the sample loading process, the fixed guide rod limits the shaking and rotation of the upper loading plate, thereby reducing the sample damage that may be caused during the loading process and improving the test pass rate. At the same time, the axial pressure and torque are applied through different hydraulic devices to avoid mutual interference during the application of axial force and torque, thereby improving the accuracy of the test.
1、可以利用数字散斑相关法(DIC)对试样进行全场变形监测，不仅提高了监测精度，并且对试验环境的要求也极为宽松。1. Digital speckle correlation (DIC) can be used to monitor the full-field deformation of the sample, which not only improves the monitoring accuracy but also has extremely loose requirements on the test environment.
2、通过对空气加热装置和温度监测部件的使用，实现了不同温度状态下的岩石扭剪试验。通过伸缩隔温套筒，实现了加载过程中的温度控制，进而首次实现了高温状态下进行扭剪试验的技术效果。2. Through the use of air heating devices and temperature monitoring components, rock torsion shear tests under different temperature conditions were realized. Through the telescopic insulation sleeve, the temperature control during the loading process was realized, and the technical effect of torsion shear tests under high temperature conditions was achieved for the first time.
附图说明BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
图1为本发明实施例提供的结合全局监测的岩石扭剪仪的主视图；FIG1 is a front view of a rock torsion shear instrument combined with global monitoring provided by an embodiment of the present invention;
图2为图1中截面1的剖面图；FIG2 is a cross-sectional view of section 1 in FIG1 ;
图3为图1中截面2的剖面图；FIG3 is a cross-sectional view of section 2 in FIG1 ;
图4为图1中截面3的剖面图；FIG4 is a cross-sectional view of section 3 in FIG1 ;
图5为图1中截面4的剖面图；FIG5 is a cross-sectional view of section 4 in FIG1 ;
图6为本发明实施例提供的结合全局监测的岩石扭剪仪中上套筒10和下套筒11的连接示意图；FIG6 is a schematic diagram of the connection between the upper sleeve 10 and the lower sleeve 11 in the rock torsion shear instrument combined with global monitoring provided by an embodiment of the present invention;
图7为本发明实施例提供的结合全局监测的岩石扭剪仪中上套筒10和下套筒11的连接部分放大图；FIG7 is an enlarged view of the connection portion of the upper sleeve 10 and the lower sleeve 11 in the rock torsion shear instrument combined with global monitoring provided by an embodiment of the present invention;
其中，1-框架，2-导杆，3-下压杆，4-上加载盘，5-下加载盘，6-回转马达，7-动力缸，8-拍摄部件，9-处理器，10-上套筒，11-下套筒，12-弹性部件，13-空气加热装置，14-出气孔，15-进气孔，16-耐高温密封圈，17-支架，18-试样，19-高压油管。Among them, 1-frame, 2-guide rod, 3-lower pressure rod, 4-upper loading plate, 5-lower loading plate, 6-rotation motor, 7-power cylinder, 8-shooting component, 9-processor, 10-upper sleeve, 11-lower sleeve, 12-elastic component, 13-air heating device, 14-air outlet, 15-air inlet, 16-high temperature resistant sealing ring, 17-bracket, 18-sample, 19-high pressure oil pipe.
具体实施方式Detailed ways
本发明实施例通过提供一种结合全局监测的岩石扭剪仪，能够研究由应力旋转而导致的强度降低以及变形规律。The embodiment of the present invention provides a rock torsion shear instrument combined with global monitoring, which can study the strength reduction and deformation law caused by stress rotation.
为了更好的理解上述技术方案，下面将结合说明书附图以及具体的实施方式对上述技术方案进行详细的说明。In order to better understand the above technical solution, the above technical solution will be described in detail below in conjunction with the accompanying drawings and specific implementation methods.
参见图1、图2、图3、图4和图5，本发明实施例提供的结合全局监测的岩石扭剪仪，包括：框架1、导杆2、下压杆3、上加载盘4、下加载盘5、回转马达6、动力缸7、拍摄部件8及处理器9；导杆2、下压杆3、回转马达6、动力缸7均设置在框架1上；上加载盘4设置在下压杆3的端部；下加载盘5设置在回转马达6上；在上加载盘4上有导向通孔；导杆2穿过导向通孔；动力缸7的动力输出端与下压杆3、回转马达6的动力输入端连通；拍摄部件8的拍摄端对向上加载盘4、下加载盘5之间，拍摄部件8的信号输出端与处理器9的信号输入端通信连接。Referring to Figures 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5, the rock torsion shear instrument combined with global monitoring provided by an embodiment of the present invention includes: a frame 1, a guide rod 2, a lower pressure rod 3, an upper loading disk 4, a lower loading disk 5, a rotary motor 6, a power cylinder 7, a shooting component 8 and a processor 9; the guide rod 2, the lower pressure rod 3, the rotary motor 6, and the power cylinder 7 are all arranged on the frame 1; the upper loading disk 4 is arranged at the end of the lower pressure rod 3; the lower loading disk 5 is arranged on the rotary motor 6; there is a guide through hole on the upper loading disk 4; the guide rod 2 passes through the guide through hole; the power output end of the power cylinder 7 is connected with the power input end of the lower pressure rod 3 and the rotary motor 6; the shooting end of the shooting component 8 is between the upper loading disk 4 and the lower loading disk 5, and the signal output end of the shooting component 8 is communicatively connected with the signal input end of the processor 9.
为了确保上加载盘4平衡下压，导杆2有左右两个对称分布，那么相应地，在上加载盘4上也有两个左右对称分布的导向通孔。In order to ensure that the upper loading plate 4 is pressed down in a balanced manner, the guide rods 2 are symmetrically distributed on the left and right sides. Accordingly, there are also two symmetrically distributed guide through holes on the upper loading plate 4 .
为了实现温度-应力耦合作用下的扭剪试验，参见图6和图7，还包括：上套筒10、下套筒11、弹性部件12及空气加热装置13；上套筒10的上端与上加载盘4的下端连接；下套筒11的下端与下加载盘5的上端连接；上套筒10的下端与下套筒11的上端套接；上套筒10的下端有上折弯结构；下套筒11的上端有下折弯结构；弹性部件12的上端与上折弯结构连接，弹性部件12的下端与下折弯结构连接；在上套筒10上有出气孔14；在下套筒11上有进气孔15；出气孔14与空气加热装置13的进气端连通，进气孔15与空气加热装置13的出气端连通；空气加热装置13的信号输入端与处理器9的信号输出端通信连接。通过弹性部件12，使上套筒10始终顶住上加载盘4，下套筒11始终顶住下加载盘5；并使上套筒10可以随上加载盘4向下运动。空气加热装置13通过接收信号，将从进气端进入的空气加热到指定温度，并送入套筒内，从而实现应力-温度耦合作用下的扭剪试验。本发明实施例能够实现0-200摄氏度的温度控制范围。In order to realize the torsional shear test under the action of temperature-stress coupling, referring to Figures 6 and 7, it also includes: an upper sleeve 10, a lower sleeve 11, an elastic component 12 and an air heating device 13; the upper end of the upper sleeve 10 is connected to the lower end of the upper loading disk 4; the lower end of the lower sleeve 11 is connected to the upper end of the lower loading disk 5; the lower end of the upper sleeve 10 is sleeved with the upper end of the lower sleeve 11; the lower end of the upper sleeve 10 has an upper bending structure; the upper end of the lower sleeve 11 has a lower bending structure; the upper end of the elastic component 12 is connected to the upper bending structure, and the lower end of the elastic component 12 is connected to the lower bending structure; there is an air outlet 14 on the upper sleeve 10; there is an air inlet 15 on the lower sleeve 11; the air outlet 14 is connected to the air inlet end of the air heating device 13, and the air inlet 15 is connected to the air outlet end of the air heating device 13; the signal input end of the air heating device 13 is communicatively connected to the signal output end of the processor 9. The upper sleeve 10 is always supported against the upper loading plate 4 and the lower sleeve 11 is always supported against the lower loading plate 5 by the elastic component 12, and the upper sleeve 10 can move downward with the upper loading plate 4. The air heating device 13 heats the air entering from the air inlet end to a specified temperature by receiving a signal and sends it into the sleeve, thereby realizing a torsional shear test under stress-temperature coupling. The embodiment of the present invention can achieve a temperature control range of 0-200 degrees Celsius.
在本实施例中，上套筒10和下套筒11的材质均为亚克力，弹性部件12为弹簧。In this embodiment, the upper sleeve 10 and the lower sleeve 11 are both made of acrylic, and the elastic component 12 is a spring.
为了保证高温气体不会溢出，在上套筒10与下套筒11之间有耐高温密封圈16。In order to prevent high-temperature gas from overflowing, a high-temperature resistant sealing ring 16 is provided between the upper sleeve 10 and the lower sleeve 11 .
为了实现对扭剪试验的温度环境的准确监测和调节，还包括：温度监测部件；温度监测部件设置在空气加热装置13的出气端；温度监测部件的信号输出端与处理器9的信号输入端通信连接。In order to accurately monitor and adjust the temperature environment of the torsional shear test, it also includes: a temperature monitoring component; the temperature monitoring component is arranged at the air outlet end of the air heating device 13; the signal output end of the temperature monitoring component is communicatively connected with the signal input end of the processor 9.
为了实现对扭剪试验的压力的准确监测和调节，还包括：压力监测部件；压力监测部件设置在动力缸7的动力输出端；压力监测部件的信号输出端与处理器9的信号输入端通信连接。In order to realize accurate monitoring and regulation of the pressure of the torsional shear test, it also includes: a pressure monitoring component; the pressure monitoring component is arranged at the power output end of the power cylinder 7; the signal output end of the pressure monitoring component is communicatively connected with the signal input end of the processor 9.
对试样18全局变形监测的过程进行具体说明，处理器9至少用于基于DIC处理系统将拍摄部件8拍摄的相邻的两张图片进行对比分析，比较试样18上特殊点的位置变化，以实现对试样18的全局变形监测。The process of global deformation monitoring of the sample 18 is specifically described. The processor 9 is at least used to compare and analyze two adjacent pictures taken by the shooting component 8 based on the DIC processing system, and compare the position changes of special points on the sample 18 to achieve global deformation monitoring of the sample 18.
在本实施例中，拍摄部件8为工业相机，工业相机通过工业相机支架17设置在框架1上。下压杆3为液压杆。回转马达6为液压回转马达。动力缸7为液压缸，液压缸通过高压油管19与液压杆、液压回转马达连接。In this embodiment, the shooting component 8 is an industrial camera, which is arranged on the frame 1 through the industrial camera bracket 17. The lower pressure rod 3 is a hydraulic rod. The rotary motor 6 is a hydraulic rotary motor. The power cylinder 7 is a hydraulic cylinder, which is connected to the hydraulic rod and the hydraulic rotary motor through a high-pressure oil pipe 19.
下面对本发明实施例提供的结合全局监测的岩石扭剪仪的结构进行进一步说明，本发明实施例分为轴力施加系统以及扭矩施加系统。轴力施加系统包括下压杆3、上加载盘4和导杆2；扭矩施加系统包括回转马达6和下加载盘5。由动力缸7提供动力来源，通过实时测量油压值，来调整下一时刻的动力缸7送量，以实现恒压加载。目标轴向压力以及目标扭矩在处理器9中设置。下压杆3可以将油压转换为轴向的压力，实现对岩石试样18的轴力施加。上加载盘4将下压杆3产生的压力作用在试样18上，并由导杆2限制移动路径，使其只能垂直移动。回转马达6可以将油压转变为扭矩，下加载盘5将回转马达6产生的扭矩传递到试样18上，并刻有直径为50mm圆，该圆与下加载盘5同心。工业相机可以对试样18进行高速率的实时拍照(0-6000帧/s)，采集照片为灰度图像，并实时传输进DIC处理系统中进行储存和处理。DIC处理系统将相邻的两张图片进行对比分析，比较试样18上特殊点的位置变化，以实现对试样18的全局变形监测。The structure of the rock torsion shear instrument combined with global monitoring provided by an embodiment of the present invention is further described below. The embodiment of the present invention is divided into an axial force application system and a torque application system. The axial force application system includes a lower pressure rod 3, an upper loading plate 4 and a guide rod 2; the torque application system includes a rotary motor 6 and a lower loading plate 5. The power source is provided by the power cylinder 7, and the delivery amount of the power cylinder 7 at the next moment is adjusted by measuring the oil pressure value in real time to achieve constant pressure loading. The target axial pressure and target torque are set in the processor 9. The lower pressure rod 3 can convert the oil pressure into axial pressure to achieve the axial force application on the rock sample 18. The upper loading plate 4 applies the pressure generated by the lower pressure rod 3 to the sample 18, and the guide rod 2 limits the moving path so that it can only move vertically. The rotary motor 6 can convert the oil pressure into torque, and the lower loading plate 5 transmits the torque generated by the rotary motor 6 to the sample 18, and is engraved with a circle with a diameter of 50 mm, which is concentric with the lower loading plate 5. The industrial camera can take pictures of the sample 18 at a high rate in real time (0-6000 frames/s), collect the pictures as grayscale images, and transmit them to the DIC processing system in real time for storage and processing. The DIC processing system compares and analyzes two adjacent pictures, and compares the position changes of special points on the sample 18 to achieve global deformation monitoring of the sample 18.
本发明实施例提供的结合全局监测的岩石扭剪仪的使用方法如下：The method for using the rock torsion shear instrument combined with global monitoring provided by the embodiment of the present invention is as follows:
1.对岩石试样18进行预处理。用酒精擦拭试样18两端，形成清洁面；在岩石试样18侧面喷涂散斑。1. Pre-treat the rock sample 18. Wipe both ends of the sample 18 with alcohol to form a clean surface; spray the side of the rock sample 18 with speckle.
2.通过液压杆将上加载盘4升高，将岩石试样18两端涂抹速干ab胶，并将岩石试样18放置于下加载盘5中心位置，并在岩石试样18外围套上亚克力套筒。2. Raise the upper loading plate 4 by the hydraulic rod, apply quick-drying AB glue to both ends of the rock sample 18, place the rock sample 18 at the center of the lower loading plate 5, and put an acrylic sleeve on the periphery of the rock sample 18.
3.下降上加载盘4，利用油压伺服系统对岩石试样18加载预压，使其受到0.1MPa的法向应力，静置待胶水凝固。3. Lower the upper loading plate 4 and use the hydraulic servo system to preload the rock sample 18 so that it is subjected to a normal stress of 0.1 MPa and then let it stand until the glue solidifies.
4.在电脑上输入所需温度，空气加热装置13开始工作，利用热气对试样18进行加热，静置30分钟。4. Input the required temperature on the computer, the air heating device 13 starts to work, and the sample 18 is heated by hot air, and then left to stand for 30 minutes.
5.启动工业相机，开始对岩石试样18进行高速拍摄。5. Start the industrial camera and begin taking high-speed photos of the rock sample 18 .
6.由油压伺服系统控制油压，使试样18所受荷载达到目标值。6. The hydraulic servo system controls the oil pressure so that the load on the sample 18 reaches the target value.
7.重复6步骤，可以实现多次加载循环的实时监测。7. Repeat step 6 to achieve real-time monitoring of multiple loading cycles.
8.试验结束，关闭工业相机，关闭空气加热系统，用热风机加热岩石试样18端部，取下试样18。8. After the test is finished, turn off the industrial camera, turn off the air heating system, heat the end of the rock sample 18 with a hot air blower, and remove the sample 18.
本发明实施例简化了装样过程，提高了合格率。通过内嵌DIC系统，实现了试样18的高精度全局监测。通过内嵌温控系统，首次实现了应力-温度耦合作用下的扭剪试验。The embodiment of the present invention simplifies the sample loading process and improves the qualified rate. Through the embedded DIC system, high-precision global monitoring of the sample 18 is achieved. Through the embedded temperature control system, the torsion shear test under stress-temperature coupling is achieved for the first time.
尽管已描述了本发明的优选实施例，但本领域内的技术人员一旦得知了基本创造性概念，则可对这些实施例作出另外的变更和修改。所以，所附权利要求意欲解释为包括优选实施例以及落入本发明范围的所有变更和修改。Although the preferred embodiments of the present invention have been described, those skilled in the art may make other changes and modifications to these embodiments once they have learned the basic creative concept. Therefore, the appended claims are intended to be interpreted as including the preferred embodiments and all changes and modifications that fall within the scope of the present invention.
显然，本领域的技术人员可以对本发明进行各种改动和变型而不脱离本发明的精神和范围。这样，倘若本发明的这些修改和变型属于本发明权利要求及其等同技术的范围之内，则本发明也意图包含这些改动和变型在内。Obviously, those skilled in the art can make various changes and modifications to the present invention without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention. Thus, if these modifications and variations of the present invention fall within the scope of the claims of the present invention and their equivalents, the present invention is also intended to include these modifications and variations.
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