CN115351420A - Laser modification welding method - Google Patents
Laser modification welding method Download PDFInfo
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- CN115351420A CN115351420A CN202210979584.6A CN202210979584A CN115351420A CN 115351420 A CN115351420 A CN 115351420A CN 202210979584 A CN202210979584 A CN 202210979584A CN 115351420 A CN115351420 A CN 115351420A
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K26/00—Working by laser beam, e.g. welding, cutting or boring
- B23K26/20—Bonding
- B23K26/21—Bonding by welding
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K26/00—Working by laser beam, e.g. welding, cutting or boring
- B23K26/08—Devices involving relative movement between laser beam and workpiece
- B23K26/082—Scanning systems, i.e. devices involving movement of the laser beam relative to the laser head
Abstract
The application discloses a laser modification welding method, relates to the field of laser welding, and aims to solve the technical problem that the existing modification welding method cannot eliminate the defect of a deeper pore of a welding line. The laser modification welding method comprises the following steps: under the protection of inert gas, cleaning after carrying out first laser modification welding on a metal material to be welded by adopting a laser and a laser welding head to obtain an initial welding line I; when the first laser modification welding is carried out, the laser welding head does not start the scanning function of the two-dimensional galvanometer; obtaining a second laser modification welding parameter based on the initial welding seam I; performing secondary laser modification welding on the initial welding seam I by using a laser and a laser welding head under the protection of inert gas based on the secondary laser modification welding parameters to obtain a modified welding seam II; and when the laser modification welding is carried out for the second time, the laser welding head starts the scanning function of the two-dimensional galvanometer.
Description
Technical Field
The application relates to the field of laser welding, in particular to a laser modification welding method.
Background
The laser welding has the advantages of high energy density, large depth ratio of welding seams, small welding deformation, high efficiency, wide material adaptability and the like, and is widely applied to the welding of metal structural members in the fields of aviation, aerospace, nuclear power, rail transit and the like. With the development of high-power lasers, the advantages of large fusion depth and high-speed laser welding in the aspects of efficiency, deformation and precision control are more remarkable. The high-power laser deep melting welding mainly depends on the establishment of a keyhole under the metal evaporation recoil force, and the defects of unsmooth laser welding surface formation, undercut, tatting, air holes and the like can be caused by the plume generated by metal evaporation and the violent oscillation of a molten pool, so that the welding quality and the safety and reliability of the structure are seriously influenced. Therefore, the method for improving the quality of the laser welding seam by adopting the modified welding has very important engineering significance.
However, most of the existing modification welding methods are thermal conduction welding methods, the depth of the modification layer is limited, and the defect of air holes in deeper layers of welding seams cannot be eliminated.
Disclosure of Invention
The application mainly aims to provide a laser modification welding method, and aims to solve the technical problem that the existing modification welding method cannot eliminate the defect of a deeper pore of a welding seam.
In order to solve the technical problem, the application provides: a laser modified welding method comprises the following steps:
under the protection of inert gas, cleaning after performing first laser modification welding on a metal material to be welded by adopting a laser and a laser welding head to obtain an initial welding seam I; when the first laser modification welding is carried out, the laser welding head does not start the scanning function of the two-dimensional galvanometer;
obtaining a second laser modification welding parameter based on the initial welding seam I;
performing secondary laser modified welding on the initial welding seam I by using a laser and a laser welding head under the protection of inert gas based on the secondary laser modified welding parameters to obtain a modified welding seam II; and when the second laser modification welding is carried out, the laser welding head starts the scanning function of the two-dimensional galvanometer.
As some optional embodiments of the present application, before the obtaining of the second laser modified welding parameter based on the initial weld I, the method further includes:
and performing appearance forming and internal quality detection on the initial welding seam I, and filling metal filling sheets which are used for the metal materials to be welded and have the same material at the defect positions with undercut or overlarge lower beds.
As some optional embodiments of the present application, the metal material to be welded includes: at least one of carbon steel, stainless steel and aluminum alloy.
As some optional embodiments of the present application, the thickness of the metal material to be welded is 3 to 5mm.
As some optional embodiments of the present application, the parameters of the first laser modified weld include: the scanning function of the two-dimensional galvanometer is not started, the focal length of the laser is 480mm, the diameter of a focal spot is 0.36mm, the output power of the laser is 4kW, the welding speed is 1.2m/min, and high-purity argon with the purity of 99.999 percent is adopted as the shielding gas.
As some optional embodiments of the present application, the parameters of the second laser modified weld include: and starting a scanning function of a two-dimensional galvanometer, wherein the focal length of laser is 480mm, the diameter of a focal spot is 0.36mm, the scanning path is a circle with the diameter of 4mm, the scanning frequency is 50Hz, the output power of the laser is 4kW, and the welding speed of the modified welding is 1.2m/min.
As some alternative embodiments herein, the inert gas comprises at least one of helium, argon, and nitrogen; the purity of the inert gas is more than or equal to 99 percent.
As some optional embodiments of the present application, the laser comprises at least one of a fiber laser, a disk laser, and a semiconductor laser.
As some optional embodiments of the present application, the welding manner includes at least one of overlapping and splicing.
As some optional embodiments of the present application, the welding location comprises at least one of a vertical weld, a horizontal weld, and an overhead weld.
The existing modification welding method is generally TIG remelting modification welding, electron beam modification welding, laser modification welding and the like. TIG remelting modification welding depth is shallow, efficiency is low, heat input is large, and influence on joint deformation and structure performance is large; the electron beam modified welding requires a vacuum environment, has poor accessibility and relatively complicated process. The existing laser modified welding mainly adopts the methods that the size of a light spot is increased by defocusing a light beam, and the energy distribution of the light beam is changed by an integral mirror, so that the energy density of the laser is reduced, the laser welding is changed from a deep fusion welding mode to a thermal conduction welding mode, the fusion depth is reduced, the fusion width is increased, the undercut amount of the surface of a welding seam and the defect of air holes close to the surface layer are reduced, and the forming quality of the welding seam is improved. However, both of these two laser modification methods are thermal conduction welding methods, and the depth of the modification layer is limited, so that the defect of the air hole at the deeper layer of the welding seam cannot be eliminated. Therefore, the application provides a laser modification welding method, namely under the protection of inert gas, a laser and a laser welding head are adopted to carry out first laser modification welding on a metal material to be welded, and then cleaning is carried out to obtain an initial welding line I; when the first laser modification welding is carried out, the laser welding head does not start the scanning function of the two-dimensional galvanometer; obtaining a second laser modification welding parameter based on the initial welding seam I; performing secondary laser modification welding on the initial welding seam I by using a laser and a laser welding head under the protection of inert gas based on the secondary laser modification welding parameters to obtain a modified welding seam II; and when the second laser modification welding is carried out, the laser welding head starts the scanning function of the two-dimensional galvanometer. The method has the advantages that under the protection of inert gas, the metal to be welded is subjected to modification welding twice, the two-dimensional galvanometer scanning function of the laser welding head is not started during the first laser modification welding, the two-dimensional galvanometer scanning function of the laser welding head is started during the second laser modification welding, the method for performing modification welding by changing the movement track and the action position of a light beam based on the two-dimensional galvanometer scanning mode is adopted, the surface layer and the internal defects are deeply repaired, and the quality of a welding seam is improved; the two-dimensional galvanometer scanning does not change the energy distribution of the light beam, so that the modification welding can be carried out in a deep fusion welding mode, and compared with a heat conduction modification welding method adopting defocusing of the light beam and shaping of an integrator mirror in the prior art, the modification layer is deeper, and the deeper internal welding defect is reduced to the greatest extent.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic flow chart illustrating steps of a laser modified welding method according to an embodiment of the present disclosure;
FIG. 2 is a schematic illustration of a laser modified welding method according to an embodiment of the present application;
wherein, 1-a collimating mirror; 2-X axis galvanometer; 3-Y axis galvanometer; 4-a laser beam; 5-a focusing mirror; 6-initial weld I; 7-modifying the weld joint II; 8-metal material to be welded.
Detailed Description
It should be understood that the specific embodiments described herein are merely illustrative of the present application and are not intended to limit the present application.
The laser welding has the advantages of high energy density, large depth ratio of welding seams, small welding deformation, high efficiency, wide material adaptability and the like, and is widely applied to the welding of metal structural members in the fields of aviation, aerospace, nuclear power, rail transit and the like. With the development of high-power lasers, the advantages of large fusion depth and high-speed laser welding in the aspects of efficiency, deformation and precision control are more remarkable. The high-power laser deep melting welding mainly depends on the establishment of a keyhole under the metal evaporation recoil force, and the defects of unsmooth forming, undercut, tattle, air holes and the like of the laser welding surface can be caused by the plume generated by metal evaporation and the violent oscillation of a molten pool, so that the welding quality and the safety and reliability of the structure are seriously influenced. Therefore, the method for improving the quality of the laser welding seam by adopting the modified welding has very important engineering significance.
However, most of the current modification welding methods are thermal conduction welding methods, and the depth of the modification layer is limited, so that the defect of air holes in deeper layers of the welding seam cannot be eliminated. For example, the existing modified welding method is generally TIG remelting modified welding, electron beam modified welding, laser modified welding and the like. TIG remelting modification welding depth is shallow, efficiency is low, heat input is large, and influence on joint deformation and structure performance is large; the electron beam modified welding requires a vacuum environment, has poor accessibility and relatively complicated process. The existing laser modified welding mainly adopts the methods that the size of a light spot is increased by defocusing a light beam, and the energy distribution of the light beam is changed by an integral mirror, so that the energy density of the laser is reduced, the laser welding is changed from a deep fusion welding mode to a thermal conduction welding mode, the fusion depth is reduced, the fusion width is increased, the undercut amount of the surface of a welding seam and the defect of air holes close to the surface layer are reduced, and the forming quality of the welding seam is improved. However, both of these two laser modification methods are thermal conductivity welding methods, and the depth of the modification layer is limited, so that the defect of the deeper pores of the weld cannot be eliminated.
Based on this, the main objective of the present application is to provide a laser trimming welding method, which aims to solve the technical problem that the existing trimming welding method cannot eliminate the air hole defect at the deeper layer of the welding seam.
As shown in fig. 1, a laser trimming welding method provided in the embodiments of the present application includes the following steps:
s10, under the protection of inert gas, cleaning after performing first laser trimming welding on a metal material to be welded by adopting a laser and a laser welding head to obtain an initial welding line I; and when the first laser modification welding is carried out, the laser welding head does not start the scanning function of the two-dimensional galvanometer.
In a specific application, in order to achieve the expected effect of the technical solution described in the embodiment of the present application, the technical solution of the present application is specifically defined, that is, the laser includes at least one of a fiber laser, a disk laser, and a semiconductor laser, or other lasers; the laser welding head is a laser machining head with a two-dimensional galvanometer scanning function; the metal to be welded comprises at least one metal material of carbon steel, stainless steel and aluminum alloy; the thickness of the metal material to be welded is 3-5 mm; the welding mode comprises at least one of overlapping and splicing; the welding position comprises at least one of vertical welding, horizontal welding and overhead welding; the inert gas comprises at least one of helium, argon and nitrogen; the purity of the inert gas is more than or equal to 99 percent.
In specific application, after the metal material to be welded is subjected to first laser modification welding by adopting a laser and a laser welding head, cleaning modes comprise mechanical polishing, chemical cleaning or laser cleaning and other surface cleaning methods, and the defects of an oxide film, splashing and the like on the surface of an initial welding seam I are mainly overcome.
In specific application, when the laser welding process parameters are improperly selected, the welding process becomes unstable, the defects of air holes, undercut and the like easily occur to a welding joint, and the actual application requirements in the aerospace precision manufacturing field are difficult to meet. The parameters of the first laser modified weld described herein thus include: the scanning function of the two-dimensional galvanometer is not started, the focal length of the laser is 480mm, the diameter of a focal spot is 0.36mm, the output power of the laser is 4kW, the welding speed is 1.2m/min, and high-purity argon with the purity of 99.999% is adopted as the shielding gas.
In a specific application, in order to minimize the internal welding defects in a deeper layer, before the obtaining of the second laser modified welding parameters based on the initial weld I, the method further comprises:
and performing appearance forming and internal quality detection on the initial welding seam I, and filling metal filling sheets which are used for the metal materials to be welded and have the same material at the defect positions with undercut or overlarge lower beds.
And S20, obtaining a second laser modification welding parameter based on the initial welding seam I.
In specific application, when the parameters of the laser welding process are improperly selected, the welding process becomes unstable, the defects of air holes, undercut and the like easily occur to a welding joint, and the actual application requirements in the aerospace precision manufacturing field are difficult to meet. The parameters of the second laser trim weld described herein therefore include: and starting a scanning function of a two-dimensional galvanometer, wherein the focal length of laser is 480mm, the diameter of a focal spot is 0.36mm, the scanning path is a circle with the diameter of 4mm, the scanning frequency is 50Hz, the output power of the laser is 4kW, and the welding speed of the modified welding is 1.2m/min.
In a specific application, setting parameters of the secondary laser modified welding based on the defect characteristics of the initial weld I, such as judging whether the initial weld I has typical defects such as undercut, collapse or air holes.
S30, performing secondary laser modified welding on the initial welding seam I by using a laser and a laser welding head under the protection of inert gas based on the secondary laser modified welding parameters to obtain a modified welding seam II; and when the second laser modification welding is carried out, the laser welding head starts the scanning function of the two-dimensional galvanometer.
In a specific application, in order to achieve the expected effect of the technical solution described in the embodiment of the present application, the technical solution of the present application is specifically defined, that is, the laser includes at least one of a fiber laser, a disk laser, and a semiconductor laser, or other lasers; the laser welding head is a laser machining head with a two-dimensional galvanometer scanning function; the metal to be welded comprises at least one metal material of carbon steel, stainless steel and aluminum alloy; the thickness of the metal material to be welded is 3-5 mm; the welding mode comprises at least one of overlapping and splicing; the welding position comprises at least one of vertical welding, transverse welding and overhead welding; the inert gas comprises at least one of helium, argon and nitrogen; the purity of the inert gas is more than or equal to 99 percent.
In a specific application, the first laser modified welding and the second laser modified welding are different in that the first laser modified welding does not start the galvanometer scanning function, and the second laser modified welding starts the galvanometer scanning function. In this embodiment, the laser welding head used for the first laser modification welding and the laser welding head used for the second laser modification welding are completed by the same laser welding head, and hardware does not need to be replaced.
It can be seen that, as shown in fig. 2, the laser galvanometer scanning welding is a novel laser welding technique, laser beams are incident on two reflectors of the scanning galvanometer in a pulse or continuous mode, the reflectors are driven to deflect by motors in the X and Y directions, so that the light beams are rapidly moved in a specific plane, and finally are focused on the surface of a workpiece through a focusing lens to form a specific scanning track. According to the principle of the laser galvanometer scanning welding technology, when a laser beam swings along a certain scanning track, the action range of a laser spot is enlarged compared with that of scanning-free laser welding, the gap adaptability of a joint can be improved, the assembling precision requirement before welding of an operator is reduced, and the production efficiency is improved. In the laser beam swing process, the position of a heat source is changed continuously, so that the temperature distribution and the heat flow direction in a welding molten pool are influenced, and the maximum heat dissipation direction in the molten pool is changed continuously. Because the preferred growth direction of the columnar crystal is opposite to the maximum heat dissipation direction, the columnar crystal which preferentially grows at the previous moment is selected, and the growth at the next moment can be inhibited, so that the growth orientation of the columnar crystal of the laser welding head is damaged, and the uniformity of the structure is improved. In addition, due to the reciprocating swing of the laser beam to the welding seam, on one hand, the local welding seam is remelted, the existence time of a liquid molten pool is prolonged, on the other hand, the laser welding keyhole synchronously swings along with the laser beam, the stirring effect is realized on the welding molten pool, the convection of liquid metal in the molten pool is promoted, and the laser welding keyhole are both beneficial to eliminating air holes in the welding seam. However, the scanning action track of the laser galvanometer is a two-dimensional plane, so that three-dimensional effective intervention on the solidification and crystallization process of liquid metal in a molten pool cannot be realized, and laser can only play an oscillation role on a local area on a scanning path at the same time, so that the action effect on the whole molten pool is limited.
Compared with the prior art, the method has the advantages that the metal to be welded is subjected to modification welding in two times under the protection of inert gas, the two-dimensional galvanometer scanning function of the laser welding head is not started during the first laser modification welding, the two-dimensional galvanometer scanning function of the laser welding head is started during the second laser modification welding, the method for performing modification welding by changing the movement track and the action position of a light beam based on the two-dimensional galvanometer scanning mode is adopted, the surface layer and internal defects are deeply repaired, and the quality of a welding seam is improved; the two-dimensional galvanometer scanning does not change the energy distribution of the light beam, so that the trimming welding can be carried out in a deep fusion welding mode, and compared with a heat conduction mode trimming welding method adopting defocusing of the light beam and shaping of an integrating mirror in the prior art, the trimming layer is deeper, and the deeper internal welding defects are reduced to the greatest extent.
The process described in the present application is described in more detail below with reference to specific examples:
example 1
A10 kW fiber laser and a Wobble-60 laser welding head with a two-dimensional galvanometer scanning function are used for welding a TC4 titanium alloy butt joint with the thickness of 4mm, the joint is in a butt joint form, the laser focal length is 480mm, the galvanometer scanning function is not started, the focal spot diameter is 0.36mm, the laser output power is 4kW, the welding speed is 1.2m/min, high-purity argon with the purity of 99.999% is adopted as shielding gas, an initial welding line is obtained, the formation and the internal quality of the welding line are detected after welding, and whether typical defects such as undercut, collapse and air holes exist or not is detected.
Removing an oxide film on the surface of an initial welding line by adopting a mechanical polishing method, determining the positions of overproof defects such as undercut, collapse, air holes and the like, prefabricating a metal filling sheet which is the same as a parent metal for the ground with the undercut or the overlarge lower couch, wherein the prefabricated filling sheet is a TC4 titanium alloy sheet with the thickness of 1mm, 2mm and 3mm, and obtaining the initial welding line I.
According to the defect characteristics of the initial weld I, parameters such as a galvanometer scanning parameter, a scanning path, laser power and the like are set, the scanning path is a circle with the diameter of 4mm, the scanning frequency is 50Hz, and the laser power is selected to be the same as the laser power during welding of the initial weld I, namely 4kW.
Starting a galvanometer scanning function of a laser welding head, carrying out laser modified welding on an initial welding seam I, wherein the welding speed of the modified welding is 1.2m/min, the shielding gas adopts high-purity argon with the purity of 99.999 percent to obtain a modified welding seam II, carrying out appearance forming and internal quality detection on the welding seam after welding, and comparing the change conditions of undercut, bed descending and air hole defects before and after the modified welding. And comparing and modifying the forming size of the welding seam before and after welding through an optical microscope picture of the welding section, and comparing the change condition of the air hole defect in the welding seam through X-ray flaw detection.
The above description is only a preferred embodiment of the present application, and not intended to limit the scope of the present application, and all modifications of equivalent structures and equivalent processes, which are made by the contents of the specification and the drawings of the present application, or which are directly or indirectly applied to other related technical fields, are included in the scope of the present application.
Claims (10)
1. A laser trimming welding method is characterized by comprising the following steps:
under the protection of inert gas, cleaning after carrying out first laser modification welding on a metal material to be welded by adopting a laser and a laser welding head to obtain an initial welding line I; when the first laser modification welding is carried out, the laser welding head does not start the scanning function of the two-dimensional galvanometer;
obtaining a second laser modification welding parameter based on the initial welding seam I;
performing secondary laser modification welding on the initial welding seam I by using a laser and a laser welding head under the protection of inert gas based on the secondary laser modification welding parameters to obtain a modified welding seam II; and when the second laser modification welding is carried out, the laser welding head starts the scanning function of the two-dimensional galvanometer.
2. The laser modified welding method of claim 1, further comprising, prior to said obtaining a second laser modified welding parameter based on said initial weld I:
and performing appearance forming and internal quality detection on the initial welding seam I, and filling metal filling sheets which are used for the metal materials to be welded and have the same material at the defect positions with undercut or overlarge lower beds.
3. The laser modified welding method of claim 1, wherein the metal material to be welded comprises: at least one of carbon steel, stainless steel and aluminum alloy.
4. The laser modified welding method of claim 2, wherein the thickness of the metal material to be welded is 3 to 5mm.
5. The laser modified welding method of claim 1, wherein the parameters of the first laser modified weld comprise: the scanning function of the two-dimensional galvanometer is not started, the focal length of the laser is 480mm, the diameter of a focal spot is 0.36mm, the output power of the laser is 4kW, the welding speed is 1.2m/min, and high-purity argon with the purity of 99.999 percent is adopted as the shielding gas.
6. The laser modified welding method of claim 1 wherein the parameters of the second laser modified weld comprise: starting a scanning function of a two-dimensional galvanometer, wherein the focal length of laser is 480mm, the diameter of a focal spot is 0.36mm, a scanning path is a circle with the diameter of 4mm, the scanning frequency is 50Hz, the output power of the laser is 4kW, and the welding speed of the modified welding is 1.2m/min.
7. The laser modified welding method of claim 1, wherein the inert gas comprises at least one of helium, argon, and nitrogen; the purity of the inert gas is more than or equal to 99 percent.
8. The laser modified welding method of claim 1, wherein the laser comprises at least one of a fiber laser, a disk laser, and a semiconductor laser.
9. The laser modified welding method of claim 1, wherein the welding mode comprises at least one of overlapping and splicing.
10. The laser modified welding method of claim 1, wherein the welding location comprises at least one of a vertical weld, a transverse weld, and an overhead weld.
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Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN115889997A (en) * | 2022-12-30 | 2023-04-04 | 华钛空天(北京)技术有限责任公司 | Method for welding control surface by laser welding |
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Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN115889997A (en) * | 2022-12-30 | 2023-04-04 | 华钛空天(北京)技术有限责任公司 | Method for welding control surface by laser welding |
| CN115889997B (en) * | 2022-12-30 | 2024-03-12 | 华钛空天(北京)技术有限责任公司 | Method for welding control surface by laser welding |
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