CN115349528B - Composite preparation for preventing and treating early fallen leaves of fruit trees as well as preparation method and application thereof - Google Patents
Composite preparation for preventing and treating early fallen leaves of fruit trees as well as preparation method and application thereof Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention discloses a compound preparation for preventing and treating early fallen leaves of fruit trees, and a preparation method and application thereof. The composite preparation comprises the following raw materials in parts by weight: 0.2 to 1.0 part of chitosan oligosaccharide, 10 to 25 parts of purple sweet potato extract, 0.2 to 1.0 part of complex enzyme glycoside, 0.02 to 0.08 part of sulfur powder, 0.02 to 0.06 part of xanthan gum, 0.1 to 0.9 part of inorganic salt composition, 0.1 to 0.5 part of tween-20 and 200 parts of water. The compound preparation has remarkable effect on preventing and controlling early fallen leaves of fruit trees, replaces a chemical pesticide prevention and control method, eliminates potential food safety hazards, and when no obvious symptoms are seen in early fallen leaves of fruit trees, the compound preparation is sprayed on the back of the leaf surfaces of the fruit trees, so that the fruit trees obtain disease resistance, and the incidence of fallen leaves is reduced, thereby achieving the purpose of effectively preventing and controlling early fallen leaves of the fruit trees.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of fruit tree defoliation control, and in particular relates to a compound preparation for controlling early fruit tree defoliation as well as a preparation method and application thereof.
Background
The leaf is an important plant for producing nutrient samples of fruit trees, and a great amount of nutrients required by the growth and development of the fruit trees, the differentiation of flower buds and the expansion of fruits are all 'sourced' from the leaf, and the photosynthesis of the leaf plays a decisive role in the development, growth, yield and quality of the tree body, so that the protection of the fruit leaf is particularly important.
Early fallen leaves of fruits are one of important influencing factors which plague the development of fruit tree industries such as apples, pears and the like, and the occurrence of the fallen leaves can weaken the fruit tree bodies of the fruit trees, so that the fruits lack nutrition and cannot normally develop, the yield is reduced, the quality is obviously reduced, and the production and the economic benefit of the orchards are seriously influenced. The inducing factors for early fallen leaves of fruit trees are many, and the inducing mechanism is complex, such as physiological fallen leaves, unreasonable digital structure, pathological fallen leaves and the like. Wherein, after the fruit tree is affected by leaf fall, early leaf fall can be caused, the tree vigor is seriously weakened, bud-crossing germination and secondary flowering are caused, and the yield of the fruit tree in the second year is greatly influenced. The diseases causing early leaf fall of the fruit trees are mainly caused by browning diseases, alternaria leaf spot, cladosporium cucumerinum and the like singly or concurrently, and when the disease leaves overwinter and meet proper humidity and temperature conditions in the next year, bacterial spores can spread and attack the leaves of the fruit trees, so that the leaf fall of the fruit trees is caused, the health of the tree bodies is endangered, and the quality and quality of fruits are influenced.
At present, the early fallen leaves of the fruit trees are firstly subjected to field management, fallen leaves and weeds are removed, and bacteria attached to the fallen leaves and the weeds are reduced; secondly, organic fertilizer can be additionally applied, the growth vigor of the fruit tree body is enhanced, and the disease resistance is enhanced; in addition, the prevention and control of the medicament are very important, and chemical medicaments such as tebuconazole, pyraclostrobin, azoxystrobin and the like are mostly adopted for the prevention and control at present. The long-term use of a large amount of chemical agents can cause the pathogenic bacteria to produce antibodies, and the pesticide residues on fruits are high, so that the environmental pollution is serious, and the food safety is seriously threatened. Therefore, the development of efficient and environment-friendly control agents is particularly important.
Purple sweet potato, annual herbaceous plant of Convolvulaceae, rich in protein, starch, pectin, cellulose, amino acid, vitamins and various minerals, selenium element and anthocyanin, the main chemical components of the plant extract are flavonoid anthocyanin. Anthocyanin is easy to dissolve in polar solvents such as water, ethanol and the like, has the effects of resisting oxidation, inhibiting bacteria, resisting aging and the like, and has high application value in the industries of foods, chemical engineering, cosmetics and medicines.
Chitosan (COS) is a series of oligosaccharides with a certain polymerization degree and a certain structure, which are only positive-charge cation basic amino oligosaccharides in nature, by taking chitosan (chitosan) as a raw material and degrading the chitosan into the chitosan. The chitosan oligosaccharide is a plant resistance inducer, has the characteristics of good water solubility, no toxicity or environmental pollution and dual biological regulation functions of drug effect and fertilizer effect, and can induce and activate the plant immune system, improve the antiviral ability of plants, strengthen the tree vigor, promote growth and prevent early defoliation.
The invention relates to a liquid fertilizer for preventing early leaf fall of pear trees and a preparation method and application thereof (patent application number: 201410618101.5); the invention relates to a high-efficiency slow-release fertilizer for preventing mango anthracnose and a preparation method thereof (patent application number: 201610892896.8); the invention relates to a special nutrition balanced water-soluble fertilizer for pear trees (patent application number: 201610767781.6); the fertilizer preparation methods disclosed in the above patents are added with a certain amount of amino-chitosan oligosaccharide/amino-oligosaccharin, which plays a certain role in preventing early defoliation of fruit trees, but the number of test designs is too small.
The invention relates to a blueberry anthocyanin and chitosan oligosaccharide composition and a preparation method thereof (patent application number: 201510647535.2); the above patent discloses that the blueberry anthocyanin and chitosan oligosaccharide composition is utilized to prepare the nutritional sample health food.
The article "study on the control effect and mechanism of brown rot of the picked Feicheng peach by treatment of chitosan oligosaccharide and purple sweet potato anthocyanin", gu Rongxin, zhu Liqin, liu Na and the like, fruit tree report, 2013, 30 (5), 835-840. The above article discloses that both chitosan oligosaccharide and anthocyanin have an inhibiting effect on brown rot in the Feicheng, but do not relate to the aspect of preventing and controlling fallen leaves of fruit trees.
The invention relates to a compound resistance inducer for preventing and treating early leaf drop of red-yang kiwi fruit spots in southern areas and a preparation method and application thereof (patent application number: 202110333980.7); the article "research on the application of chitosan oligosaccharide in the production of early maturing pears", liu Hong, wang Xiaowei, cheng Lan, etc., southern fruit trees in China, 2012, 41 (1), 17-21. The above patent or article discloses reports of chitosan oligosaccharide on fruit tree defoliation control, but does not relate to combination with purple potato extract for fruit tree defoliation control.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims at overcoming the defects of the prior art, and provides a compound preparation for preventing and treating early defoliation of fruit trees, a preparation method and application thereof. The prepared composite preparation takes chitosan oligosaccharide and purple sweet potato extract as main components, and improves the disease resistance of fruit trees, thereby achieving the purpose of preventing and controlling early defoliation of the fruit trees, being beneficial to disease resistance and yield increase of the fruit trees, improving the fruit quality and eliminating the potential safety hazard of food.
The invention aims at providing a preparation method of a compound preparation for preventing and treating early defoliation of fruit trees, which is realized by the following technical scheme:
the composite preparation for preventing and treating early fallen leaves of fruit trees comprises the following raw materials in parts by weight: 0.2 to 1.0 part of chitosan oligosaccharide, 10 to 25 parts of purple sweet potato extract, 0.2 to 1.0 part of complex enzyme glycoside, 0.02 to 0.08 part of sulfur powder, 0.02 to 0.06 part of xanthan gum, 0.1 to 0.9 part of inorganic salt composition, 0.1 to 0.5 part of tween-20 and 200 parts of water.
Further, the preparation method of the purple sweet potato extract comprises the following steps:
step 1: fresh purple sweet potato and ethanol solution with the concentration of 40-45% are mixed uniformly according to the feed liquid ratio of 1:10-1:15, heated and extracted for 1-2 h at the temperature of 60-75 ℃, and filtered and collected.
Step 2: adding water into the filtrate obtained in the step 1 to prepare a solution with the pH value of 4.0-5.0, sealing, and sterilizing in a 130 ℃ high-pressure steam sterilizing pot for 15-20 min to obtain the purple sweet potato extract.
Further, the chitosan oligosaccharide is prepared from high-quality chitosan serving as a raw material in a laboratory by adopting a specific enzymolysis method and an advanced membrane separation technology.
Further, the complex enzyme glycoside is a microbial metabolite independently developed by the tobacco stand division of the biosciences of biosciences, gu Li, inc.
Further, the sulfur powder is solid powder sulfur powder with 500-1000 meshes.
8. Further, the inorganic salt composition is a mixture of boric acid, potassium dihydrogen phosphate and sodium molybdate, and the weight ratio is 1:2-5:0.05-0.3.
Further, the preparation method of the composite preparation for preventing and treating early defoliation of fruit trees comprises the following steps: weighing chitosan oligosaccharide, purple sweet potato extract, complex enzyme glycoside, sulfur powder, xanthan gum, inorganic salt composition and tween-20 according to the weight ratio, slowly adding the xanthan gum and the purple sweet potato extract into the sulfur powder under the stirring state, adding water after uniformly mixing, sequentially adding the chitosan oligosaccharide, the complex enzyme glycoside, the inorganic salt composition and the tween-20, uniformly stirring, filling into a sterile bottle, and sealing and preserving to prepare the compound preparation.
The chitosan oligosaccharide added in the invention induces the expression of protein genes related to leaf disease course and the improvement of defensive enzyme activity by regulating the autoimmune system of plants, thereby stimulating the leaf to generate a series of defensive behaviors and generating disease resistance.
And extracting anthocyanin in the purple sweet potato by adopting an acidified ethanol solvent extraction method. Anthocyanin is a flavonoid compound, has the effects of sterilization and antioxidation, can effectively inhibit occurrence of diseases, and is an ideal functional natural pigment.
The complex enzyme glycoside is a microorganism metabolite, has a strong root system, and improves the nutrient absorption capacity of the tree body; can promote nutrient backflow and improve stress resistance of plants; effectively inhibit bacterial infection and reduce bacterial diseases.
The sulfur powder added into the composite preparation is an acidic compound, and is used on vegetables, flowers and fruit trees, and has the effects of sterilizing, preserving, regulating acidity and alkalinity, promoting wound healing and preventing and treating diseases. The sulfur powder with proper concentration can loosen the horny layer of the leaf, stimulates the air holes of the leaf to open, is beneficial to the penetration of the medicament into the leaf and is beneficial to better absorption of the leaf. Because the sulfur powder has poor water solubility, the added xanthan gum has good suspending and emulsifying effects on the sulfur powder.
The addition of the inorganic salt composition (boric acid, potassium dihydrogen phosphate and sodium molybdate) can better increase nutrition for the leaves of the fruit trees and increase the metabolic function of the leaves. Wherein boric acid plays an important role in the synthesis and transport of carbohydrates, which are the products of leaf photosynthesis; the monopotassium phosphate supplements phosphorus and potassium elements for the leaves, so that the leaves are rich and dense, and the disease resistance is enhanced; sodium molybdate participates in nitrogen metabolism in plants, promotes the absorption and transportation of phosphorus, and plays an important role in the growth of plants.
Tween-20 with proper concentration is also added into the formula as an auxiliary agent, and the tween-20 is a commonly used nonionic surfactant, has the functions of emulsification, solubilization, diffusion and stabilization, and is beneficial to the stable preservation of the composite preparation.
The second purpose of the invention is to provide the application of the composite preparation in the aspect of early leaf fall prevention and control of fruit trees.
Further, the composite preparation is applied to the aspect of early defoliation prevention and treatment of fruit trees.
Further, the compound preparation is applied to the early leaf drop prevention and control of apples and pear trees.
The invention has the following beneficial effects:
1. the invention creatively develops a compound preparation for preventing and treating early fallen leaves of fruit trees by replacing chemical pesticides, and when no obvious symptoms are found in the early fallen leaves of the fruit trees, the compound preparation is sprayed on the back of leaf surfaces, so that the fruit trees obtain systemic disease resistance, the incidence of the fallen leaves is reduced, and the aim of effectively preventing and treating the early fallen leaves of the fruit trees is achieved. The pesticide use is reduced, the potential safety hazard of food is eliminated, and the quality safety of the food is improved.
2. The compound preparation prepared by taking the purple sweet potato extract as the main raw material and matching with a certain amount of chitosan oligosaccharide and complex enzyme glycoside has more excellent disease resistance, has remarkable effect on preventing and controlling early defoliation of fruit trees, and has better preventing and controlling effect than that of pure chitosan oligosaccharide or complex enzyme glycoside.
3. The composite preparation has the advantages of rich raw material resources, low cost, easy obtainment, low cost, suitability for large-scale production, reduction of the use of chemical pesticides, improvement of food safety, remarkable environmental benefit, remarkable improvement of fruit quality and economic benefit.
Detailed Description
The following description of the embodiments of the invention is provided in connection with the accompanying examples which are intended to be illustrative of the invention and are not intended to limit the scope of the invention.
Example 1
The compound preparation for preventing and treating early fallen leaves of fruit trees comprises the following raw materials in parts by weight: 0.4 part of chitosan oligosaccharide, 15 parts of purple sweet potato extract, 0.4 part of complex enzyme glycoside, 0.04 part of sulfur powder, 0.03 part of xanthan gum, 0.3 part of inorganic salt composition, 0.3 part of tween-20 and 200 parts of water.
The preparation method of the purple sweet potato extract comprises the following steps:
step 1: mixing fresh purple sweet potato with 45% ethanol solution with pH of 3.5 at a feed liquid ratio of 1:10, heating at 65deg.C for leaching for 2 hr, and filtering to collect filtrate.
Step 2: adding water into the filtrate obtained in the step 1 to prepare a solution with pH of 4.5, sealing, and sterilizing in a 130 ℃ high-pressure steam sterilizing pot for 15min to obtain the purple sweet potato extract.
The preparation method of the compound preparation for preventing and treating early fallen leaves of fruit trees comprises the following steps: weighing chitosan oligosaccharide, purple sweet potato extract, sulfur powder, xanthan gum and tween-20 according to the weight ratio, slowly adding the purple sweet potato extract and the xanthan gum into the sulfur powder under the stirring state, adding water after uniformly mixing, sequentially adding the chitosan oligosaccharide, the complex enzyme glycoside and the tween-20, uniformly stirring, and filling into a sterile bottle for sealing and preserving to prepare the compound preparation.
Example 2
The compound preparation for preventing and treating early fallen leaves of fruit trees comprises the following raw materials in parts by weight: 0.7 part of chitosan oligosaccharide, 20 parts of purple sweet potato extract, 0.7 part of complex enzyme glycoside, 0.06 part of sulfur powder, 0.05 part of xanthan gum, 0.6 part of inorganic salt composition, 0.4 part of tween-20 and 200 parts of water.
The preparation method of the purple sweet potato extract comprises the following steps:
step 1: fresh purple sweet potato and 45% ethanol solution with pH of 3.5 are mixed and evenly mixed according to the feed-liquid ratio of 1:15, heated and leached for 2 hours at 70 ℃, and filtered to collect filtrate.
Step 2: adding water into the filtrate obtained in the step 1 to prepare a solution with pH of 4.5, sealing, and sterilizing in a 130 ℃ high-pressure steam sterilizing pot for 15min to obtain the purple sweet potato extract.
The preparation method of the compound preparation for preventing and treating early fallen leaves of fruit trees comprises the following steps: weighing chitosan oligosaccharide, purple sweet potato extract, sulfur powder, xanthan gum and tween-20 according to the weight ratio, slowly adding the purple sweet potato extract and the xanthan gum into the sulfur powder under the stirring state, adding water after uniformly mixing, sequentially adding the chitosan oligosaccharide, the complex enzyme glycoside and the tween-20, uniformly stirring, and filling into a sterile bottle for sealing and preserving to prepare the compound preparation.
Comparative example 1
A composite formulation was prepared, with reference to example 1, which differs from example 1 in that: no chitosan oligosaccharide is added into the composite preparation.
The other technical features are the same as those of example 1.
Comparative example 2
A composite formulation was prepared with reference to example 1, differing from example 1 in that: the purple sweet potato extract is not added into the compound preparation.
The other technical features are the same as those of example 1.
Comparative example 3
A composite formulation was prepared with reference to example 1, differing from example 1 in that: complex enzyme glycoside is not added into the complex preparation.
The other technical features are the same as those of example 1.
Comparative example 4
Reference patent "a compound resistance inducer for preventing and treating early leaf spot disease of red-yang kiwi fruits in southern areas and preparation method and application thereof" (patent application number: 202110333980.7) is used for preparing a compound preparation.
The other technical features are the same as those of example 1.
Comparative example 5
Referring to the article "application research of chitosan oligosaccharide in early maturing pear production", liu Hong, wang Xiaowei, cheng Lan, etc., southern China fruit trees, 2012, 41 (1), 17-21, a chitosan oligosaccharide solution with a certain concentration is prepared.
The other technical features are the same as those of example 1.
Experiment 1
And selecting a planting area of the autumn pear with the tree age of 4 years, and selecting a pear tree with basically consistent growth vigor as a pear tree to be tested. The test adopts a random block design, each block comprises 3 trees, and the three groups are divided into an example 1 group, an example 2 group, a comparison 1-5 group and a comparison group, wherein the preparation used in the example group and the comparison group is an aqueous solution prepared by diluting the corresponding preparation by 500 times, and the comparison group is clear water. The spraying time is once for flower and leaf spreading (in middle ten days of 4 months), once for young fruit period (before and after middle ten days of 5 months) and twice for fruit expanding period (in middle ten days of 7 months). And (5) spraying the leaf surface by using a handheld sprayer until the leaf surface is dripped. The average leaf loss rate and chlorophyll content change of the leaves at different periods are recorded. 50 leaves are investigated for each index of each tree, and the chlorophyll content is measured and selected from sunny and cloudless weather, and the time is 11 noon. The results are shown in tables 1 and 2.
TABLE 1 influence of different formulations on leaf loss rate of autumn pear (%)
TABLE 2 Effect of different formulations on leaf chlorophyll content of autumn pear
As can be seen from Table 1, the leaf drop rate of pear tree is increased continuously with the lapse of time, and it can be seen from comparative examples 1 to 4 that the spraying of the preparation containing the purple sweet potato extract or the chitosan oligosaccharide has a certain inhibition effect on leaf drop of pear tree. However, the control effect is not good when the compound preparation prepared by the example 1-2 containing the purple sweet potato extract, the chitosan oligosaccharide and the complex enzyme glycoside is used for controlling pear tree defoliation.
Wherein, leaf chlorophyll is measured by a living chlorophyll meter SPAD-502. As can be seen from table 2, compared with the comparative example and the control group, the chlorophyll content of the leaves of the pear sprayed with the composite preparation prepared by the invention is increased, and especially the chlorophyll content is increased remarkably after spraying in the young fruit period. Therefore, the compound preparation prepared by the invention has remarkable effect in preventing and controlling early leaf fall of pear trees and improving the chlorophyll content of leaves.
Experiment 2
And a tobacco stage red Fuji apple tree planting area with the tree age of 8 years is selected, the row spacing is 3.5m multiplied by 2.8m, and the orchard management is good. Each cell has 3 trees, which are arranged in random groups and are divided into an example 1 group, an example 2 group, a comparison 1-5 group and a comparison group, wherein the preparation used in the example group and the comparison group is an aqueous solution prepared by diluting the corresponding preparation by 500 times, and the comparison group is clear water. The spraying time is once for flower and leaf spreading (in the late 4 months), once for young fruit period (in the early 6 months) and twice for fruit expanding period (in the late 7 months). And (5) spraying the leaf surface by using a handheld sprayer until the leaf surface is dripped. The average leaf loss rate and chlorophyll content change of the leaves at different periods are recorded. 50 leaves are investigated for each index of each tree, and the chlorophyll content is measured and selected from sunny and cloudless weather, and the time is 11 noon. The results are shown in tables 3 and 4.
TABLE 3 influence of different formulations on the defoliation rate of "Red Fuji" apple trees (%)
TABLE 4 Effect of different formulations on chlorophyll content of "Red Fuji" apple tree leaves
As can be seen from Table 3, the defoliation rate of apple trees is increased continuously with the lapse of time, and it can be seen from comparative examples 1-4 that the spraying of the preparation containing the purple sweet potato extract or the chitosan oligosaccharide has a certain inhibition effect on defoliation of apple trees. But the control effect is not good when the composite preparation prepared by the example 1-2 containing the purple sweet potato extract, the chitosan oligosaccharide and the complex enzyme glycoside is used for controlling the fallen leaves of apple trees.
Wherein, leaf chlorophyll is measured by a living chlorophyll meter SPAD-502. As can be seen from table 4, compared with the comparative example and the control group, the chlorophyll content of the apple leaf sprayed with the composite preparation prepared by the present invention is increased, and especially the chlorophyll content is significantly increased after spraying the composite preparation in the young fruit stage. Therefore, the composite preparation prepared by the invention can effectively prevent and treat early fallen leaves of apple trees and improve the chlorophyll content of leaves.
The foregoing description of the preferred embodiments of the invention is not intended to limit the invention to the precise form disclosed, and any such modifications, equivalents, and alternatives falling within the spirit and scope of the invention are intended to be included within the scope of the invention.
Claims (6)
1. The compound preparation for preventing and treating early fallen leaves of fruit trees is characterized by comprising the following raw materials in parts by weight: 0.2 to 1.0 part of chitosan oligosaccharide, 10 to 25 parts of purple sweet potato extract, 0.2 to 1.0 part of complex enzyme glycoside, 0.02 to 0.08 part of sulfur powder, 0.02 to 0.06 part of xanthan gum, 0.1 to 0.9 part of inorganic salt composition, 0.1 to 0.5 part of tween-20 and 200 parts of water;
the preparation method of the purple sweet potato extract comprises the following steps:
(1) Mixing fresh purple sweet potato with ethanol solution with the concentration of 40-45% according to the feed liquid ratio of 1:10-1:15, heating and extracting for 1-2 h at 60-75 ℃, filtering and collecting filtrate;
(2) Adding water into the filtrate obtained in the step (1) to prepare a solution with the pH value of 4.0-5.0, sealing, and sterilizing in a 130 ℃ high-pressure steam sterilization pot for 15-20 min to obtain purple sweet potato extract;
the preparation method of the composite preparation comprises the following steps: weighing chitosan oligosaccharide, purple sweet potato extract, complex enzyme glycoside, sulfur powder, xanthan gum and tween-20 according to the weight ratio, slowly adding the xanthan gum and the purple sweet potato extract into the sulfur powder under the stirring state, adding water after uniformly mixing, sequentially adding the chitosan oligosaccharide, the complex enzyme glycoside, the inorganic salt composition and the tween-20, uniformly stirring, and filling into a sterile bottle for sealing and preserving to prepare the compound preparation.
2. The compound preparation for preventing and treating early fallen leaves of fruit trees according to claim 1, wherein the chitosan oligosaccharide is prepared from high-quality chitosan by a specific enzymolysis method and an advanced membrane separation technology.
3. The composite preparation for preventing and treating early fallen leaves of fruit trees according to claim 1, wherein the fineness of the sulfur powder is 500-1000 meshes.
4. The compound preparation for preventing and treating early defoliation of fruit trees according to claim 1, wherein the inorganic salt composition is a mixture of boric acid, potassium dihydrogen phosphate and sodium molybdate, and the weight ratio is 1:2-5:0.05-0.3.
5. The use of a composite preparation for preventing and controlling early defoliation of fruit trees according to any one of claims 1 to 4, characterized in that it is applied to the prevention and control of early defoliation of fruit trees.
6. The application of the compound preparation for preventing and treating early fallen leaves of fruit trees according to claim 5, which is characterized in that the compound preparation is applied to the aspect of preventing and treating early fallen leaves of apples and pear trees.
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