CN115212276A - 一种防治虾蟹纤毛虫病的外用中草药组合物 - Google Patents
一种防治虾蟹纤毛虫病的外用中草药组合物 Download PDFInfo
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- CN115212276A CN115212276A CN202210826145.1A CN202210826145A CN115212276A CN 115212276 A CN115212276 A CN 115212276A CN 202210826145 A CN202210826145 A CN 202210826145A CN 115212276 A CN115212276 A CN 115212276A
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Abstract
本发明涉及一种防治虾蟹纤毛虫病的外用中草药组合物,按照重量份计包括1‑3份的A剂和10‑15份的B剂,其中,所述A剂为地钱提取物,所述B剂为马缨丹和高良姜的混合提取物,制备方法为将马缨丹茎叶和高良姜根茎混合后置于木醋液中浸提,取浸提液浓缩至植物干重的三分之一至四分之一,得到所述B剂。本发明所述防治虾蟹纤毛虫病的外用中草药组合物,具有一定的杀灭纤毛虫的作用,同时具有杀菌和净化水体的作用,解决青虾和河蟹养殖过程中的纤毛虫病问题,实现健康生态养殖青虾或河蟹,可以提高养殖的成活率,获得更好的经济效益。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及水产动物疾病预防和治疗技术,尤其是一种防治虾蟹纤毛虫病的外用中草药组合物。
背景技术
虾类如青虾(日本沼虾)、罗氏沼虾等和蟹类如河蟹等,是我国名贵的淡水养殖品种。由于它们营养丰富、肉质细嫩味美、养殖收益较高较快,且人们对它们需求的增加,促进了虾蟹养殖业的发展。而虾河蟹养殖过程固着或附着类的纤毛虫如累枝虫和钟形虫等是一个相对严重的问题。这些纤毛虫类群体大量附生在虾蟹的甲壳上时,与丝状菌或者丝状藻类同时发生,其致病性就会得到增强,特别是在虾蟹的鳃丝上附着,会影响鳃丝对氧气的交换,使虾蟹对缺氧的忍耐力下降,即妨碍虾蟹的正常呼吸、游泳、摄食,同时也会出现脱壳困难症,停止生长,且往往继发细菌感染而死亡。
由于目前市场上对纤毛虫的防治主要以化学药物(硫酸锌,硫酸酮/硫酸亚铁合剂,新洁尔灭与高锰酸钾的混合液,甲醛)为主,还有一些养殖户会选择禁用杀虫药物如孔雀石绿。虽然这类化学杀虫药物的效果优于任何中草药制剂产品,但由于经过十几年的长期使用化学药物,导致纤毛虫对其产生严重的抗药性等问题,而且化学药品在水产养殖中的应用所引发的食品安全问题和生态环境问题已引起社会大众的广泛重视。
因此,采用环保绿色的试剂,以实现与有毒害性的化学杀虫剂相当的效果,是本领域一直努力探索解决的问题。
专利申请CN103609861A公开了一种预防南美白对虾纤毛虫病的中草药饲料添加剂,是将中草药浸提液和玉米芯粉按1:1比例混合后干燥制得,中草药浸提液是由以下质量份数的中草药组成:黄柏10~20份、甘草8~16份、茯苓8~12份、金银花4~6份、黄芪4~6份、百部4~8份、苦参3~5份、苦楝4~6份、贯众8~12份、青蒿6~10份、槟榔4~8份、当归4~6份、木香3~5份、远志2~4份、党参1~3份。该方案作为添加剂加入到饲料中,通过虾的消化吸收来改善虾的健康状态,增强虾的免疫力,以预防南美白对虾出现纤毛虫病,仅具有预防作用,但是无法针对已经出现的纤毛虫病起到治疗效果。
发明内容
本发明的目的是为了克服现有的虾蟹纤毛虫病采用有毒化学杀虫剂治疗的问题,提供一种防治虾蟹纤毛虫病的外用中草药组合物,采用3种中草药协同作用,对于虾蟹纤毛虫病具有很好的预防和治疗效果。
发明人认为,采用中草药治疗纤毛虫不会污染水体,也不会造成农药残留,对于水产养殖的安全性非常重要。一般地,采用毒性高的中草药,虽然在治疗纤毛虫上快速呈现效果,但是也同时不利于水产动物正常生长,因此,需要筛选中药组分,使其既有杀灭纤毛虫的作用,又能不影响虾蟹的生长速度。发明人经过不断努力,先后从地钱(Marchantiapolymorpha L.)、卷柏〔Selaginella tamariscina(P.Beauv.)Spring〕、蟛蜞菊(Sphagneticola calendulacea(L.)Pruski)、银胶菊(Parthenium hysterophorus L.)、薇甘菊(Mikania micrantha Kunth)、车前草(Plantago depressa Willd.)、地锦草(Euphorbia humifusa)、酢酱草(Oxalis corniculata L.)、高良姜(Alpinia officinarumHance)、芒萁(Dicranopteris dichotoma(Thunb.)Berhn.)、肾蕨(Nephrolepisauriculata(L.)Trimen)、马缨丹(Lantana camara L.)、刺苋(Amaranthus spinosus L.)和合果芋(Syngonium podophyllum Schott)等10余种中草药中进行筛选,最终形成本发明,在防治效果上取得突破。
本发明中采用的原料包括:(1)地钱,其含有广木香内酯,具有一定的阻止纤毛虫侵入虾蟹体细胞作用,经过水体后的地钱提取物,可抑制枯草杆菌、八叠球菌或金黄色葡萄球菌的繁殖。(2)马缨丹,主要成分为马缨丹烯,马缨丹酸、还原糖、鞣质、树脂,以及生物碱。(3)高良姜根茎,含黄酮类高良姜素、山柰素、山奈酚、槲皮素、异鼠李素、高良姜酚等。这3种植物,除了地钱具有抑菌效果,单独使用对纤毛虫具有轻微的抑制性之外,其余2种单独使用对纤毛虫皆没有明显治疗效果。当3种中草药混合后,则具有显著的纤毛虫病治疗效果,且不影响虾蟹的正常生长。
由于高良姜中含酚类物质(山奈酚、高良姜酚)的水溶性较差,且高良姜素等化合物对虾蟹类有刺激性等原因,本发明将外用中草药组合物分散在乳化剂形成的乳化液中,优选地,采用硬脂酸甘油酯的乳化水溶液,有利于这些酚类化合物可接触到虾蟹壳表面,而虾蟹壳表面附着的纤毛虫在高良姜素作用下会自动脱离附着虾蟹壳的表面细胞,从而达到去纤毛虫的作用,同时保护虾蟹的正常生长。
具体方案如下:
一种防治虾蟹纤毛虫病的外用中草药组合物,按照重量份计包括1-3份的A剂和10-15份的B剂,其中,所述A剂为地钱提取物,所述B剂为马缨丹和高良姜的混合提取物,制备方法为将马缨丹茎叶和高良姜根茎混合后置于木醋液中浸提,取浸提液浓缩至植物干重的三分之一至四分之一,得到所述B剂。
进一步的,所述A剂的制备方法为,将地钱粉碎为30-80目粉末,用60-80℃温水浸提20-30h,取浸提液浓缩至地钱干重的三分之一至四分之一,得到所述A剂。
进一步的,所述B剂的制备方法为,将马缨丹的茎叶和高良姜的根茎粉碎为30-80目粉末,混合后置于溶质的质量浓度为5-10%的木醋液中浸提,20-35℃下浸提20-30h,得到浸提液。
进一步的,马缨丹和高良姜的质量比为1-2:1,优选为1:1。
进一步的,按照重量份计由1-2份的A剂和10-13份的B剂组成,优选地,由1份的A剂和10份的B剂组成。
本发明还保护一种防治虾蟹纤毛虫病的外用制剂,包括所述防治虾蟹纤毛虫病的外用中草药组合物,还包括乳化剂和水,所述防治虾蟹纤毛虫病的外用中草药组合物分散在所述乳化剂形成的乳化液中。
进一步的,所述乳化剂为硬脂酸甲酯、硬脂酸乙酯或硬脂酸甘油酯中至少一种,所述乳化剂占所述乳化液总重的0.1-0.3%;
任选的,所述防治虾蟹纤毛虫病的外用中草药组合物占所述外用制剂总重的1-3%。
本发明还保护一种防治虾蟹纤毛虫病的方法,采用所述防治虾蟹纤毛虫病的外用制剂,包括以下步骤:
(1)将所述防治虾蟹纤毛虫病的外用制剂全池泼洒到池塘中;
(2)洒药5-7天后,捕捞虾或蟹体,检查虾或蟹体的体表面,或鳃丝处是否有纤毛虫,若有纤毛虫残余,则重复步骤(1),并在洒药5-7天后进行检查,直到检查未见纤毛虫。
进一步的,防治虾蟹纤毛虫病的外用制剂的用量为每亩水池每一米水深使用400-800克。
有益效果:
本发明中,采用A剂和B剂混合得到的中药组合物,对虾蟹养殖过程中的纤毛虫病具有治疗作用,以每亩水池每一米水深使用400-800克,即可在一周内治愈水产动物的纤毛虫病。
再则,本发明采用木醋液提取马缨丹茎叶,高良姜根茎,提取液经浓缩后,与A剂配合,提高了对纤毛虫的杀虫效果。
进一步地,本发明采用乳化液分散中药组合物的提取液,能够将水溶性较差的植物次生物质(酚类化合物、生物碱等)包裹形成乳化膜微粒体,可以直接击入虾蟹附着纤毛虫细胞表层,从而将脱离虾蟹壳附着的纤毛虫杀灭,同时降低高良姜对虾蟹的不良影响。
总之,本发明中防治虾蟹纤毛虫病的外用中草药组合物,在预防和治疗虾蟹纤毛虫病上具有较好的效果,且该组合物制成的外用制剂具有安全性,不会使纤毛虫产生抗药性,也不会影响虾蟹的正常生长,对生态环境友好,具有极好的运用前景。
具体实施方式
下面给出本发明中使用的部分术语的定义,其他未述及的术语具有本领域所公知的定义和含义:
纤毛虫病:由累枝虫、聚缩虫、独缩虫、钟形虫等,附生在虾蟹体表、附肢、眼和鳃上所引起的一种疾病。
木醋液:木材等生物质在干馏设备中干馏后导出的蒸汽气体混合物经冷凝分离后得到的一种红褐色液体,含有有机酸、酚类、醇类和酮类等物质。本发明中木醋液为市售产品,质量浓度为5-10%,这里的质量浓度是指醋酸的含量。
下面将更详细地描述本发明的优选实施方式。虽然以下描述了本发明的优选实施方式,然而应该理解,可以以各种形式实现本发明而不应被这里阐述的实施方式所限制。实施例中未注明具体技术或条件者,按照本领域内的文献所描述的技术或条件或者按照产品说明书进行。所用试剂或仪器未注明生产厂商者,均为可以通过市购获得的常规产品。在下面的实施例中,如未明确说明,“%”均指重量百分比。
实施例1
制备防治虾蟹纤毛虫病的外用中草药组合物,具体制备程序是:
(1)将地钱粉碎为60目粉末,用70℃温水浸提24h,浸提液浓缩至地钱干重的三分之一,得地钱提取物,即A剂;
(2)马缨丹茎叶、高良姜根茎按质量比1:1混合,之后粉碎为60目粉末,用8wt%木醋液在室温下浸提24h,浸提液浓缩至植物干重的三分之一,得马缨丹茎叶/高良姜根茎混合提取物,即B剂。
(3)将A剂和B剂按照质量比1:10混合,得到防治虾蟹纤毛虫病的外用中草药组合物。
实施例2
制备防治虾蟹纤毛虫病的外用中草药组合物,具体制备程序是:
(1)将地钱粉碎为60目粉末,用60℃温水浸提24h,浸提液浓缩至地钱干重的三分之一,得地钱提取物,即A剂;
(2)马缨丹茎叶、高良姜根茎按质量比2:1混合,之后粉碎为60目粉末,用6wt%木醋液在室温下浸提24h,浸提液浓缩至植物干重的三分之一,得马缨丹茎叶/高良姜根茎混合提取物,即B剂。
(3)将A剂和B剂按照质量比3:11混合,得到防治虾蟹纤毛虫病的外用中草药组合物。
实施例3
制备防治虾蟹纤毛虫病的外用中草药组合物,具体制备程序是:
(1)将地钱粉碎为30目粉末,用80℃温水浸提24h,浸提液浓缩至地钱干重的三分之一,得地钱提取物,即A剂;
(2)马缨丹茎叶、高良姜根茎按质量比1.5:1混合,之后粉碎为30目粉末,用10wt%木醋液在室温下浸提24h,浸提液浓缩至植物干重的三分之一,得马缨丹茎叶/高良姜根茎混合提取物,即B剂。
(3)将A剂和B剂按照质量比2:13混合,得到防治虾蟹纤毛虫病的外用中草药组合物。
实施例4
制备防治虾蟹纤毛虫病的外用中草药组合物,具体制备程序是:
(1)将地钱粉碎为80目粉末,用75℃温水浸提24h,浸提液浓缩至地钱干重的三分之一,得地钱提取物,即A剂;
(2)马缨丹茎叶、高良姜根茎按质量比1.8:1混合,之后粉碎为80目粉末,用5wt%木醋液在室温下浸提24h,浸提液浓缩至植物干重的三分之一,得马缨丹茎叶/高良姜根茎混合提取物,即B剂。
(3)将A剂和B剂按照质量比1:15混合,得到防治虾蟹纤毛虫病的外用中草药组合物。
对比例1
参照实施例1,不同之处在于提取方法不同,如下:
制备对照中草药组合物1,具体制备程序是:
(1)将地钱粉碎为60目粉末,用70℃温水浸提24h,浸提液浓缩至地钱干重的三分之一,得地钱提取物,即A剂;
(2)马缨丹茎叶、高良姜根茎按质量比1:1混合,之后粉碎为60目粉末,用水在室温下浸提24h,浸提液浓缩至植物干重的三分之一,得马缨丹茎叶/高良姜根茎混合提取物,即B剂。
(3)将A剂和B剂按照质量比1:10混合,得到防治虾蟹纤毛虫病的外用中草药组合物。
实施例5
制备防治虾蟹纤毛虫病的外用制剂,取实施例1制备得到的防治虾蟹纤毛虫病的外用中草药组合物,混匀溶于0.1%的硬脂酸甘油酯乳化水中,得到防治虾蟹纤毛虫病的外用制剂。
实施例6
制备防治虾蟹纤毛虫病的外用制剂,取实施例1制备得到的防治虾蟹纤毛虫病的外用中草药组合物,混匀溶于0.2%的硬脂酸甲酯乳化水中,得到防治虾蟹纤毛虫病的外用制剂。
实施例7
制备防治虾蟹纤毛虫病的外用制剂,取实施例1制备得到的防治虾蟹纤毛虫病的外用中草药组合物,混匀溶于0.2%的双硬脂酸甘油酯乳化水中,得到防治虾蟹纤毛虫病的外用制剂。
实施例8
制备防治虾蟹纤毛虫病的外用制剂,取实施例1制备得到的防治虾蟹纤毛虫病的外用中草药组合物,混匀溶于0.3%的单硬脂酸甘油酯乳化水中,得到防治虾蟹纤毛虫病的外用制剂。
实施例9
累枝虫室内模拟实验
取实施例5中制备得到的防治虾蟹纤毛虫病的外用制剂,采用3mg/L、6mg/L、12mg/L、24mg/L、48mg/L不同的比例加入到累枝虫的养殖缸内,其中3mg/L是指每L水中加入外用制剂3mg,记录不同时间后的累枝虫死亡情况,计算累枝虫死亡率,结果见表1。
表1外用制剂对累枝虫的杀虫效果
另取实施例1中制备的A剂、B剂,单独加入到累枝虫的养殖缸内,浓度为48mg/L,24h后,累枝虫死亡率分别为35%,32%。
另取对比例1中制备得到的对照中草药组合物1,加入到累枝虫的养殖缸内,浓度为48mg/L,24h后,累枝虫死亡率为58%。
实施例10
钟虫室内模拟实验
取实施例5中制备得到的防治虾蟹纤毛虫病的外用制剂,采用3mg/L、6mg/L、12mg/L、24mg/L、48mg/L不同的比例加入到钟虫的养殖缸内,其中3mg/L是指每L水中加入外用制剂3mg,记录不同时间后的钟虫死亡情况,计算钟虫死亡率,结果见表2。
表2外用制剂对钟虫的杀虫效果
另取实施例1中制备的A剂、B剂,单独加入到钟虫的养殖缸内,浓度为48mg/L,24h后,钟虫死亡率分别为28%,35%。
实施例11
养殖试验:青虾单养池塘,池塘面积3亩,平均水深约1米,捕捞部分青虾,检查虾体后发现体表有纤毛虫。
更换池塘1/4的水体,取实施例5中制备得到的防治虾蟹纤毛虫病的外用制剂,将2000克的外用制剂分散于100公斤水中,然后对池塘进行全池泼洒,5天后重新对青虾体进行检查,没有发现纤毛虫,且青虾正常生长。
实施例12
养殖试验:河蟹单养池塘,池塘面积10亩,平均水深约1.2米,捕捞部分河蟹,对鳃丝进行镜检,检查后发现鳃丝附着有纤毛虫。
更换池塘1/5的水体,取实施例5中制备得到的防治虾蟹纤毛虫病的外用制剂,将4500克的外用制剂分散于300公斤水中,然后对池塘进行全池泼洒,5天后重新对河蟹进行镜检,没有发现纤毛虫,且河蟹正常生长。
以上详细描述了本发明的优选实施方式,但是,本发明并不限于上述实施方式中的具体细节,在本发明的技术构思范围内,可以对本发明的技术方案进行多种简单变型,这些简单变型均属于本发明的保护范围。
另外需要说明的是,在上述具体实施方式中所描述的各个具体技术特征,在不矛盾的情况下,可以通过任何合适的方式进行组合。为了避免不必要的重复,本发明对各种可能的组合方式不再另行说明。
此外,本发明的各种不同的实施方式之间也可以进行任意组合,只要其不违背本发明的思想,其同样应当视为本发明所公开的内容。
Claims (9)
1.一种防治虾蟹纤毛虫病的外用中草药组合物,其特征在于:按照重量份计包括1-3份的A剂和10-15份的B剂,其中,所述A剂为地钱提取物,所述B剂为马缨丹和高良姜的混合提取物,制备方法为将马缨丹茎叶和高良姜根茎混合后置于木醋液中浸提,取浸提液浓缩至植物干重的三分之一至四分之一,得到所述B剂。
2.根据权利要求1所述防治虾蟹纤毛虫病的外用中草药组合物,其特征在于:所述A剂的制备方法为,将地钱粉碎为30-80目粉末,用60-80℃温水浸提20-30h,取浸提液浓缩至地钱干重的三分之一至四分之一,得到所述A剂。
3.根据权利要求1所述防治虾蟹纤毛虫病的外用中草药组合物,其特征在于:所述B剂的制备方法为,将马缨丹的茎叶和高良姜的根茎粉碎为30-80目粉末,混合后置于溶质的质量浓度为5-10%的木醋液中浸提,20-35℃下浸提20-30h,得到浸提液。
4.根据权利要求3所述防治虾蟹纤毛虫病的外用中草药组合物,其特征在于:马缨丹和高良姜的质量比为1-2:1,优选为1:1。
5.根据权利要求1-4任一项所述防治虾蟹纤毛虫病的外用中草药组合物,其特征在于:按照重量份计由1-2份的A剂和10-13份的B剂组成,优选地,由1份的A剂和10份的B剂组成。
6.一种防治虾蟹纤毛虫病的外用制剂,包括权利要求1-5任一项所述防治虾蟹纤毛虫病的外用中草药组合物,其特征在于:还包括乳化剂和水,所述防治虾蟹纤毛虫病的外用中草药组合物分散在所述乳化剂形成的乳化液中。
7.根据权利要求6所述防治虾蟹纤毛虫病的外用制剂,其特征在于:所述乳化剂为硬脂酸甲酯、硬脂酸乙酯或硬脂酸甘油酯中至少一种,所述乳化剂占所述乳化液总重的0.1-0.3%;
任选的,所述防治虾蟹纤毛虫病的外用中草药组合物占所述外用制剂总重的1-3%。
8.一种防治虾蟹纤毛虫病的方法,采用权利要求6或7中所述防治虾蟹纤毛虫病的外用制剂,其特征在于:包括以下步骤:
(1)将所述防治虾蟹纤毛虫病的外用制剂全池泼洒到池塘中;
(2)洒药5-7天后,捕捞虾或蟹体,检查虾或蟹体的体表面,或鳃丝处是否有纤毛虫,若有纤毛虫残余,则重复步骤(1),并在洒药5-7天后进行检查,直到检查未见纤毛虫。
9.根据权利要求8所述防治虾蟹纤毛虫病的的方法,其特征在于:防治虾蟹纤毛虫病的外用制剂的用量为每亩水池每一米水深使用400-800克。
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