CN115208471A - Quantum key distribution optical chip for time phase coding and unequal-arm interferometer optical chip - Google Patents
Quantum key distribution optical chip for time phase coding and unequal-arm interferometer optical chip Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention provides a quantum key distribution optical chip and an unequal arm interferometer optical chip which are particularly suitable for a time phase coding scheme, so as to accurately and efficiently realize the time phase coding scheme and the modification thereof of optical signals, wherein a strength phase conversion scheme realized by combining an equal arm interferometer and an unequal arm interferometer is adopted in a time phase modulation module, and a delay optical path interface is arranged on the optical chip to connect an external delay optical path to an optical arm of the unequal arm interferometer, so that the difficulty of the long arm length difference which is difficult to etch in the chip manufacturing is effectively avoided, the long arm length difference in the unequal arm interferometer can be simply and accurately realized, the adjustment of the arm length difference is allowed, and the working stability, the performance accuracy and the configuration flexibility of the optical chip are greatly improved.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the field of quantum secret communication, in particular to a quantum key distribution optical chip for time phase coding and an unequal arm interferometer optical chip for the quantum key distribution optical chip.
Background
Quantum key distribution based on the quantum uncertainty principle is a practical quantum communication technology which is proved to be unconditionally safe by theory, and is an ultimate solution to the current increasingly serious information security problem. With the deep development of quantum communication towards engineering, scale and high performance, the requirements on products put into practical application are increasingly improved, including the stability, reliability, manufacturability, testability, acquisition cost, operation and maintenance cost and the like of the equipment. The existing practical devices have various performance defects and imperfect factors, which increasingly become factors for hindering the rapid development process of quantum communication industrialization. The development and evolution direction of the current generation main stream communication equipment has no three aspects: 1) Smaller size, lower cost; 2) Lower power consumption, green communication; 3) Better stability, reliability and wide environmental adaptability. To solve the above problems, a generally applicable solution is to continuously improve the integration level of the product, reduce the complexity of internal interconnection, reduce the size, reduce the power consumption by integrating electronics, optoelectronics and optical units, and improve the mechanical and climate environment adaptability by packaging technology. Therefore, the demand for the integrated integration of optical, optoelectronic, and electronic functions and data processing in quantum communication products has been urgent, and the demand is receiving attention and attention from domestic and foreign research institutions and industry mainstream companies.
However, existing quantum key distribution schemes are generally designed based on non-optical chip implementations, and there may be some problems in directly implementing them in an optical chip. For example, in a conventional quantum key distribution system for time phase encoding shown in fig. 1, a scheme of combining an equal arm interferometer and an unequal arm interferometer is adopted. However, when the scheme is directly used for realizing an optical chip, because of great technical difficulty in etching a long arm length difference on the chip, the etching process of the long arm length difference on a small chip is difficult to arrange, the etching consistency is poor, the attenuation is large, once the etching is carried out, the setting value of the arm length difference cannot be adjusted greatly, and the like, the optical chip of the quantum key distribution system for time phase coding is difficult to obtain.
Disclosure of Invention
Aiming at the problem, the invention provides an optical chip for realizing the unequal-arm interferometer, and further designs a quantum key distribution optical chip particularly suitable for a time phase coding scheme, so as to accurately and efficiently realize the time phase coding scheme and the variation thereof of an optical signal, and simultaneously provides debugging and experimental functions, thereby being beneficial to the working stability and the function expansion of the optical chip. More particularly, by adopting an intensity phase-inversion scheme realized by combining an equal-arm interferometer and an unequal-arm interferometer in a time phase modulation module and providing a delay optical path interface on an optical chip to connect an external delay optical path to an arm of the unequal-arm interferometer, the difficulty that a long-arm length difference is difficult to etch in chip manufacturing is effectively avoided, the long-arm length difference in the unequal-arm interferometer can be simply and accurately realized, the adjustment of the long-arm length difference is allowed, and the working stability, the performance accuracy and the configuration flexibility of the optical chip are greatly improved.
Specifically, the quantum key distribution optical chip for time phase encoding of the present invention may include a time phase modulation module for time phase encoding an optical signal, the time phase modulation module including a first equal arm interferometer and an unequal arm interferometer which are cascaded, wherein:
the first equal arm interferometer is configured to output optical signals only at the first or second output terminal or at the same time at the first and second output terminals with a certain phase difference between the optical signals by modulating the phase difference between the two arms;
the unequal arm interferometers are arranged to cause the optical signals output by different outputs of the first equal arm interferometer to appear at different time positions within a time period; and also,
and a delay optical path interface is arranged on the quantum key light distribution chip to allow an external delay optical path to be connected to at least one of the two arms of the unequal arm interferometer to serve as a part of the arm.
Further, the first equal arm interferometer comprises a first multi-mode interference coupler, a second multi-mode interference coupler, a first arm and a second arm formed between the first multi-mode interference coupler and the second multi-mode interference coupler, and a first phase modulator arranged on the first arm and/or the second arm;
the unequal arm interferometer includes the second multimode interference coupler, a third multimode interference coupler, and first and second arms formed between the second and third multimode interference couplers; and also,
at least one of the first and second arms of the interferometer comprises an arm length adjustment assembly arranged to change the arm length of the arm by coupling the delayed optical path into the arm via the delayed optical path interface.
Furthermore, the arm length adjusting component includes a fourth multimode interference coupler, one of the delay optical path interfaces, and the delay optical path; the fourth multimode interference coupler is configured to couple an optical signal propagating in a first direction on the arm to the delayed optical link interface and to couple an optical signal input via the delayed optical link interface to the arm and propagate the optical signal in the first direction.
The delay optical path comprises an optical fiber and a reflecting element connected with one end of the optical fiber; and/or the fourth multimode interference coupler is a2 x 2 multimode interference coupler so as to allow a monitoring photodiode to be connected to monitor the light intensity of the output light signal of the first equal arm interferometer.
Further, the arm length adjusting component comprises two delay optical path interfaces and the delay optical path.
Further, the delay optical path includes an optical fiber for connecting the two delay optical path interfaces.
Further, the first phase modulator is a carrier dispersion type phase modulator; and/or an adjustable attenuator is arranged on the first arm and/or the second arm of the first equal arm interferometer.
Furthermore, a first phase shifter is arranged on a first arm and/or a second arm of the first equal arm interferometer and is used for searching the optimal working point of the first equal arm interferometer; and/or a fourth phase modulator is arranged on the first arm and/or the second arm of the unequal arm interferometer.
Preferably, the first phase shifter is a thermally tuned phase shifter; and/or the fourth phase modulator is a carrier dispersion type phase modulator.
Further, the quantum key distribution optical chip of the present invention may further include:
the intensity compensation module is used for adjusting the light intensity of the optical signals so as to enable the optical signals in different quantum states to meet a preset light intensity relation; and/or the like, and/or,
the decoy state intensity modulation module is used for carrying out decoy state coding on the optical signal; and/or the like, and/or,
a synchronization optical path arranged to receive and output a synchronization optical signal; and/or the like, and/or,
and the attenuation monitoring module is used for allowing the light intensity information of the output light signal of the quantum key distribution optical chip and/or the light intensity information of the attack light signal to be acquired.
Still further, the intensity compensation module includes a second equipartite arm interferometer having a fifth multimode interference coupler, a sixth multimode interference coupler, first and second arms formed between the fifth and sixth multimode interference couplers, and a second phase modulator disposed on the first and/or second arm.
Preferably, a second phase shifter is arranged on the first arm and/or the second arm of the second equal-arm interferometer and used for searching the optimal working point of the second equal-arm interferometer.
Preferably, the second phase modulator is a carrier dispersion type phase modulator; and/or the second phase shifter is a thermally tuned phase shifter.
Still further, the decoy state intensity modulation module includes a third equal-arm interferometer having a seventh multi-mode interference coupler, an eighth multi-mode interference coupler, first and second arms formed between the seventh and eighth multi-mode interference couplers, and a third phase modulator disposed on the first and/or second arms.
Preferably, a third phase shifter is arranged on the first arm and/or the second arm of the third equal-arm interferometer for finding the optimal working point of the third equal-arm interferometer.
Preferably, the third phase modulator is a carrier dispersion type phase modulator; and/or the third phase shifter is a thermally tuned phase shifter.
Still further, the attenuation monitoring module includes a ninth multimode interference coupler configured to split the optical signal output by the time phase modulation module to serve as the output optical signal of the quantum key distribution optical chip, and to provide optical intensity detection to obtain optical intensity information of the output optical signal.
Preferably, the ninth multimode interference coupler is a2 x 2 multimode interference coupler to allow a monitor photodiode to be connected to monitor the attack light injected into the quantum key distribution optical chip; and/or the attenuation monitoring module is also provided with an adjustable attenuator before the ninth multimode interference coupler.
Still further, the synchronization optical path includes an adjustable attenuator and a twelfth multimode interference coupler located after the adjustable attenuator;
the twelfth multimode interference coupler is configured to split the synchronous optical signal so as to obtain optical intensity information of the output synchronous optical signal.
Furthermore, the quantum key distribution optical chip may further include a tenth multimode interference coupler and an eleventh multimode interference coupler, and is further provided with a first optical signal input interface, a second optical signal input interface, an optical signal output interface, an output light intensity monitoring interface, a synchronous optical input interface, and a synchronous optical output interface, where:
the first and second optical signal input interfaces are arranged to allow input optical signals;
the tenth multimode interference coupler is configured to split the optical signal input via the first optical signal input interface for transmission towards the intensity compensation module and the time phase modulation module, respectively;
the eleventh multimode interference coupler is configured to couple the optical signal input via the second optical signal input interface and the optical signal output by the intensity compensation module to the decoy state intensity modulation module, respectively;
the optical signal output interface is configured to output an output optical signal of the quantum key distribution optical chip;
the output light intensity monitoring interface is arranged for allowing the light intensity information of the output light signal of the quantum key distribution optical chip to be acquired;
the synchronous optical input interface and the synchronous optical output interface are respectively used for inputting and outputting the synchronous optical signal.
Preferably, an adjustable attenuator is further disposed on an optical path between the tenth multimode interference coupler and the time phase modulation module.
Furthermore, the first optical signal input interface is an FC/UPC or FC/APC interface and is used for connecting a polarization maintaining optical fiber; and/or the second optical signal input interface is an FC/UPC or FC/APC interface and is used for connecting a polarization maintaining optical fiber; and/or the delay optical path interface is used for connecting a polarization maintaining optical fiber; and/or the optical signal output interface is an FC/UPC or FC/APC interface and is used for connecting a polarization maintaining optical fiber; and/or the synchronous optical input interface and the synchronous optical output interface are FC/UPC interfaces and are used for connecting polarization-maintaining or single-mode optical fibers; and/or the output light intensity monitoring interface is an FC/UPC interface and is used for connecting a polarization-maintaining or single-mode optical fiber.
Another aspect of the invention relates to an optical chip for implementing an unequal arm interferometer, comprising a second multimode interference coupler, a third multimode interference coupler, and first and second arms formed between the second and third multimode interference couplers. Wherein, the optical chip is provided with a delay optical path interface; and at least one of the first and second arms comprises an arm length adjustment assembly arranged to change the arm length of the arm by coupling a delay optical path of an external device into the arm via the delay optical path interface.
Further, the arm length adjusting component comprises a fourth multimode interference coupler, one of the delayed optical path interfaces, and the delayed optical path; the fourth multimode interference coupler is configured to couple an optical signal propagating in a first direction on the arm to the delayed optical link interface and to couple an optical signal input via the delayed optical link interface to the arm and propagate the optical signal in the first direction. The delay optical path may include an optical fiber and a reflective element connected to one end of the optical fiber.
Further, the arm length adjusting component comprises two delay optical path interfaces and the delay optical path. Wherein the delay optical path may include an optical fiber for connecting the two delay optical path interfaces.
Further, one or more of an adjustable attenuator, a phase modulator, an intensity modulator, and a phase shifter may be disposed on the first and/or second arm.
Drawings
The following describes embodiments of the present invention in further detail with reference to the accompanying drawings.
In order to more clearly illustrate the embodiments of the present invention or the technical solutions in the prior art, the drawings used in the description of the embodiments or the prior art will be briefly described below, it is obvious that the drawings in the following description are only some embodiments of the present invention, and for those skilled in the art, other drawings can be obtained according to the drawings without creative efforts.
FIG. 1 shows a schematic diagram of a prior art quantum key distribution system for time phase encoding;
FIG. 2 schematically illustrates an embodiment of an unequal arm interferometer optical chip and a quantum key distribution optical chip for temporal phase encoding, according to the present invention;
FIG. 3 schematically illustrates another embodiment of an unequal-arm interferometer optical chip and a quantum key distribution optical chip for temporal phase encoding, according to the present invention;
FIG. 4 schematically illustrates yet another embodiment of an unequal arm interferometer optical chip and a quantum key distribution optical chip for temporal phase encoding according to the present invention;
fig. 5 schematically illustrates a further embodiment of an unequal-arm interferometer optical chip and a quantum key distribution optical chip for time-phase encoding according to the present invention.
Detailed Description
Hereinafter, exemplary embodiments of the present invention will be described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings. The following examples are provided by way of illustration in order to fully convey the spirit of the invention to those skilled in the art to which the invention pertains. Accordingly, the present invention is not limited to the embodiments disclosed herein.
Fig. 2-5 each schematically illustrate a specific embodiment of a quantum key distribution optical chip for time-phase encoding according to the present invention (which includes an unequal arm interferometer optical chip according to the present invention).
In the optical chip of the present invention, in order to implement the time phase encoding function, a time phase modulation module is provided, which may include a first equal arm interferometer and an unequal arm interferometer in cascade.
The first equal arm interferometer is used for outputting optical signals only at the first or second output end or outputting optical signals at the first and second output ends simultaneously by modulating the phase difference between the two arms, wherein the two optical signals have a specific phase difference.
For example, by modulating between the optical signals on the two arms of the first equal arm interferometer to form a phase difference of 0, the first equal arm interferometer will output an optical signal only at its first output, and no optical signal at its second output; by forming a phase difference of pi between the optical signals on the two arms, the first equal-arm interferometer will only output an optical signal at its second output terminal, and no optical signal will be output at the first output terminal; by forming a phase difference pi/2 between the optical signals on the two arms, the first equal arm interferometer will output optical signals at the first and second output terminals simultaneously, and the phase difference between the two optical signals is 0; by creating a phase difference of 3 pi/2 between the optical signals on the two arms, the first equal arm interferometer will output optical signals at the first and second output simultaneously, and the phase difference between the two optical signals is pi.
The unequal arm interferometer is cascaded with the first equal arm interferometer for making the optical signals output by different output ends of the first equal arm interferometer appear at different time positions in a time period. Thus, the time phase coding of the optical signal is realized by the combined action of the first equal arm interferometer and the unequal arm interferometer.
Different from the prior art, the invention does not directly etch and form two arms of the unequal arm interferometer on the optical chip, but sets the delay optical path interface on the optical chip to allow the delay optical path outside the optical chip to be accessed into at least one of the two arms of the unequal arm interferometer as a part of the accessed arm, thereby being capable of accurately realizing the long arm length difference required by the unequal arm interferometer, and simultaneously being capable of conveniently and accurately realizing the adjustment of the long arm length difference of the unequal arm interferometer simply by changing the optical path of the peripheral delay optical path. Therefore, the invention can avoid a series of problems caused by the technical difficulty of etching a longer arm length difference on the optical chip, thereby easily and accurately configuring the arm length difference of the unequal arm interferometer, simultaneously obtaining the adjusting capability of the arm length difference and greatly improving the efficiency and the applicability of the optical chip.
As a specific embodiment, the first equal-arm interferometer may include a first multi-mode interference Coupler (MMI Coupler), a second multi-mode interference Coupler, first and second arms formed between the first and second multi-mode interference couplers, and a first phase modulator disposed on the first and/or second arms, for example, see fig. 2-5.
The first multimode interference coupler is configured to 1: 1 split the optical signal such that the optical signal enters the first and second arms, respectively.
The first phase modulator is used to perform high-speed electro-optical phase modulation on the optical signals on the first and/or second arms to form a desired phase difference between the optical signals on the two arms. Preferably, the first phase modulator may employ a carrier dispersion type phase modulator RF3.
The second multimode interference coupler is used for enabling the optical signals which are subjected to phase modulation on the two arms to be combined and generate interference.
Further, a first phase shifter may be arranged on the first and/or second arm of the first equal arm interferometer for finding the optimal working point of the first equal arm interferometer. Preferably, the first phase shifter may employ a thermally tuned phase shifter PS3.
Further, adjustable attenuators (e.g., VOA2, VOA 3) may also be provided on the first and/or second arm of the first equal-arm interferometer for providing an intensity adjustment function.
In this embodiment, the unequal arm interferometer may share the second multi-mode interference coupler with the first equal arm interferometer and thus include the second multi-mode interference coupler, the third multi-mode interference coupler, and the first and second arms formed between the second and third multi-mode interference couplers.
In particular, at least one of the first and second arms of the unequal arm interferometer may further include an arm length adjustment assembly for adjusting the arm length by inserting an external delay optical path into the arm.
Fig. 2 or 3 shows an example of the arm length adjusting assembly.
As shown in fig. 2 or 3, the arm length adjustment assembly may include a fourth multimode interference coupler, a single delay optical path interface, and a delay optical path externally connected through the delay optical path interface, wherein the delay optical path interface is disposed on the optical chip.
The fourth multimode interference coupler is used for coupling the optical signal transmitted along the first direction on the arm to the delay optical path interface, and coupling the optical signal input through the delay optical path interface to the same arm, and the optical signal is continuously transmitted along the first direction. The time-delayed optical path may include an optical fiber (e.g., an 8cm optical fiber) and a reflective element (e.g., a mirror) coupled to an end of the optical fiber. Therefore, the delay optical path can be connected to the arm of the unequal-arm interferometer simply by connecting the other end of the optical fiber in the delay optical path to the delay optical path interface, so that the desired arm length difference can be obtained on the unequal-arm interferometer.
As a preferred example, the fourth multimode interference coupler may employ a2 < 2 > multimode interference coupler to allow a monitor photodiode (e.g., MPD 3) to be connected to monitor the optical intensity of the optical signal output by the first equal arm interferometer.
In the present invention, an arm length adjusting assembly may be provided only on the first or second arm of the unequal arm interferometer, see, for example, fig. 2; alternatively, an arm length adjustment assembly may be provided on both the first and second arms of the interferometer, see, for example, FIG. 3.
As a preferred example, the first and/or second arm of the interferometer may further have an adjustable attenuator (e.g., VOA 4) disposed thereon for providing an optical intensity adjustment function to equalize the optical power of the two-arm signals. For example, an arm length adjustment assembly may be provided on the long arm of the interferometer while an adjustable attenuator VOA4 is provided on the short arm, see, for example, FIG. 2; alternatively, an arm length adjustment assembly may be provided on both the long and short arms of the interferometer, while an adjustable attenuator VOA4 is provided on the short arm, see, for example, FIG. 3.
Fig. 4 or 5 shows another example of the arm length adjusting assembly.
As shown in fig. 4 or 5, the arm length adjusting assembly may include two delay optical path interfaces disposed on the optical chip, and a delay optical path. Wherein the delay optical path may comprise an optical fiber (e.g., a2 x 8cm optical fiber). Therefore, the two ends of the optical fiber in the delay optical path can be connected to the two delay optical path interfaces respectively, so that the delay optical path can be connected to the arm of the unequal arm interferometer, and a desired arm length difference can be obtained on the unequal arm interferometer.
As a preferred example, the first and/or second arm of the interferometer may further have an adjustable attenuator (e.g., VOA 4) disposed thereon for providing an optical intensity adjustment function to equalize the optical power of the two-arm signals.
In the present invention, the arm length adjusting assembly may be provided only on the first or second arm of the unequal arm interferometer, see, for example, fig. 4; alternatively, arm length adjustment assemblies may be provided on the first and second arms of the interferometer, respectively, see, for example, fig. 5.
For example, an arm length adjustment assembly may be provided on the long arm of the interferometer while an adjustable attenuator VOA4 is provided on the short arm, see, for example, FIG. 4; alternatively, an arm length adjustment assembly may be provided on both the long and short arms of the unequal arm interferometer, while an adjustable attenuator VOA4 is provided on the short arm, see, for example, FIG. 5. With continued reference to fig. 2-5, the optical chip of the present invention may further be provided with an intensity compensation module for adjusting the light intensity of the optical signal to compensate for different light intensity attenuations introduced when the time phase modulation module prepares different quantum states on the optical signal, so as to ensure that the prepared optical signals of different quantum states satisfy a preset light intensity relationship.
As a specific embodiment, the intensity compensation module may comprise a second-arm interferometer having a fifth multimode interference coupler, a sixth multimode interference coupler, first and second arms formed between the fifth and sixth multimode interference couplers, and a second phase modulator disposed on the first and/or second arms, see for example fig. 2-5.
The fifth multimode interference coupler is configured to split the optical signal 1: 1 such that the optical signal enters the first and second arms, respectively.
The second phase modulator is used to high-speed electro-optical phase modulate the optical signals on the first and/or second arms to form the desired phase difference between the optical signals on the two arms. Preferably, the second phase modulator may employ a carrier dispersion type phase modulator RF1.
And the sixth multimode interference coupler is used for combining and interfering the optical signals subjected to phase modulation on the two arms.
Further, a second phase shifter may be provided on the first and/or second arm of the second arm interferometer for finding the optimum operating point of the second arm interferometer. Preferably, the second phase shifter may employ a thermally tuned phase shifter PS1.
With continued reference to fig. 2-5, the optical chip of the present invention may further be provided with a decoy state intensity modulation module for performing decoy state encoding on the optical signal.
As a specific embodiment, the decoy state intensity modulation module may include a third equal-arm interferometer having a seventh multi-mode interference coupler, an eighth multi-mode interference coupler, first and second arms formed between the seventh and eighth multi-mode interference couplers, and a third phase modulator disposed on the first and/or second arms, see, for example, fig. 2-5.
The seventh multimode interference coupler is configured to 1: 1 split the optical signal such that the optical signal enters the first and second arms, respectively.
The third phase modulator is used to perform high-speed electro-optical phase modulation on the optical signals on the first and/or second arms to form a desired phase difference between the optical signals on the two arms. Preferably, the third phase modulator may employ a carrier dispersion type phase modulator RF2.
The eighth multimode interference coupler is used for merging and interfering the phase-modulated optical signals on the two arms.
Further, a third phase shifter may be arranged on the first and/or second arm of the third equi-arm interferometer for finding the best operating point of the third equi-arm interferometer. Preferably, the third phase shifter may employ a thermally tuned type phase shifter PS2.
With continued reference to fig. 2-5, the optical chip of the present invention may further be provided with an attenuation monitoring module for allowing to obtain light intensity information of the optical signal output by the optical chip to monitor signal attenuation in the optical chip.
As a specific embodiment, the attenuation monitoring module may include a ninth multimode interference coupler, which is configured to split the optical signal (e.g. time-phase-coded) output by the time-phase modulation module to serve as the output optical signal of the optical chip, and to detect the light intensity so as to obtain the light intensity information of the output optical signal.
As a preferred example, the ninth multimode interference coupler may be a 2X 2 multimode interference coupler to allow a monitor photodiode (e.g., MPD 4) to be connected to monitor the impinging light injected into the optical chip.
In addition, the optical chip of the invention can also be provided with a synchronous optical path for receiving and outputting synchronous optical signals.
In order to better understand the working principle of each module in the optical chip of the present invention, a specific embodiment of the optical chip will be described below with reference to fig. 2 to 5.
FIG. 2 shows an embodiment of the optical chip of the present invention. As shown in fig. 2, the optical chip includes functional modules such as an intensity compensation module, a decoy state intensity modulation module, a time phase modulation module, an attenuation monitoring module, and a synchronous optical path, wherein only the first arm of the unequal arm interferometer of the time phase modulation module includes an arm length adjustment component. For the sake of brevity, the structure and function of the functional module are not described in detail herein.
In the embodiment of fig. 2, a tenth multimode interference coupler and an eleventh multimode interference coupler are further formed on the optical chip, and the following optical interfaces are provided: the optical fiber signal transmission device comprises a first optical signal input interface 1 (Sig-in 1), a second optical signal input interface 2 (Sig-in 2), a delay optical path interface 3, an optical signal output interface 4 (Sig-out), an output light intensity monitoring interface 5 (Mon), a synchronous optical input interface 6 (Syn-in) and a synchronous optical output interface 7 (Syn-out).
Both the first and the second optical signal input interface 1, 2 are used for inputting optical signals in order to obtain a time phase encoding, for example in an optical chip.
The tenth multimode interference coupler is configured to split the optical signal input through the first optical signal input interface 1 to transmit the optical signal toward the intensity compensation module and the time phase modulation module, respectively.
As a preferred example, an adjustable attenuator (e.g. VOA 1) may be further disposed on the optical path between the tenth multimode interference coupler and the time phase modulation module, and a two-stage adjustable attenuator is preferably disposed.
The eleventh multimode interference coupler is configured to couple the optical signal input via the second optical signal input interface 2 and the optical signal output by the intensity compensation module to the decoy state intensity modulation module, respectively.
The time phase modulation module is configured to input the optical signal output by the decoy state intensity modulation module and the optical signal output by the tenth multimode interference coupler, respectively.
The attenuation monitoring module is used for splitting the optical signal output by the time phase modulation module so as to output the optical signal to the outside through the optical signal output interface 4 and the output light intensity monitoring interface 5 respectively.
As a preferred example, an adjustable attenuator (e.g., VOA 5) may be further disposed in the attenuation monitoring module before the ninth multimode interference coupler, and a two-stage adjustable attenuator is preferably disposed in the attenuation monitoring module.
The synchronous optical path is used for transmitting the synchronous optical signal input through the synchronous optical input interface 6 to the synchronous optical output interface 7.
As a preferred example, an adjustable attenuator (e.g., VOA 6) may be further disposed on the synchronization optical path. Furthermore, a twelfth multimode interference coupler may be further disposed on the synchronization optical path after the adjustable attenuator, for splitting the synchronization optical signal for output via the synchronization optical output interface 7 and detecting the light intensity to obtain the light intensity information of the output synchronization optical signal.
In this embodiment, the first and second optical signal input interfaces 1, 2 may be FC/UPC or FC/APC interfaces and are used to connect polarization maintaining fibers; the delay optical path interface 3 is used for connecting a polarization maintaining optical fiber; the optical signal output interface 4 can be an FC/UPC or FC/APC interface and is used for connecting a polarization maintaining optical fiber; the synchronous optical input interface 6 and the synchronous optical output interface 7 can be FC/UPC interfaces and are used for connecting polarization-maintaining or single-mode optical fibers; the output light intensity monitoring interface 5 may be an FC/UPC interface and is used to connect polarization maintaining or single mode optical fibers.
FIG. 3 illustrates another embodiment of an optical chip of the present invention that differs from FIG. 2 in that both the first and second arms of the unequal arm interferometer of the temporal phase modulation module include an arm length adjustment assembly. Correspondingly, another delay optical path interface 8 is arranged on the optical chip, and is used for connecting a delay optical path arranged outside the optical chip (body) and connecting the delay optical path into the arm through a multimode interference coupler, wherein the multimode interference coupler can adopt a2 multiplied by 2 multimode interference coupler so as to connect a monitoring photodiode (such as MPD 5).
Fig. 4 shows another embodiment of the optical chip of the present invention, which is different from fig. 2 in the structure of the arm length adjusting assembly. Correspondingly, two delay optical path interfaces 3 and 8 for the same arm length adjusting assembly are arranged on the optical chip.
FIG. 5 illustrates yet another embodiment of an optical chip of the present invention that differs from FIG. 4 in that both the first and second arms of the unequal arm interferometer of the temporal phase modulation module include an arm length adjustment assembly. Correspondingly, another two delay optical path interfaces 9 and 10 for another arm length adjusting component are also arranged on the optical chip.
Based on the above description, the present invention provides a quantum key distribution optical chip suitable for a time phase coding scheme, which not only allows precise and efficient implementation of time phase coding of an optical signal, but also allows implementation of various modifications based on the time phase coding scheme, and provides various debugging and experimental functions, thereby facilitating the operational stability of the optical chip and expanding the functionality of the optical chip. More particularly, the invention provides an intensity phase-inversion scheme realized by combining an equal-arm interferometer and an unequal-arm interferometer in a time phase modulation module, and provides a delay optical path interface arranged on an optical chip to connect an external delay optical path to an arm of the unequal-arm interferometer, thereby effectively avoiding the difficulty of difficult etching of a long arm length difference in chip manufacturing, simply and accurately realizing the long arm length difference in the unequal-arm interferometer, simultaneously enabling the optical chip to have the function of adjusting the long arm length difference in the unequal-arm interferometer, and greatly improving the working stability, performance accuracy and configuration flexibility of the optical chip.
Further, as shown in fig. 2 to 5, in the quantum key distribution optical chip of the present invention, an optical splitter and a monitoring photodiode (for example, MPD 1) may be further disposed on an optical path between the intensity compensation module and the decoy state intensity modulation module to obtain light intensity information of an optical signal on the optical path; and arranging an optical splitter and a monitoring photodiode (such as MPD 2) on an optical path between the decoy state intensity modulation module and the time phase modulation module to acquire the light intensity information of the optical signal on the optical path.
It should also be noted that although in the illustrations of fig. 2-5 with respect to the first, second and third equal arm interferometers, the phase modulators RF1-3 and phase shifters PS1-3 are shown acting on both the first and second arms, those skilled in the art will appreciate that the illustrations of fig. 2-5 are merely schematic and that the phase modulators RF1-3 and phase shifters PS1-3 may be formed on the first arm and/or the second arm, respectively, to act on optical signals on the first and second arms, respectively.
Further, a fourth phase modulator may also be provided on the first and/or second arm of the unequal arm interferometer of the temporal phase modulation block, for example, to enable preparation of two further quantum states for implementing a 6-state protocol or the like. Preferably, the fourth phase modulator may be a carrier dispersion type phase modulator.
Further, one or more of an adjustable attenuator, phase modulator, intensity modulator, and phase shifter may be disposed on the first and/or second arm of the unequal arm interferometer such that it can be used to implement the CVQKD protocol.
Although the present invention has been described in connection with the embodiments illustrated in the accompanying drawings, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that the embodiments described above are merely exemplary for illustrating the principles of the present invention and are not intended to limit the scope of the present invention, and that various combinations, modifications and equivalents of the above-described embodiments may be made by those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention.
Claims (28)
1. A quantum key distribution optical chip for time-phase encoding, comprising a time-phase modulation module for time-phase encoding an optical signal, the time-phase modulation module comprising a first equal-arm interferometer and an unequal-arm interferometer in cascade, wherein:
the first equal arm interferometer is configured to output optical signals only at the first or second output terminal or at the same time at the first and second output terminals with a certain phase difference between the optical signals by modulating the phase difference between the two arms;
the unequal arm interferometers are arranged to cause the optical signals output by the different outputs of the first equal arm interferometer to occur at different temporal locations over a period of time; and the number of the first and second electrodes,
and a delay optical path interface is arranged on the quantum key light distribution chip to allow an external delay optical path to be connected to at least one of the two arms of the unequal arm interferometer to serve as a part of the arm.
2. A quantum key distribution optical chip as claimed in claim 1, wherein:
the first equal-arm interferometer comprises a first multi-mode interference coupler, a second multi-mode interference coupler, a first arm and a second arm formed between the first multi-mode interference coupler and the second multi-mode interference coupler, and a first phase modulator arranged on the first arm and/or the second arm;
the unequal arm interferometer includes the second multimode interference coupler, a third multimode interference coupler, and first and second arms formed between the second and third multimode interference couplers; and the number of the first and second electrodes,
at least one of the first and second arms of the interferometer comprises an arm length adjustment assembly arranged to change the arm length of the arm by coupling the delayed optical path into the arm via the delayed optical path interface.
3. A quantum key distribution optical chip as claimed in claim 2 wherein said arm length adjusting component comprises a fourth multimode interference coupler, one said delayed optical path interface, and said delayed optical path;
the fourth multimode interference coupler is configured to couple an optical signal propagating on the arm in a first direction to the delayed optical path interface and to couple an optical signal input via the delayed optical path interface to the arm and propagate the optical signal in the first direction.
4. A quantum key distribution optical chip as claimed in claim 3, wherein:
the delay optical path comprises an optical fiber and a reflecting element connected with one end of the optical fiber; and/or the like, and/or,
the fourth multimode interference coupler is a2 x 2 multimode interference coupler to allow a monitor photodiode to be connected to monitor the light intensity of the output light signal of the first equal arm interferometer.
5. A quantum key distribution optical chip as claimed in claim 2 wherein the arm length adjustment component comprises two of the delayed optical path interfaces and the delayed optical path.
6. The quantum key distribution optical chip of claim 5, wherein the delayed optical path comprises an optical fiber for connecting the two delayed optical path interfaces.
7. A quantum key distribution optical chip as claimed in claim 2, wherein:
the first phase modulator is a carrier dispersion type phase modulator; and/or the like, and/or,
and the first and/or second arm of the first equal-arm interferometer is/are provided with an adjustable attenuator.
8. A quantum key distribution photonic chip as claimed in claim 2, wherein a first phase shifter is provided on the first and/or second arm of the first equiarm interferometer for finding the best operating point of the first equiarm interferometer; and/or the like, and/or,
and a fourth phase modulator is arranged on the first arm and/or the second arm of the unequal arm interferometer.
9. A quantum key distribution optical chip as claimed in claim 8, wherein the first phase shifter is a thermally tuned phase shifter; and/or the fourth phase modulator is a carrier-dispersive phase modulator.
10. The quantum key distribution optical chip of claim 1, further comprising:
the intensity compensation module is used for adjusting the light intensity of the optical signals so as to enable the optical signals in different quantum states to meet a preset light intensity relation; and/or the like, and/or,
the decoy state intensity modulation module is used for carrying out decoy state coding on the optical signal; and/or the like, and/or,
a synchronization optical path arranged to receive and output a synchronization optical signal; and/or the like, and/or,
and the attenuation monitoring module is used for allowing the light intensity information of the output light signal of the quantum key distribution optical chip and/or the light intensity information of the attack light signal to be acquired.
11. A quantum key distribution optical chip as claimed in claim 10, wherein the intensity compensation module comprises a second equi-arm interferometer having a fifth multi-mode interference coupler, a sixth multi-mode interference coupler, first and second arms formed between the fifth and sixth multi-mode interference couplers, and a second phase modulator disposed on the first and/or second arms.
12. A quantum key distribution photonic chip as claimed in claim 11, wherein the first and/or second arms of the second arm interferometer are provided with second phase shifters for finding the best operating point of the second arm interferometer.
13. A quantum key distribution optical chip as claimed in claim 12, wherein said second phase modulator is a carrier dispersive phase modulator; and/or the second phase shifter is a thermally tuned phase shifter.
14. A quantum key distribution optical chip as claimed in claim 10, wherein the decoy state intensity modulation module comprises a third equi-arm interferometer having a seventh multi-mode interference coupler, an eighth multi-mode interference coupler, first and second arms formed between the seventh and eighth multi-mode interference couplers, and a third phase modulator disposed on the first and/or second arms.
15. A quantum key distribution optical chip as claimed in claim 14, wherein a third phase shifter is provided on the first and/or second arm of the third equal arm interferometer for finding the optimal operating point of the third equal arm interferometer.
16. A quantum key distribution optical chip as claimed in claim 15 wherein the third phase modulator is a carrier dispersive phase modulator; and/or the third phase shifter is a thermally tuned phase shifter.
17. The quantum key distribution optical chip of claim 10, wherein the attenuation monitoring module comprises a ninth multimode interference coupler configured to split the optical signal output by the time phase modulation module to serve as an output optical signal of the quantum key distribution optical chip and to detect light intensity so as to obtain light intensity information of the output optical signal.
18. A quantum key distribution optical chip as claimed in claim 17 wherein:
the ninth multimode interference coupler is a2 multiplied by 2 multimode interference coupler to allow a monitoring photodiode to be connected to monitor the attack light injected into the quantum key distribution optical chip; and/or the like, and/or,
the attenuation monitoring module is further provided with an adjustable attenuator in front of the ninth multimode interference coupler.
19. A quantum key distribution optical chip as claimed in claim 10, wherein:
the synchronous optical path comprises an adjustable attenuator and a twelfth multimode interference coupler positioned behind the adjustable attenuator;
the twelfth multimode interference coupler is configured to split the synchronous optical signal so as to obtain optical intensity information of the output synchronous optical signal.
20. A quantum key distribution optical chip as claimed in claim 10, further comprising a tenth multimode interference coupler and an eleventh multimode interference coupler, and further provided with a first optical signal input interface, a second optical signal input interface, an optical signal output interface, an output optical intensity monitoring interface, a synchronous optical input interface and a synchronous optical output interface, wherein:
the first and second optical signal input interfaces are arranged to allow an input optical signal;
the tenth multimode interference coupler is configured to split an optical signal input via the first optical signal input interface for transmission towards the intensity compensation module and the time phase modulation module, respectively;
said eleventh multimode interference coupler is arranged to couple optical signals input via said second optical signal input interface and output by said intensity compensation module to said decoy state intensity modulation module, respectively;
the optical signal output interface is configured to output an output optical signal of the quantum key distribution optical chip;
the output light intensity monitoring interface is set to allow the light intensity information of the output light signal of the quantum key distribution optical chip to be acquired;
the synchronous optical input interface and the synchronous optical output interface are respectively used for inputting and outputting the synchronous optical signal.
21. A quantum key distribution optical chip according to claim 20, wherein an adjustable attenuator is further disposed on the optical path between the tenth multimode interference coupler and the time phase modulation module.
22. A quantum key distribution optical chip as claimed in claim 20 wherein:
the first optical signal input interface is an FC/UPC or FC/APC interface and is used for connecting a polarization maintaining optical fiber; and/or the like, and/or,
the second optical signal input interface is an FC/UPC or FC/APC interface and is used for connecting a polarization maintaining optical fiber; and/or the like, and/or,
the delay optical path interface is used for connecting a polarization maintaining optical fiber; and/or the like, and/or,
the optical signal output interface is an FC/UPC or FC/APC interface and is used for connecting a polarization maintaining optical fiber; and/or the like, and/or,
the synchronous optical input interface and the synchronous optical output interface are FC/UPC interfaces and are used for connecting polarization-maintaining or single-mode optical fibers; and/or the like, and/or,
the output light intensity monitoring interface is an FC/UPC interface and is used for connecting a polarization maintaining or single mode fiber.
23. An optical chip for implementing an unequal arm interferometer comprising a second multimode interference coupler, a third multimode interference coupler, and first and second arms formed between the second and third multimode interference couplers, wherein:
the optical chip is provided with a delay optical path interface; and also,
at least one of the first and second arms includes an arm length adjustment assembly arranged to change the arm length of the arm by coupling a delayed optical path of an external device into the arm via the delayed optical path interface.
24. The optical chip of claim 23, wherein the arm length adjustment assembly comprises a fourth multimode interference coupler, one of the delay optical path interfaces, and the delay optical path;
the fourth multimode interference coupler is configured to couple an optical signal propagating in a first direction on the arm to the delayed optical link interface and to couple an optical signal input via the delayed optical link interface to the arm and propagate the optical signal in the first direction.
25. The optical chip of claim 24, wherein the time-delayed optical path comprises an optical fiber and a reflective element coupled to an end of the optical fiber.
26. The optical chip of claim 23, wherein the arm length adjustment assembly includes two of the delayed optical path interfaces and the delayed optical path.
27. The optical chip of claim 26, wherein the delayed optical path comprises an optical fiber for connecting the two delayed optical path interfaces.
28. The optical chip of claim 23, wherein one or more of an adjustable attenuator, a phase modulator, an intensity modulator, and a phase shifter are further disposed on the first and/or second arms.
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