CN115201012A - Centrifugal model test device and method for simulating large-scale ground fissure formation evolution process - Google Patents
Centrifugal model test device and method for simulating large-scale ground fissure formation evolution process Download PDFInfo
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- G01N3/00—Investigating strength properties of solid materials by application of mechanical stress
- G01N3/08—Investigating strength properties of solid materials by application of mechanical stress by applying steady tensile or compressive forces
- G01N3/10—Investigating strength properties of solid materials by application of mechanical stress by applying steady tensile or compressive forces generated by pneumatic or hydraulic pressure
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Abstract
The invention provides a centrifugal model test device and method for simulating a large-scale ground fissure formation evolution process, and belongs to the field of geological disaster simulation. According to the method, a box body is filled according to a scheme, and soil body models of an upper wall, a lower wall and a fault fracture zone are constructed; after the soil body in the box body is soaked to be saturated, hanging the soil body into a centrifuge basket; the method comprises the steps of loading step by step after a centrifugal machine is started, keeping constant-speed rotation after a preset value is reached, carrying out remote water level lifting regulation and control simulation after initial settlement in a box body is stable, monitoring pore water pressure, soil body model displacement, real-time deformation and damage conditions of the soil body model and the running state of the centrifugal machine in the process of centrifugation and water level change, and analyzing the formed evolution difference change and the interference or reversal effect of water level rising on evolution after water level is reduced in different pumping modes according to monitoring results; and analyzing the change rule of the displacement field of different types of hydrogeological structures under the stress driving action. The method accurately restores the large-scale ground fissure formation evolution process and provides scientific basis for disaster risk prevention and control.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the field of geological disaster simulation, and particularly relates to a centrifugal model test device and method for simulating a large ground fissure formation evolution process.
Background
Ground fractures are a common type of geological disaster characterized by significant fractures in the earth's surface that can cause continued damage to structures and engineering facilities along the line. Large-scale ground fissure disasters are generally controlled by fracture structures, are induced by water pumping activities, are seriously damaged in basins and plain areas, and generally have the following characteristics: (1) The crack initiation position is hidden and is mainly distributed along the hidden broken specific section; (2) The development time is long, and the development and the extension are continued for years to tens of years; (3) The extension length is large, and the length of a single ground crack can reach several kilometers to dozens of kilometers; (4) The destructive power is strong, and various rock-soil bodies and engineering structures can be continuously cracked and broken. Due to strong concealment and large space-time scale, the actual development process of large ground fissure disasters is difficult to observe and record completely at present. In order to research large ground fractures, the process of the formation evolution of the ground fractures needs to be simulated in a test mode.
In the prior art, some schemes simulate the formation process of ground cracks by adopting a mode of relying on a large scale model through a plurality of tests. For example, a Chinese patent with an authorization publication number of CN 109709308B discloses a water-mining type physical model test device and a test method, a large-scale conventional model test is adopted, and a water pump is utilized to simulate a water-mining type ground crack disaster formation evolution process under a bedrock mountain-diving condition; however, the technical scheme does not consider the influence of fracture in a simulation scene, and is not suitable for the actual development situation of large ground fracture disasters. The Chinese patent with the granted publication number of CN 110954680B discloses a ground crack test device and a ground crack test method for simulating fracture dislocation and underground water change, wherein a large-scale conventional model test is adopted, and a jack and top pressurization mode is utilized to simulate the ground crack forming process under the fracture dislocation and underground water change step by step; however, the ground surface is already fractured to form cracks after the jack is used for simulating fracture dislocation, and the mechanism of the ground cracks induced by pumping water is difficult to embody.
Disclosure of Invention
In view of the above defects or shortcomings in the prior art, the embodiments of the present invention aim to provide a centrifugal model test apparatus and method for simulating a large ground fissure formation evolution process, which can maximally restore the actual formation evolution process of a large ground fissure disaster, comprehensively display the complex mechanical behavior of a fracture structure field under water level change, and finally provide a scientific basis for risk prevention and control of the large ground fissure disaster.
In order to achieve the above purpose, the embodiment of the present invention adopts the following technical solutions:
in a first aspect, an embodiment of the present invention provides a centrifugal model testing apparatus for simulating a large-scale earth fracture formation evolution process, including: the device comprises a box body 15 and a soil body model in the box body, wherein the soil body model comprises an upper plate 18, a fault fracture zone 19 and a lower plate 17;
the top of the box body 15 is provided with an opening, one side surface of the box body is a front surface and is provided with a transparent organic glass plate 16, a fault fracture zone 19 is arranged at a preset position in the box body 15, and an upper disc 18 and a lower disc 17 are respectively arranged on two sides of the fault fracture zone 19; a first scale 20, a second scale 21, a third scale 22 and a fourth scale 23 are respectively arranged at the sides of four edges of the transparent organic glass plate 16, a visible displacement mark 24 is pre-embedded in a soil body model on the inner side surface of the transparent organic glass plate 16, and a hole pressure sensor 25 is pre-embedded in the fault fracture zone 19;
a remote electric control water level lifting system is arranged in the box body; the specific arrangement mode is as follows: a water storage tank 3 is arranged at the bottom in the box body 15, a water supply tank 1 is arranged at the top, a water level monitoring box 2 is arranged on the side surface, a water outlet 4 is arranged on the water supply tank 1 and is connected with a first guide pipe 5, and the first guide pipe 5 is connected into the water level monitoring box 2 through a first electromagnetic valve 6; the bottom of the water level monitoring box 2 is provided with a water guide hole 7; a water inlet 8 is formed in a preset position at the top of the water storage tank 3, the water inlet 8 is connected with a second conduit 9, and the second conduit 9 is connected into a soil body model in the tank body through a second electromagnetic valve 10; an air outlet 11 is formed in one side, far away from the water level monitoring box 2, of the top of the water storage box 3, the air outlet 11 is communicated with the bottom of a third guide pipe 12, the third guide pipe 12 is vertically arranged, and the top of the third guide pipe extends out of the box body; the first electromagnetic valve 6 and the second electromagnetic valve 10 are simultaneously connected with an electric control switch 13 through a lead 14, and independently execute switching tasks under the control of the electric control switch;
a first camera 26 is arranged on the upper part of one side of the top of the box body 15, which is far away from the water supply tank, a second camera 32 is arranged on one side of the outer side of the box body 15, which is opposite to the transparent organic glass plate 16, a water guide direction mark 29, a water inlet direction mark 30 and a stable water level line 31 are arranged on the transparent organic glass plate 16, and a laser displacement meter 28 is arranged vertically above the top of the box body 15;
the pore pressure sensor 25, the first camera 26, the second camera 32 and the laser displacement meter 28 are used as monitoring terminals and are simultaneously connected with a centrifuge digital system.
As a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the lower plate 17, the fault fracture zone 19 and the upper plate 18 are used for simulating hydrogeological units, which together form a hydrogeological structure, wherein the lower plate 17 and the upper plate 18 simulate any one of aquifers and relative water barriers.
As a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the hydrogeological structure comprises a lower disc relative water barrier-fault breaking zone-upper disc relative water barrier, a lower disc relative water barrier-fault breaking zone-upper disc water-containing layer, a lower disc water-containing layer-fault breaking zone-upper disc relative water barrier or a lower disc water-containing layer-fault breaking zone-upper disc water-containing layer.
In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the aquifer, the relative water barrier and the fault fracture zone are configured by adopting clay and sandy soil, and the aquifer, the relative water barrier and the fault fracture zone are simulated by different proportions of materials.
As a preferred embodiment of the invention, the remote electric control water level lifting system simulates continuous water pumping, stepped water pumping or water injection after water pumping.
In a second aspect, an embodiment of the present invention further provides a centrifugal model testing method for simulating a large-scale earth fracture formation and evolution process, including the following steps:
step S1, filling a box body according to a test design scheme, constructing a soil body model comprising an upper wall, a fault fracture zone and a lower wall in the box body, and filling soil bodies with preset proportion in the upper wall, the lower wall and the fault fracture zone;
s2, for each test design scheme, after the soil body in the box body is soaked to be saturated, hanging the soil body into a centrifuge basket;
s3, loading the centrifuge step by step after starting, and monitoring the pore water pressure, the displacement of the soil mass model, the real-time deformation and damage condition of the soil mass model and the running state of the centrifuge in the step loading process;
s4, keeping the centrifuge rotating at a constant speed after the speed of the centrifuge reaches a preset value, and continuously monitoring the pore water pressure, the displacement of the soil body model, the real-time deformation and damage condition of the soil body model and the running state of the centrifuge in the state of constant speed rotation;
s5, after the initial settlement in the box body is overall stable, controlling a first electromagnetic valve and a second electromagnetic valve, performing remote water level lifting regulation simulation, performing test operation on different water pumping modes under the current hydrogeological structure, and observing and recording the pore water pressure, the soil body model displacement, the real-time deformation destruction state of the soil body model and the parameter change of the running state of the centrifuge under the different water pumping modes;
s6, analyzing the evolution difference change of the ground fissure after the water level is reduced in different water pumping modes according to test data, and analyzing the interference or reversal effect of the water level rising on the ground fissure evolution; analyzing the change rule of displacement fields of different types of hydrogeological structures under the stress driving effect, and analyzing the control effect of the fracture structure on the surface pumping differential settlement; and analyzing the complex mechanical behavior of the fracture structure field under the water level change based on the monitoring results of the pore water pressure, the displacement, the real-time deformation damage condition and the centrifuge running state.
As a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the experimental design includes two dimensions of a hydrogeological structure and a pumping scheme, wherein the hydrogeological structure includes four dimensions of "lower disc relative water barrier-fault fracture zone-upper disc relative water barrier", "lower disc relative water barrier-fault fracture zone-upper disc aquifer", "lower disc aquifer-fault fracture zone-upper disc relative water barrier", "lower disc aquifer-fault fracture zone-upper disc aquifer; under each hydrogeological structure, the pumping scheme comprises three types of continuous pumping, stepped pumping and water injection after pumping.
As a preferred embodiment of the invention, the centrifuge is loaded step by step after being started, and the acceleration rotation is kept for 3 to 5 minutes per liter; after the centrifugal acceleration reaches the design value, the centrifugal machine does not continue to load and keeps rotating at a constant speed; when the design value is n g, the ratio of the test time to the prototype time during the uniform rotation of the centrifuge is 1/n 2 。
As a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the pore water pressure is monitored by a pore pressure sensor; the displacement monitoring comprises two aspects, namely observing and recording the displacement change of a soil model on the front side of the box body by using four scales and a visible displacement mark, and monitoring the displacement change of the soil model on the top of the box body by using a laser displacement meter; monitoring the real-time deformation damage condition of the soil mass model through a first camera and a second camera; the running state of the centrifuge is monitored by an automatic control system of the centrifuge, and the monitoring result comprises host machine running parameters, motor running parameters and rotating arm balance.
As a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the remote water level raising and lowering regulation simulation specifically includes: opening a first electromagnetic valve and a second electromagnetic valve to perform model remote water level regulation and control, and simulating continuous water pumping, stepped water pumping or water injection after water pumping; for continuous water pumping, opening a second electromagnetic valve, and continuously draining the model until the free water in the soil sample is drained completely; for the step-type water pumping, the model is subjected to step-type water drainage for a plurality of times by regulating and controlling the second electromagnetic valve, and the free water in the soil sample is drained by the last water drainage; and (3) for water injection after water pumping, opening the second electromagnetic valve, continuously draining water by the model until the free water in the soil sample is almost drained, closing the second electromagnetic valve, and opening the first electromagnetic valve to enable the free water to permeate into the model soil body again through the water level monitoring box, so that the water level of the model is raised again.
The technical scheme provided by the embodiment of the invention has the following beneficial effects:
(1) The whole development process of the large ground fissure under the coupling action of the hydrogeological structure and the water pumping can be completely obtained under three working conditions of continuous water pumping, stepped water pumping, water injection after water pumping and the like;
(2) By contrastively analyzing the influence of the fracture structure on different types of water-containing systems in the process of the formation and evolution of the ground fractures, inheritance and new-generation relations between the activity fractures of the soil body coverage area and the ground fractures can be obtained, and test technical support is provided for risk evaluation of large ground fracture disasters in different areas;
(3) Comprehensively utilizing the monitoring results of pore water pressure, displacement, real-time deformation damage conditions and the running state of a centrifuge, the complex mechanical behavior of a hidden fracture distribution area under the water level change can be shown, and data support is provided for establishing the space-time relationship between underground water exploitation and surface fracture generation of an active fracture site;
(4) The test operation is simple and convenient, the size of the model is effectively reduced, the test time is greatly shortened, the test result is reliable and effective, the condition that the pre-existing fracture shallow part is activated and the ground crack disaster is formed due to water pumping can be proved, and the ground crack disaster is slowed down after the water level rises;
(5) The method can further develop ground crack formation mechanism and disaster prevention and reduction research, and provide scientific basis for large ground crack disaster risk prevention and control.
Of course, not all of the advantages described above need to be achieved at the same time in the practice of any one product or method of the invention.
Drawings
In order to more clearly illustrate the technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention, the drawings needed to be used in the description of the embodiments will be briefly introduced below, and it is obvious that the drawings in the following description are only some embodiments of the present invention, and it is obvious for those skilled in the art to obtain other drawings based on these drawings without creative efforts.
FIG. 1 is a layout diagram of a water level lifting system of a centrifugal model test device for a large-scale ground fissure formation evolution process in the embodiment of the invention;
FIG. 2 is a box outside elevation view of a centrifugal model testing apparatus for a large earth fracture formation evolution process according to an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 3 is a box interior elevation view of a centrifugal model testing apparatus for a large earth fracture formation evolution process according to an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 4 is a top view of a centrifugal model testing apparatus for large scale earth fracture formation evolution process in an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 5 is an alternative combination of experimental design options in an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 6 is an example of a plot of pore water pressure versus time plotted by a simulation method in an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 7 is an example of a graph of vertical displacement of water level plotted against time according to a simulation method in an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 8 is an example of a graph of centrifugal acceleration versus time plotted by the simulation method in an embodiment of the present invention.
Description of reference numerals:
1-water supply tank; 2-water level monitoring box; 3, a water storage tank; 4, water outlet; 5-conduit 1; 6-first electromagnetic valve; 7-water guide holes; 8-water inlet; 9-conduit 2; 10-a second solenoid valve; 11-air outlet; 12-conduit 3; 13-an electrically controlled switch; 14-a wire; 15-a box body; 16-a transparent plexiglas plate; 17-lower disc; 18-upper disc; 19-fault fracture zone; 20 — first scale 1; 21-second scale 2;22 — third scale 3; 23-fourth scale 4; 24-visual displacement indication; 25-pore pressure sensor; 26-a first camera; 27-a computer; 28-laser displacement meter; 29-water guiding direction sign; 30-water inlet direction sign; 31-stable water line; 32 — second camera.
Detailed Description
After finding the above problems, the inventors of the present application have conducted extensive analysis on the existing large-scale ground fracture simulation method. The research finds that the existing simulation technology has the following defects: the characteristic of large space-time scale of large ground cracks is not considered, the test observation period is generally from several days to more than ten days, the extension length of the formed ground cracks is limited by the sizes of a test field and a model box and is difficult to exceed 10 meters, and the extension length of the formed ground cracks is far away from the actual development history and the development scale of the large ground cracks; the difference influence of three water level change forms such as continuous water pumping, stepped water pumping and water injection after water pumping on the formation and development of the ground cracks is not considered; no model of water-containing systems of different types of fracture sites is established for comparative analysis; a geotechnical centrifuge test device is not adopted, and a model remote electric control water level lifting system and a four-dimensional monitoring system for pore water pressure, displacement, deformation damage state and centrifuge running state are not established.
In addition, the centrifugal model test adopts a small-scale model, and the centrifugal acceleration of the model is increased by rotating the centrifugal machine at a high speed so as to compensate the dead weight stress loss caused by the scale reduction of the model, so that the stress state of the model in a centrifugal force field is consistent with that of the prototype in a gravity field. According to the similarity relation between the model and the prototype, the centrifugal model test can reproduce the deformation damage condition of the test prototype in a smaller model scale and a shorter test time, and can be used for researching the evolution process of large ground fissure disaster formation.
It should be noted that the above prior art solutions have defects which are the results of practical and careful study by the inventors, and therefore, the discovery process of the above problems and the solutions proposed by the following embodiments of the present invention to the above problems should be the contribution of the inventors to the present invention in the course of the present invention.
The technical solution in the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the accompanying drawings in the embodiments of the present invention. It is to be understood that the described embodiments are merely a few embodiments of the invention, and not all embodiments. The components of embodiments of the present invention generally described and illustrated in the figures herein may be arranged and designed in a wide variety of different configurations. It should be noted that the embodiments and features of the embodiments of the present invention may be combined with each other without conflict.
It should be noted that: like reference numbers and letters refer to like items in the following figures, and thus, once an item is defined in one figure, it need not be further defined or explained in subsequent figures. In the description of the present invention, the terms "first," "second," "third," "fourth," etc. are used merely to distinguish one description from another, and are not intended to indicate or imply relative importance.
After the deep analysis, the embodiment of the invention provides a centrifugal model test device and method for a large-scale ground crack formation evolution process. The provided test method reproduces the whole process of formation and evolution of large-scale ground fissure disasters by comparing and analyzing the change rules of displacement fields of different types of water-containing systems under the coupling action of various 'hydrogeological structures' and 'water level changes', provides effective technical support for research of ground fissure cause mechanisms, and provides beneficial ideas for ground fissure disaster risk prevention and control.
In the simulation process, three test schemes of 'continuous pumping', 'stepped pumping', 'water injection after pumping' and the like are compared, evolution difference changes of the ground cracks formed after water levels of different layers are reduced are presented, the interference or reversal effect of water level rising on the ground crack evolution is shown, and technical support is provided for scientifically coordinating the contradictory relation between ground crack disaster risk prevention and control and underground water resource exploitation and utilization; by comparing four test models of ' lower plate relative water barrier-fault fracture zone-upper plate relative water barrier ', ' lower plate relative water barrier-fault fracture zone-upper plate aquifer ', ' lower plate aquifer-fault fracture zone-upper plate relative water barrier ', ' lower plate aquifer-fault fracture zone-upper plate aquifer ' and the like ', the change law of displacement fields of different types of water-containing systems under the stress driving effect is analyzed, the control effect of fracture structures on surface pumping differential settlement is researched, and the fact that pumping water can lead to the activation of a pre-existing fracture shallow part and the formation of ground fracture disasters is verified.
As shown in fig. 1 to 4, the centrifugal model testing apparatus for large scale earth fracture formation evolution process provided in the embodiment of the present invention includes: the device comprises a box body 15 and a soil body model in the box body, wherein the soil body model comprises an upper plate 18, a fault fracture zone 19 and a lower plate 17; the top of the box body 15 is provided with an opening, one side surface of the box body is a front surface and is provided with a transparent organic glass plate 16, a fault fracture zone 19 is arranged at a preset position in the box body 15, and an upper disc 18 and a lower disc 17 are respectively arranged on two sides of the fault fracture zone 19; the side of four limits at transparent organic glass board 16 sets up first scale 20, second scale 21, third scale 22 and fourth scale 23 respectively, and pre-buried visual displacement sign 24 in the soil body model of transparent organic glass board 16 medial surface, pre-buried hole pressure sensor 25 in the broken zone of fault.
Meanwhile, a water storage tank 3 is arranged at the bottom in the box body 15, a water supply tank 1 is arranged at the top, a water level monitoring box 2 is arranged on the side surface, a water outlet 4 is arranged on the water supply tank 1 and is connected with a first guide pipe 5, and the first guide pipe 5 is connected into the water level monitoring box 2 through a first electromagnetic valve 6; the bottom of the water level monitoring box 2 is provided with a water guide hole 7, a water inlet 8 is arranged at a preset position at the top of the water storage box 3, the water inlet 8 is connected with a second conduit 9, and the second conduit 9 is connected into a soil body model in the box body through a second electromagnetic valve 10; an air outlet 11 is formed in one side, far away from the water level monitoring box 2, of the top of the water storage box 3, the air outlet 11 is communicated with the bottom of a third guide pipe 12, the third guide pipe 12 is vertically arranged, and the top of the third guide pipe extends out of the box body; the first electromagnetic valve 6 and the second electromagnetic valve 10 are simultaneously connected with an electric control switch 13 through a lead 14, and the switching tasks are respectively and independently executed under the control of the electric control switch. The water supply tank 1, the water level monitoring tank 2, the water storage tank 3, the water outlet 4, the first conduit 5, the first electromagnetic valve 6, the water guide hole 7, the water inlet 8, the second conduit 9, the second electromagnetic valve 10, the air outlet 11, the third conduit 12, the electric control switch 13 and the wire 14 form a remote electric control water level lifting system.
The upper portion of one side of the top of the box body 15, which is far away from the water supply tank, is provided with a first camera 26, the outer side of the box body 15 is provided with a second camera 32 which is just opposite to one side of the transparent organic glass plate 16, the transparent organic glass plate 16 is provided with a water guide direction mark 29, a water inlet direction mark 30 and a stable water level line 31, and meanwhile, a laser displacement meter 28 is arranged vertically above the top of the box body 15. Preferably, a water guide direction mark 29 is arranged at the water guide hole 7; the contact surface of the fault fracture zone 19 and the box body 15 is provided with a water inlet direction mark 30.
The visual displacement mark, the pore pressure sensor, the first camera, the second camera and the laser displacement meter jointly form a distributed simulation test monitoring system, and the system at least comprises the five monitoring terminals. The pore pressure sensor, the first camera, the second camera and the laser displacement meter monitoring terminal are all connected with the centrifuge digital system, and monitored data are uploaded to the centrifuge digital system. Preferably, the first camera and the second camera are both high-speed cameras.
The size of the box body is selected according to parameters such as the maximum acceleration of the centrifugal machine, the volume weight, the size of the hanging basket and the like in a centrifugal model test. The lower tray 17, the fault fracture zone 19 and the upper tray 18 are used for simulating a hydrogeological unit, wherein the lower tray 17 and the upper tray 18 can simulate any one of aquifers and relative water barriers. The upper plate 17 and the lower plate 18 are combined to simulate four hydrogeological structures, namely a lower plate relative water barrier-fault fracture zone-upper plate relative water barrier, a lower plate relative water barrier-fault fracture zone-upper plate aquifer, a lower plate aquifer-fault fracture zone-upper plate relative water barrier, and a lower plate aquifer-fault fracture zone-upper plate aquifer. The aquifer, the relative water-resisting layer and the fault fracture zone are prepared by adopting clay and sandy soil, and the aquifer, the relative water-resisting layer and the fault fracture zone are simulated through different proportions of materials.
Remote automatically controlled water level operating system, through the cooperation of each structural component, under every hydrogeological structure, can simulate different hydrogeological phenomena, include: continuous water pumping, stepped water pumping, water injection after water pumping and the like. The water inlet at the top of the water storage tank is provided with a second electromagnetic valve and a second conduit to realize remote electric control water drainage of the model, the air outlet is connected with a vertical third conduit to communicate the water storage tank with the atmospheric pressure, and the model is downward in water drainage direction and used for simulating the water pumping process of the model; the water level monitoring box is used for timely grasping water level change in the box body, and a plurality of water guide holes are drilled in the bottom of the water level monitoring box, wrap gauze and are communicated with soil in a hydrogeological structure in the box body; the water outlet is arranged outside the water supply tank and communicated with the side water level monitoring tank through a guide pipe, and remote electric control water injection of the model is realized after the first electromagnetic valve is installed.
Based on the centrifugal model test device for the large-scale ground fissure formation evolution process, the embodiment of the invention also provides a centrifugal model test method for the large-scale ground fissure formation evolution process, and as shown in fig. 5, the centrifugal model test method comprises the following steps:
step S1, filling a box body according to a test design scheme, constructing a soil body model comprising an upper wall, a fault fracture zone and a lower wall in the box body, and filling soil bodies with preset proportion in the upper wall, the lower wall and the fault fracture zone.
In the step, the test design comprises two dimensions of a hydrogeological structure and a pumping scheme, wherein the hydrogeological structure comprises four dimensions of a lower disc relative water barrier-fault fracture zone-upper disc relative water barrier, a lower disc relative water barrier-fault fracture zone-upper disc aquifer, a lower disc aquifer-fault fracture zone-upper disc relative water barrier and a lower disc aquifer-fault fracture zone-upper disc aquifer; under each hydrogeological structure, the pumping scheme comprises three types of continuous pumping, stepped pumping and water injection after pumping. Each scheme is crossed, and the total design schemes are 12.
In this step, the box is filled, which is determined by the dimensions of the hydrogeological structure. In the simulation of the hydrogeological structure, the fault fracture zone is generalized into a mixture of clay and sand with a compression modulus smaller than that of the surrounding soil, and the geological conditions of the fracture structure site in the soil coverage area are generalized into four models, namely a lower disc relative water barrier-fault fracture zone-upper disc relative water barrier "," a lower disc relative water barrier-fault fracture zone-upper disc aquifer "," a lower disc aquifer-fault fracture zone-upper disc relative water barrier ", and a lower disc aquifer-fault fracture zone-upper disc aquifer.
Preferably, clay is used to simulate a relative water barrier, and sandy soil is used to simulate an aquifer; simulating a fault fracture zone according to the mixture ratio of clay to sandy soil in dry mass ratio = 1:1. When filling, uniformly stirring dry soil materials and water in proportion, and preparing a soil sample according to the optimal water content; after stirring, covering the soil sample with oilcloth paper, and sealing for 24 hours to uniformly mix soil and water; after uniformly mixing, sampling and measuring the water content, and calculating the dry density of the soil; and a displacement line is marked in the model box body according to the height of every 5cm, so that the model can be conveniently filled in layers.
The soil body with the preset proportion is filled, layered filling is carried out according to the displacement line, and clay and sandy soil are compacted to the maximum extent under the condition that various devices, sensors and lines in the model box are protected from damage; when the acceleration of the centrifugal machine is n g, the length proportion relation between the soil body model and the geological structure prototype is 1/n; the fault fracture zone is obliquely arranged in the middle of the box body, the inclination angle is set to be 60-85 degrees, the thickness is set to be 8-20 cm, and the fault fracture zone is continuously contacted with the surrounding soil body. The material selection and filling mode of the fracture zone in each hydrogeological structure is the same, so that the consistency of physical and mechanical properties and hydrogeological characteristics is ensured; the compaction degree of the fault fracture zone is relatively low, the compression modulus of the fault fracture zone is ensured to be smaller than that of the surrounding soil body, and the permeability coefficient is between that of clay and sandy soil.
And S2, for each test design scheme, soaking the soil body in the box body until the soil body is saturated, and then hanging the soil body into a centrifuge basket.
And S3, loading the centrifuge step by step after starting, and monitoring the pore water pressure, the displacement of the soil mass model, the real-time deformation and damage condition of the soil mass model and the running state of the centrifuge in the step loading process.
In the step, the centrifugal machine is loaded step by step after being started, and the acceleration rotation is kept for 3-5 minutes per liter; after the centrifugal acceleration reaches the design value, the centrifugal machine does not continue to load and keeps rotating at a constant speed; when the design value is n g, the ratio of the test time to the prototype time during the uniform rotation of the centrifuge is 1/n 2 。
Wherein the pore water pressure is monitored by a pore pressure sensor. Preferably, the pore pressure sensor is wrapped with gauze to prevent fine soil from entering the element through seepage and causing damage to the device. The displacement monitoring comprises two aspects, namely, the displacement change of a soil mass model on the front side of the box body is observed and recorded by using four scales and visual displacement marks, the displacement change of the soil mass model on the top of the box body is monitored by using a laser displacement meter, the real-time deformation damage condition of the soil mass model in the box body is monitored by using a first camera and a second camera, and the monitoring result can be watched in real time or recorded into a video for playback; and the monitoring results of the monitoring terminals are uploaded to a centrifuge digital system in real time. The running state of the centrifuge is monitored by an automatic control system of the centrifuge, and the monitoring result comprises centrifugal acceleration, host machine running parameters, motor running parameters, rotating arm balance and the like, and can be directly displayed on a centrifuge running platform.
And S4, keeping the centrifuge to rotate at a constant speed after the speed of the centrifuge reaches a preset value, and continuously monitoring the pore water pressure, the displacement of the soil mass model, the real-time deformation and damage condition of the soil mass model and the running state of the centrifuge in the state of constant speed rotation. In the step, the monitoring method of each parameter in the step S3 is still adopted for monitoring.
And S5, after the initial settlement in the box body is totally stable, controlling the first electromagnetic valve and the second electromagnetic valve, performing remote water level lifting regulation and control simulation, performing test operation on different water pumping modes under the current hydrogeological structure, and observing and recording the pore water pressure, the soil body model displacement, the real-time deformation destruction state of the soil body model and the parameter change of the running state of the centrifuge under the different water pumping modes.
In this step, different pumping modes include: continuous water pumping, stepped water pumping and water injection after water pumping.
The simulation of remote water level lifting regulation specifically comprises: opening the electromagnetic valve to carry out model remote water level regulation and control; for continuous water pumping, opening the electromagnetic valve of the water storage tank, and continuously draining the model until the free water in the soil sample is almost drained; for the step-type water pumping, the model is subjected to step-type water drainage for a plurality of times by regulating and controlling the electromagnetic valve switch of the water storage tank, and the free water in the soil sample is approximately drained by the last time of water drainage; and (3) for water injection after water pumping, opening the electromagnetic valve of the water storage tank, continuously draining the model until the free water in the soil sample is almost drained, closing the electromagnetic valve of the water storage tank, and then opening the electromagnetic valve of the water supply tank to enable the free water to permeate into the model soil body again through the water level monitoring tank, so that the water level of the model rises again.
In the step S3-5, acquiring, checking and storing monitoring data of the pore pressure sensor, the laser displacement meter, the first camera and the second camera through a digital system of the centrifuge to obtain a pore water pressure and vertical displacement curve changing along with time and a real-time deformation destruction state of the model; checking and storing the running state of the centrifugal machine in an automatic control system of the centrifugal machine to obtain a curve of the centrifugal acceleration along with time.
S6, analyzing the evolution difference change of the ground fissure after the water level is reduced in different water pumping modes according to test data, and researching the interference or reversal effect of the water level rising on the ground fissure evolution; analyzing the change rule of displacement fields of different types of hydrogeological structures under the stress driving effect, and researching the control effect of the fracture structure on the surface pumping differential settlement; and comprehensively analyzing the complex mechanical behavior of the fracture structure field under the water level change based on the monitoring results of the pore water pressure, the displacement, the real-time deformation damage condition and the centrifuge running state.
In this step, the analysis of the test data at least includes the steps of drawing a pore water pressure curve with time, a water level vertical displacement curve with time, a centrifugal acceleration curve with time, and the like.
The centrifugal model test device and the method for the large-scale ground fissure formation evolution process provided by the embodiment are adopted to carry out centrifugal model tests, 12 combinations shown in fig. 5 are taken as 12 test design schemes, and when the acceleration of a centrifugal machine is 100g in the test, the length ratio relation between a soil body model and a geological structure prototype is 1/100; the fault crushing zone is obliquely arranged in the middle of the box body, the inclination angle is set to be 70 degrees, and the thickness is set to be 10cm; the pore water pressure records the numerical value 1 time per second, the laser displacement meter records the numerical value 1 time per second, the centrifuge automatic control system records the numerical value 1 time per second, and finally, a pore water pressure time-varying curve graph (figure 6), a water level vertical displacement time-varying curve graph (figure 7) and a centrifugal acceleration time-varying curve graph (figure 8) are drawn according to test data.
As shown in fig. 6-8, the evolution process of the large ground fissure formation simulated by the invention is close to the real change, and the formation and evolution processes of the large ground fissure under different hydrogeological structures and different water pumping modes can be accurately reflected; meanwhile, the mechanical change in the evolution process can be reflected according to the monitoring data.
According to the technical scheme, the centrifugal model test device and the method for simulating the formation and evolution process of the large ground fissure provided by the embodiment of the invention have the advantages that the model remote electric control water level lifting system is creatively built according to the space-time scale characteristics of the large ground fissure, four common fracture site water-containing system structure models are designed, and the centrifugal model test device and the method can be used for simulating the formation and evolution process of the large ground fissure disaster in the water level change process; the complex mechanical behavior of the hidden fracture distribution area under the water level change can be displayed through the monitoring results of pore water pressure, displacement, real-time deformation damage conditions and the centrifuge running state; the model is simple and convenient to test, the size of the model is effectively reduced, the test time is greatly shortened, the test result is reliable and effective, and the condition that the pre-existing fracture shallow part is activated and the ground crack disaster is formed due to water pumping can be proved; the test result can provide scientific basis for the prevention and control of large-scale ground fissure disaster risks.
The above description is only a preferred embodiment of the invention and an illustration of the applied technical principle and is not intended to limit the scope of the claimed invention but only to represent a preferred embodiment of the invention. It will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that the scope of the invention herein disclosed is not limited to the particular combination of features described above, but also encompasses other arrangements formed by any combination of the above features or their equivalents without departing from the spirit of the invention. All other embodiments, which can be derived by a person skilled in the art from the embodiments of the present invention without making any creative effort, shall fall within the protection scope of the present invention.
While the foregoing is directed to the preferred embodiment of the present invention, it is understood that the invention is not limited to the exemplary embodiments disclosed, but is made merely for the purpose of providing those skilled in the relevant art with a comprehensive understanding of the specific details of the invention. It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various modifications and adaptations of the present invention can be made without departing from the principles of the invention and the scope of the invention is to be determined by the claims.
Claims (10)
1. A centrifugal model test device for simulating a large-scale ground fracture formation evolution process is characterized by comprising: the device comprises a box body (15) and a soil body model in the box body, wherein the soil body model comprises an upper plate (18), a fault fracture zone (19) and a lower plate (17);
the top of the box body (15) is provided with an opening, one side face of the box body is a front face and is provided with a transparent organic glass plate (16), a fault fracture zone (19) is arranged at a preset position in the box body (15), and an upper disc (18) and a lower disc (17) are respectively arranged on two sides of the fault fracture zone (19); a first scale (20), a second scale (21), a third scale (22) and a fourth scale (23) are respectively arranged at the sides of four edges of a transparent organic glass plate (16), a visible displacement mark (24) is pre-embedded in a soil body model on the inner side surface of the transparent organic glass plate (16), and a hole pressure sensor (25) is pre-embedded in a fault fracture zone (19);
a remote electric control water level lifting system is arranged in the box body; the specific arrangement mode is as follows: a water storage tank (3) is arranged at the bottom in the box body (15), a water supply tank (1) is arranged at the top, a water level monitoring tank (2) is arranged on the side surface, a water outlet (4) is arranged on the water supply tank (1) and is connected with a first guide pipe (5), and the first guide pipe (5) is connected into the water level monitoring tank (2) through a first electromagnetic valve (6); the bottom of the water level monitoring box (2) is provided with a water guide hole (7); a water inlet (8) is formed in a preset position at the top of the water storage tank (3), the water inlet (8) is connected with a second conduit (9), and the second conduit (9) is connected into a soil body model in the tank body through a second electromagnetic valve (10); an air outlet (11) is formed in one side, away from the water level monitoring box (2), of the top of the water storage box (3), the air outlet (11) is communicated with the bottom of a third guide pipe (12), the third guide pipe (12) is vertically arranged, and the top of the third guide pipe extends out of the box body; the first electromagnetic valve (6) and the second electromagnetic valve (10) are simultaneously connected with an electric control switch (13) through leads (14), and the switching tasks are respectively and independently executed under the control of the electric control switch;
a first camera (26) is arranged on the upper part of one side of the top of the box body (15) far away from the water supply tank, a second camera (32) is arranged on one side of the outer side of the box body (15) opposite to the transparent organic glass plate (16), a water guide direction mark (29), a water inlet direction mark (30) and a stable water level line (31) are arranged on the transparent organic glass plate (16), and a laser displacement meter (28) is arranged vertically above the top of the box body (15);
and the pore pressure sensor (25), the first camera (26), the second camera (32) and the laser displacement meter (28) are used as monitoring terminals and are simultaneously connected with a centrifuge digital system.
2. The centrifugal model test device for simulating the evolution process of large-scale ground fracture formation according to claim 1, characterized in that the lower plate (17), the fault fracture zone (19) and the upper plate (18) are used for simulating hydrogeological units, which together form a hydrogeological structure, wherein the lower plate (17) and the upper plate (18) simulate any one of aquifers and relative water barriers.
3. The centrifugal model test device for simulating the evolution process of large-scale ground fracture formation according to claim 2, wherein the hydrogeological structure comprises a lower disk relative water barrier-fault fracture zone-upper disk relative water barrier, a lower disk relative water barrier-fault fracture zone-upper disk aquifer, a lower disk aquifer-fault fracture zone-upper disk relative water barrier or a lower disk aquifer-fault fracture zone-upper disk aquifer.
4. The centrifugal model test device for simulating the large-scale ground fracture formation evolution process according to claim 2 or 3, wherein the aquifer, the relative water-resisting layer and the fault fracture zone are configured by clay and sandy soil, and the aquifer, the relative water-resisting layer and the fault fracture zone are simulated by different proportions of materials.
5. The centrifugal model test device for simulating the formation and evolution process of large-scale ground fissure as claimed in claim 1, wherein the remote electrically-controlled water level elevating system simulates continuous water pumping, stepped water pumping or water injection after water pumping.
6. A centrifugal model test method for simulating a large-scale ground fracture formation evolution process is characterized by comprising the following steps:
step S1, filling a box body according to a test design scheme, constructing a soil body model comprising an upper wall, a fault fracture zone and a lower wall in the box body, and filling soil bodies with preset proportion in the upper wall, the lower wall and the fault fracture zone;
s2, for each test design scheme, after the soil body in the box body is soaked to be saturated, hanging the soil body into a centrifuge basket;
s3, loading the centrifuge step by step after starting, and monitoring the pore water pressure, the displacement of the soil mass model, the real-time deformation and damage condition of the soil mass model and the running state of the centrifuge in the step loading process;
s4, keeping the centrifuge rotating at a constant speed after the speed of the centrifuge reaches a preset value, and continuously monitoring the pore water pressure, the displacement of the soil body model, the real-time deformation and damage condition of the soil body model and the running state of the centrifuge in the state of constant speed rotation;
s5, after the initial sedimentation in the box body is overall stable, controlling a first electromagnetic valve and a second electromagnetic valve, carrying out remote water level lifting regulation simulation, carrying out test operation on different water pumping modes under the current hydrogeological structure, and observing and recording the pore water pressure, the soil body model displacement, the real-time deformation destruction state of the soil body model and the parameter change of the running state of the centrifuge under the different water pumping modes;
s6, analyzing the evolution difference change of the ground fissure after the water level is reduced in different water pumping modes according to test data, and analyzing the interference or reversal effect of the water level rising on the ground fissure evolution; analyzing the change rule of displacement fields of different types of hydrogeological structures under the stress driving effect, and analyzing the control effect of the fracture structure on the surface pumping differential settlement; and analyzing the complex mechanical behavior of the fracture structure field under the water level change based on the monitoring results of the pore water pressure, the displacement, the real-time deformation damage condition and the centrifuge running state.
7. The method of claim 6, wherein the test design comprises two dimensions of hydrogeological structure and pumping scheme, wherein the hydrogeological structure comprises four dimensions of lower relative water barrier-fault fracture zone-upper relative water barrier, lower relative water barrier-fault fracture zone-upper water-bearing layer, lower water-bearing layer-upper relative water barrier, lower water-bearing layer-fault fracture zone-upper relative water barrier, and lower water-bearing layer-fault fracture zone-upper water-bearing layer; under each hydrogeological structure, the pumping scheme comprises three types of continuous pumping, stepped pumping and water injection after pumping.
8. The centrifugal model test method for simulating the formation and evolution process of the large-scale ground fissure as claimed in claim 6, wherein the centrifugal machine is loaded step by step after being started, and the acceleration rotation is kept for 3-5 minutes per liter; after the centrifugal acceleration reaches the design value, the centrifugal machine does not continue to load and keeps rotating at a constant speed; when the design value is n g, the ratio of the test time to the prototype time during the uniform rotation of the centrifuge is 1/n 2 。
9. The method for simulating the formation and evolution process of large-scale earth fractures according to claim 6, wherein the pore water pressure is monitored by a pore pressure sensor; the displacement monitoring comprises two aspects, namely observing and recording the displacement change of a soil model on the front side of the box body by using four scales and a visible displacement mark, and monitoring the displacement change of the soil model on the top of the box body by using a laser displacement meter; monitoring the real-time deformation damage condition of the soil mass model through a first camera and a second camera; the running state of the centrifuge is monitored by an automatic control system of the centrifuge, and the monitoring result comprises host machine running parameters, motor running parameters and rotating arm balance.
10. The centrifugal model test method for simulating the large-scale ground fracture formation and evolution process according to claim 6, wherein the remote water level elevation regulation simulation specifically comprises: opening a first electromagnetic valve and a second electromagnetic valve to perform model remote water level regulation and control, and simulating continuous water pumping, stepped water pumping or water injection after water pumping; for continuous water pumping, opening a second electromagnetic valve, and continuously draining the model until the free water in the soil sample is drained completely; for the step-type water pumping, the model is subjected to step-type water drainage for a plurality of times by regulating and controlling the second electromagnetic valve, and the free water in the soil sample is drained by the last water drainage; and (3) for water injection after water pumping, opening the second electromagnetic valve, continuously draining water by the model until the free water in the soil sample is almost drained, closing the second electromagnetic valve, and opening the first electromagnetic valve to enable the free water to permeate into the model soil body again through the water level monitoring box, so that the water level of the model is raised again.
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