CN115160638A - 含硼硅复合阻燃抑烟涂层的硬质聚氨酯泡沫及其制备方法 - Google Patents
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种含硼硅复合阻燃抑烟涂层的硬质聚氨酯泡沫及其制备方法,涉及阻燃抑烟技术领域,本发明提供了一种含硼硅复合阻燃抑烟涂层的硬质聚氨酯泡沫的制备方法,将硼酚醛树脂和硅溶胶涂覆在硬质聚氨酯泡沫材料表面,并控制涂层质量,制备得到阻燃抑烟硬质聚氨酯泡沫复合材料;本发明通过硼酚醛树脂/硅溶胶复合阻燃抑烟涂层质量的增加,一方面可以提高硬质聚氨酯泡沫复合材料的阻燃性能并改善力学性能,另一方面能够有效抑制有毒烟气的释放。
Description
技术领域:
本发明涉及阻燃抑烟技术领域,具体涉及一种含硼硅复合阻燃抑烟涂层的硬质聚氨酯泡沫及其制备方法。
背景技术:
目前,通过将阻燃剂以物理或化学方法添加到硬质聚氨酯泡沫(RPUF)中增强其阻燃抑烟性依然是最广泛使用的方法。添加型阻燃剂如膨胀石墨、聚磷酸铵、三聚氰胺盐及其衍生物、无机磷化合物以及有机磷酸盐等。通常,较高的阻燃剂添加量才能获得令人满意的阻燃效果。但也会对RPUF的力学性能产生不利影响。此外,较差的相容性也使得填料在使用中阻燃效率有限。化学方法则是将阻燃单元通过化学反应键接入到RPUF的主链或侧链中。这种方法主要用于设计固有的阻燃单体或试剂。近年来,由于其具有更高的阻燃效率和优异的耐久性,引起了越来越多的关注。但是,阻燃剂作为RPUF链段中的组成部分可能会导致密度无法控制,所得RPUF的泡孔形态和力学性能较差。相比上述两种方法,泡沫的表面处理由于其简便,有效和经济的特点,被认为是赋予其阻燃抑烟性的一种有前景的环境友好改性策略。
硼改性酚醛树脂作为酚醛树脂耐热性的改善效果最为理想的种类之一,其改性机理是在酚醛树脂的分子结构中引入了硼元素,可通过自交联反应形成含有硼的三维网状结构,使其具有高氧指数、低毒、低烟和低发热量的高耐燃性的特点。
硅溶胶呈三维网状结构,有研究表明,SiO2作为阻燃协效剂,可增加炭层强度,从而提高阻燃剂的阻燃效果。因此硅溶胶作为成膜物质,不仅有望将阻燃剂应用于RPUF,而且它还可能成为阻燃协效剂,起协同作用。
本发明以高成炭性的硼酚醛树脂和立体网状结构硅溶胶结合,通过物理涂覆的方法在RPUF表面形成复合阻燃涂层,并通过控制涂层质量制备得到阻燃抑烟的RPUF复合材料。一方面,硼酚醛树脂在燃烧过程中形成的炭层具有一定的物理屏障效应;另一方面,SiO2在燃烧过程中可以在表面形成有效隔热层,阻碍热量和可燃气体的扩散并催化生成更多残炭。
发明内容:
为了解决现有技术中硬质聚氨酯泡沫存在的易燃烧和燃烧过程中产生有毒烟气的缺点,本发明提供了一种含硼硅复合阻燃抑烟涂层的硬质聚氨酯泡沫的制备方法,将硼酚醛树脂和硅溶胶涂覆在硬质聚氨酯泡沫材料表面,并控制涂层质量,制备得到阻燃抑烟硬质聚氨酯泡沫复合材料。本发明通过硼酚醛树脂/硅溶胶复合阻燃抑烟涂层质量的增加,一方面可以提高硬质聚氨酯泡沫复合材料的阻燃性能并改善力学性能,另一方面能够有效抑制有毒烟气的释放。
本发明所要解决的技术问题采用以下的技术方案来实现:
本发明的目的之一在于提供一种含硼硅复合阻燃抑烟涂层的硬质聚氨酯泡沫的制备方法,包括以下步骤:
a)将熔融苯酚和硼酸搅拌溶解后缓慢升温至125-135℃,物料开始沸腾,收集冷凝液,升高温度进行酯化反应,到达酯化反应终点后停止加热,开始冷却物料;当体系温度降至70℃以下时投入多聚甲醛,缓慢升温进行缩合反应;停止反应,真空脱水,当凝胶时间达到70~90S(180±2℃)后停止抽真空,降温,得到硼酚醛树脂;
b)将正硅酸四乙酯、乙醇和去离子水搅拌混合,并滴加稀盐酸调节体系pH值在3.0~4.0,持续搅拌一段时间,加热老化,得到硅溶胶;
c)向步骤a)制备的硼酚醛树脂中加入无水乙醇溶解为均一的溶液,然后滴加硅溶胶,所得混合物在快速搅拌下进行加热,冷却静置,得到硼酚醛树脂/硅溶胶复合溶液;
d)将步骤c)制备的硼酚醛树脂/硅溶胶复合溶液均匀涂覆在硬质聚氨酯泡沫表面,经预烘后升温固化,得到阻燃抑烟涂层的硬质聚氨酯复合泡沫。
优选地,所述步骤a)中酯化反应终点是指冷凝液的质量为投入苯酚质量的0.1-0.13倍时。
冷凝液是指苯酚和硼酸进行酯化反应生产的水,当苯酚和硼酸开始酯化阶段,有大量的水会伴随硼酸一苯酯、硼酸二苯酯和硼酸三苯酯生成,因此将冷凝液开始大量形成作为酯化反应的起点,当冷凝液的质量为投入苯酚质量的0.1-0.13倍时,即为酯化反应终点。
优选地,所述步骤a)中苯酚与硼酸的摩尔比为1:(0.3-0.4);苯酚与多聚甲醛的摩尔比为1:(1.1-1.3)。
优选地,所述步骤a)中酯化反应的温度为175-185℃;缩合反应的温度为120-140℃,时间为1.5-2.5h。
优选地,所述步骤b)中正硅酸四乙酯与乙醇的摩尔比为1:(2-4);正硅酸四乙酯与去离子水的摩尔比为1:(5-7)。
优选地,所述步骤b)中持续搅拌温度为40-50℃,持续搅拌时间为3-4h;老化温度为45-55℃,老化时间48-72h。
优选地,所述步骤c)配制的硼酚醛树脂/硅溶胶复合溶液中硼酚醛树脂的质量分数为25-35wt%,硅溶胶的质量分数为10-20wt%;加热温度为65-75℃,加热时间为2-3h;无水乙醇的纯度为99%。
优选地,所述步骤d)中预烘温度为75-85℃,预烘时间为2-3h;固化是先升温至115-125℃固化1.5-2.5h,再升温至150-160℃固化3-4h。
优选地,所述步骤d)中阻燃抑烟涂层的添加量为10-15mg/cm2(以六个面计算)。
本发明的目的之二在于提供一种利用前述制备方法制备得到的含硼硅复合阻燃抑烟涂层的硬质聚氨酯泡沫。
本发明中采用的试剂、原料均可从市场上直接购买的商品或者通过公知得方法制备。硬质聚氨酯泡沫以多元醇、异氰酸酯、发泡剂,催化剂和稳泡剂等原料按常规的方法发泡制得。
本发明的有益效果是:
(1)本发明制备得到了一种含硼硅复合阻燃抑烟涂层的硬质聚氨酯泡沫,通过简单的物理涂覆即可实现优异的阻燃抑烟效果,克服了现有添加型阻燃剂和反应型阻燃剂对硬质聚氨酯泡沫产生的不利影响。
(2)本发明提供了一种含硼酚醛树脂/硅溶胶的复合阻燃涂层制备方法,一方面硼酚醛树脂的交联结构在燃烧过程中可形成更多的炭层覆盖在泡孔表面,有着较好的物理阻隔作用;另一方面由于SiO2表面能较低,容易迁移和聚集到材料表面,形成Si-O-Si的炭层结构,像陶瓷一样附着在基体的表面上,起到“固碳作用”,以保护聚合物的内部,阻止聚合物进一步燃烧;且形成一些含有Si-C结构的化合物,改善了复合材料的热稳定性,并增加了碳层的强度。
(3)本发明提供的制备方法可调控性强、工艺简单、操作方便、阻燃效率高,并且可以延伸到其他聚合物基体的阻燃应用中。
附图说明:
图1为本发明实施例3中原始样品、试样七和试样八经锥形量热仪燃烧测试后残炭的扫描电镜图。
具体实施方式:
为了使本发明实现的技术手段、创作特征、达成目的与功效易于明白了解,下面结合具体实施例和图示,进一步阐述本发明。
实施例1
a)将熔融苯酚和硼酸按摩尔比1:0.3投入三口烧瓶中,搅拌溶解后于2h内升温到130℃左右,物料开始沸腾,收集冷凝液,进行酯化反应。升高温度到180℃,当冷凝液的重量为投入苯酚质量的0.1倍时,结束反应,冷却物料。当体系温度冷却至70℃以下时,按苯酚与多聚甲醛摩尔比为1:1.2的比例投入多聚甲醛,控制升温速率,在2h内升高到120℃进行缩合反应,反应1.5h后进行真空脱水,当凝胶时间达到80S(180℃±2)后,停止抽真空,降温到70℃后出料,冷却,得到硼酚醛树脂。
b)将正硅酸四乙酯,乙醇和去离子水按摩尔比1:2:5投入到烧杯中,在磁力搅拌器上50℃搅拌均匀。然后向烧杯中中滴加0.1M HCl调节体系pH值在3.0,持续搅拌3h,最后将整个溶液加热在50℃老化48h后,得到硅溶胶。
c)将硼酚醛树脂置于带有磁力搅拌器的烧杯中,加入无水乙醇使其溶解为均一的溶液,得到硼酚醛树脂溶液,硼酚醛树脂质量分数为30wt%,无水乙醇为70%;将硅溶胶置于带有磁力搅拌器的烧杯中,加入无水乙醇使其溶解为均一的溶液,得到硅溶胶溶液,硅溶胶质量分数为10wt%,无水乙醇为90wt%;将硼酚醛树脂置于带有磁力搅拌器的烧杯中,加入无水乙醇使其溶解为均一的溶液,然后滴加硅溶胶,将混合物在快速搅拌下于70℃加热2.5h,静置备用,得到的硼酚醛树脂/硅溶胶复合溶液中硼酚醛树脂质量分数为30wt%,硅溶胶质量分数为10wt%,无水乙醇为60wt%。
d)首先取4块未经处理的硬质聚氨酯泡沫,将未改性的硬质聚氨酯泡沫切下表皮并裁取相应尺寸的待测试样品。待测试样品尺寸为100×100×25mm3,表观密度为0.058~0.06g/cm3,作为原始样品。随后分别在硬质聚氨酯泡沫的六个表面均匀刷涂硼酚醛树脂溶液、硅溶胶溶液和硼酚醛树脂/硅溶胶复合溶液,将涂覆好的样品在烘箱中于80℃预烘2h,随后升温120℃固化2h,150℃固化4h,取出样品后冷却脱模,涂层的添加量为10mg/cm2(以六个面计算),分别记为试样一,试样二和试样三。
硬质聚氨酯泡沫复合材料的阻燃抑烟性能及力学测试性能:
通过锥形量热仪(CONE)对上述制备的硬质聚氨酯泡沫复合材料的热释放速率(PHRR)、总热释放量(THR)、烟释放速率(SPR)、总生烟量(TSP)进行测试,按照ISO5600-1:2002标准进行,试样标准尺寸为100×100×25mm3;通过UL-94水平垂直燃烧测定仪按照ISO1210标准测试燃烧行为,NR为无等级,垂直燃烧样品尺寸为125×13×10mm3,按照GB/T8813-2020标准测试压缩强度,试样的压缩速率为2mm/min,尺寸为50×50×50mm3。
表1硬质聚氨酯泡沫复合材料测试性能数据
由表1可以看出,本发明制备的含硼硅复合阻燃抑烟涂层的硬质聚氨酯泡沫具有较强的阻燃抑烟效果。相比较单一涂层组件来说,当硼酚醛树脂和硅溶胶共同使用后表现出更低的热释放量和烟气释放量,并且该复合涂层对泡沫力学性能未产生不利影响。
实施例2
a)将熔融苯酚和硼酸胺摩尔比1:0.35投入三口烧瓶中,搅拌溶解后于2h内升温到130℃左右,物料开始沸腾,收集冷凝液,进行酯化反应。升高温度到180℃,当冷凝液的重量为投入苯酚质量的0.12倍时,结束反应,冷却物料。当体系温度冷却至70℃以下时,按苯酚与多聚甲醛摩尔比为1:1.2的比例投入多聚甲醛,控制升温速率,在2h内升高到120℃进行缩合反应,反应2h后进行真空脱水,当凝胶时间达到80S(180℃±2)后,停止抽真空,降温到70℃后出料,冷却,得到硼酚醛树脂。
b)将正硅酸四乙酯,乙醇和去离子水按摩尔比1:4:6投入到烧杯中,在磁力搅拌器上50℃搅拌均匀。然后向烧杯中中滴加0.1M HCl调节体系pH值在4.0,持续搅拌3.5h。最后将整个溶液加热在50℃老化48h后,得到硅溶胶。
c)将硼酚醛树脂置于带有磁力搅拌器的烧杯中,加入无水乙醇使其溶解为均一的溶液,得到硼酚醛树脂溶液,硼酚醛树脂质量分数为25wt%,无水乙醇为75%;将硅溶胶置于带有磁力搅拌器的烧杯中,加入无水乙醇使其溶解为均一的溶液,得到硅溶胶溶液,硅溶胶质量分数为15wt%,无水乙醇为85wt%;将硼酚醛树脂置于带有磁力搅拌器的烧杯中,加入无水乙醇使其溶解为均一的溶液,然后滴加硅溶胶,将混合物在快速搅拌下于70℃加热2h,静置备用,得到的硼酚醛树脂/硅溶胶复合溶液中硼酚醛树脂质量分数为25wt%,硅溶胶质量分数为15wt%,无水乙醇为60wt%。
d)首先取4块未经处理的硬质聚氨酯泡沫,将未改性的硬质聚氨酯泡沫切下表皮并裁取相应尺寸的待测试样品。待测试样品尺寸为100×100×25mm3,表观密度为0.058~0.06g/cm3,作为原始样品。随后分别在硬质聚氨酯泡沫的六个表面均匀刷涂硼酚醛树脂溶液、硅溶胶溶液和硼酚醛树脂/硅溶胶复合溶液,将涂覆好的样品在烘箱中于80℃预烘2h,随后升温120℃固化2h,150℃固化4h,取出样品后冷却脱模,涂层的质量为13mg/cm2(以六个面计算),分别记为试样四、试样五和试样六。
硬质聚氨酯泡沫复合材料的阻燃抑烟性能及力学测试性能:
通过锥形量热仪(CONE)对上述制备的硬质聚氨酯泡沫复合材料的热释放速率(PHRR)、总热释放量(THR)、烟释放速率(SPR)、总生烟量(TSP)进行测试,按照ISO5600-1:2002标准进行,试样标准尺寸为100×100×25mm3;通过UL-94水平垂直燃烧测定仪按照ISO1210标准测试燃烧行为,NR为无等级,垂直燃烧样品尺寸为125×13×10mm3,按照GB/T8813-2020标准测试压缩强度,试样的压缩速率为2mm/min,尺寸为50×50×50mm3。
表2硬质聚氨酯泡沫复合材料测试性能数据
由表2可以看出,本发明制备的含硼硅复合阻燃抑烟涂层的硬质聚氨酯泡沫具有较强的阻燃抑烟效果。相比较单一涂层组件来说,当硼酚醛树脂和硅溶胶共同使用后表现出更低的热释放量和烟气释放量,并且该复合涂层对泡沫力学性能未产生不利影响。
实施例3
a)将熔融苯酚和硼酸按摩尔比1:0.35投入三口烧瓶中,搅拌溶解后于2h内升温到130℃左右,物料开始沸腾,收集冷凝液,进行酯化反应。升高温度到180℃,当冷凝液的重量为投入苯酚质量的0.12倍时,结束反应,冷却物料。当体系温度冷却至70℃以下时,按苯酚与多聚甲醛摩尔比为1:1.3的比例投入多聚甲醛,控制升温速率,在2h内升高到125℃进行缩合反应,反应2.5h后进行真空脱水,当凝胶时间达到70S(180℃±2)后,停止抽真空,降温到70℃后出料,冷却,得到硼酚醛树脂。
b)将正硅酸四乙酯,乙醇和去离子水按摩尔比1:3:6投入到烧杯中,在磁力搅拌器上50℃搅拌均匀。然后向烧杯中中滴加0.1M HCl调节体系pH值在4.0,持续搅拌4h。最后将整个溶液加热在50℃老化72h后,得到硅溶胶。
c)将硼酚醛树脂置于带有磁力搅拌器的烧杯中,加入无水乙醇使其溶解为均一的溶液,然后滴加硅溶胶,将混合物在快速搅拌下于70℃加热2.5h,静置备用,得到的硼酚醛树脂/硅溶胶复合溶液中硼酚醛树脂质量分数为35wt%,硅溶胶质量分数为20wt%,无水乙醇为45wt%。
d)首先取3块未经处理的硬质聚氨酯泡沫,将未改性的硬质聚氨酯泡沫切下表皮并裁取相应尺寸的待测试样品。待测试样品尺寸为100×100×25mm3,表观密度为0.058~0.06g/cm3,作为原始样品。随后在硬质聚氨酯泡沫的六个表面均匀刷涂硼酚醛树脂/硅溶胶溶液,将涂覆好的样品在烘箱中于80℃预烘2h,随后升温120℃固化2h,150℃固化4h,取出样品后冷却脱模。涂层的质量为15mg/cm2(以六个面计算),记为试样七。
为进一步对比该复合涂层试样和物理共混试样的阻燃抑烟性能。将硼酚醛树脂和硅溶胶按本实施例所对应的质量分数添加到发泡原料中进行发泡,待泡沫体发起后,将泡沫体于烘箱中70℃熟化24h,冷却脱模,切下表皮并裁取相应尺寸的待测试样品。待测试样品尺寸为100×100×25mm3,表观密度为0.058~0.06g/cm3,记为试样八。发泡原料中聚醚多元醇的羟值为430-470mg KOH/g;异氰酸酯为多亚甲基多苯基多异氰酸酯;有机锡类催化剂为二月桂酸二丁基锡;发泡催化剂为三乙烯二胺;泡沫稳定剂为甲基硅油。
硬质聚氨酯泡沫复合材料的阻燃抑烟性能及力学测试性能:
通过锥形量热仪(CONE)对上述制备的硬质聚氨酯泡沫复合材料的热释放速率(PHRR)、总热释放量(THR)、烟释放速率(SPR)、总生烟量(TSP)进行测试,按照ISO5600-1:2002标准进行,试样标准尺寸为100×100×25mm3;通过UL-94水平垂直燃烧测定仪按照ISO1210标准测试燃烧行为,NR为无等级,垂直燃烧样品尺寸为125×13×10mm3,按照GB/T8813-2020标准测试压缩强度,试样的压缩速率为2mm/min,尺寸为50×50×50mm3。
表2硬质聚氨酯泡沫复合材料测试性能数据
由表3可以看出,相比较物理共混试样来说,本发明所制备的含硼硅复合涂层硬质聚氨酯泡沫具有更加优异的阻燃抑烟效果。当硼酚醛树脂和硅溶胶复合涂层共同作用表现出更低的热释放量和烟气释放量,并且该复合涂层对泡沫力学性能未产生不利影响。
图1为原始样品、试样七和试样八的残炭扫描电镜照片,可以看出,纯样品在燃烧后产生泡孔壁受到破坏,多孔洞;共混样品也存在相似情况;而本发明制备的硬质聚氨酯泡沫泡孔表面被碳化层覆盖,无明显破孔。
综上所述,本发明所制备的含硼硅复合阻燃抑烟涂层的硬质聚氨酯泡沫复合材料具有优异的阻燃抑烟效果。
以上显示和描述了本发明的基本原理和主要特征和本发明的优点。本行业的技术人员应该了解,本发明不受上述实施例的限制,上述实施例和说明书中描述的只是说明本发明的原理,在不脱离本发明精神和范围的前提下,本发明还会有各种变化和改进,这些变化和改进都落入要求保护的本发明范围内。本发明要求保护范围由所附的权利要求书及其等效物界定。
Claims (10)
1.一种含硼硅复合阻燃抑烟涂层的硬质聚氨酯泡沫的制备方法,其特征在于,包括以下步骤:
a)将熔融苯酚和硼酸搅拌溶解后缓慢升温至125-135℃,物料开始沸腾,收集冷凝液,升高温度进行酯化反应,到达酯化反应终点后停止加热,开始冷却物料;当体系温度降至70℃以下时投入多聚甲醛,缓慢升温进行缩合反应;停止反应,真空脱水,当凝胶时间达到70~90S(180±2℃)后停止抽真空,降温,得到硼酚醛树脂;
b)将正硅酸四乙酯、乙醇和去离子水搅拌混合,并滴加稀盐酸调节体系pH值在3.0~4.0,持续搅拌一段时间,加热老化,得到硅溶胶;
c)向步骤a)制备的硼酚醛树脂中加入无水乙醇溶解为均一的溶液,然后滴加硅溶胶,所得混合物在快速搅拌下进行加热,冷却静置,得到硼酚醛树脂/硅溶胶复合溶液;
d)将步骤c)制备的硼酚醛树脂/硅溶胶复合溶液均匀涂覆在硬质聚氨酯泡沫表面,经预烘后升温固化,得到阻燃抑烟涂层的硬质聚氨酯复合泡沫。
2.根据权利要求1所述的制备方法,其特征在于:所述步骤a)中酯化反应终点是指冷凝液的质量为投入苯酚质量的0.1-0.13倍时。
3.根据权利要求1所述的制备方法,其特征在于:所述步骤a)中苯酚与硼酸的摩尔比为1:(0.3-0.4);苯酚与多聚甲醛的摩尔比为1:(1.1-1.3)。
4.根据权利要求1所述的制备方法,其特征在于:所述步骤a)中酯化反应的温度为175-185℃;缩合反应的温度为120-140℃,时间为1.5-2.5h。
5.根据权利要求1所述的制备方法,其特征在于:所述步骤b)中正硅酸四乙酯与乙醇的摩尔比为1:(2-4);正硅酸四乙酯与去离子水的摩尔比为1:(5-7)。
6.根据权利要求1所述的制备方法,其特征在于:所述步骤b)中持续搅拌温度为40-50℃,持续搅拌时间为3-4h;老化温度为45-55℃,老化时间48-72h。
7.根据权利要求1所述的制备方法,其特征在于:所述步骤c)配制的硼酚醛树脂/硅溶胶复合溶液中硼酚醛树脂的质量分数为25-35wt%,硅溶胶的质量分数为10-20wt%;加热温度为65-75℃,加热时间为2-3h;无水乙醇的纯度为99%。
8.根据权利要求1所述的制备方法,其特征在于:所述步骤d)中预烘温度为75-85℃,预烘时间为2-3h;固化是先升温至115-125℃固化1.5-2.5h,再升温至150-160℃固化3-4h。
9.根据权利要求1所述的制备方法,其特征在于:所述步骤d)中阻燃抑烟涂层的添加量为10-15mg/cm2。
10.利用权利要求1-9任意一项所述的制备方法制备得到的含硼硅复合阻燃抑烟涂层的硬质聚氨酯泡沫。
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