CN115138852A - 高导热高耐磨渗铜气门导管 - Google Patents
高导热高耐磨渗铜气门导管 Download PDFInfo
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- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 24
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 24
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Abstract
本发明提供一种高导热高耐磨渗铜气门导管，其由粉末冶金工艺烧结而成，其基材中组分为C：0.6～1.2％，S：0.3～1.0％，Ni：0.3～0.9％，Mo：2.5～4.6％，W：0.8～3.2％，Cr：0.9～2.8％，余量为Fe；在所述基材的孔隙中还熔渗有16～30％基材质量的铜元素。该气门导管具有良好的导热性，可以将气门杆上的热量快速传递给缸盖，防止气门导管过热，并且具有良好的耐磨性能。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及气门导管制备技术领域，具体涉及一种高导热高耐磨渗铜气门导管。
背景技术
气门导管是汽车发动机配气机构的关键零部件之一，它的功用一是对气门的上下运动起导向作用，二是将气门杆上的热量传递给发动机缸盖。随着汽车国六排放标准的正式实施，以及中国政府“碳达峰”、“碳中和”目标的提出，传统燃油发动机正向着“低能耗、低排放、轻量化”的趋势发展，随着缸内直喷、稀薄燃料、涡轮增压等新型发动机技术的推广，以及天然气、LPG、乙醇等清洁燃料的应用，发动机缸室内环境温度越来越高，润滑条件越来越差，以及气门杆部对导管内壁施加的侧向力作用，因此对气门导管的导热性和耐磨性要求越来越高。
普通铁基导管中主要以Fe、C元素为主，导热性能较差，而且由于基体材料疏松、多孔，导致烧结后密度、硬度较低，机械性能难以提升，导热性、耐磨性均满足不了天然气发动机、重型柴油机以及新技术发动机高温、高压、高侧向冲击的工况要求。
发明内容
鉴于现有技术存在的气门导管导热、耐磨性能不足以满足新型发动机使用工况的问题，本申请提供一种高导热高耐磨渗铜气门导管。
本申请提供一种高导热高耐磨渗铜气门导管，所述高导热高耐磨渗铜气门导管由粉末冶金工艺烧结而成，其基材中元素质量百分比为：
C：0.6～1.2％，S：0.3～1.0％，Ni：0.3～0.9％，Mo：2.5～4.6％，W：0.8～3.2％，Cr：0.9～2.8％，余量为Fe；
在所述基材的孔隙中还熔渗有16～30％基材质量的铜元素。
优选的，所述高导热高耐磨渗铜气门导管的密度为7.4～8.0g/cm3。
优选的，所述高导热高耐磨渗铜气门导管的硬度不小于100HRB，所述高导热高耐磨渗铜气门导管的热传导率不小于50W/(m·K)。
本申请的高导热高耐磨渗铜气门导管基体材料中熔渗的Cu元素具有良好的导热性，可以将气门杆上的热量快速传递给缸盖，可以防止气门导管过热，造成气门导管发生塑性变形和蠕变，耐磨性下降而迅速失效。另一方面Cu元素具有一定的自润滑性，因此能够起到减磨效果，降低界面摩擦力，从而提高气门导管的耐磨性。该气门导管中加入的Cr、W元素可以形成耐高温、耐腐蚀、稳定性好的Fe-Cr-W合金耐磨相，另一方面以MoS2的形式存在的固体润滑剂,提升了导管的自润滑性能，可以抵抗气门杆对导管内壁施加的侧向力和干摩擦作用，降低界面摩擦力，起到减磨效果；渗铜导管回火后金相组织中形成了强度高、硬度高的板条状马氏体组织，以及强度高、韧性好的细针片状下贝氏体组织。
附图说明
图1为本申请的实施例3的气门导管的电镜照片。
1:渗铜组分 2:合金强化相 3:固体润滑剂 4:珠光体组织 5:贝氏体组织 6:马氏体组织
具体实施方式
以下结合附图和具体实施例，对本发明进行详细说明，在本说明书中，附图尺寸比例并不代表实际尺寸比例，其只用于体现各部件之间的相对位置关系与连接关系，名称相同或标号相同的部件代表相似或相同的结构，且仅限于示意的目的。
本申请的气门导管通过粉末冶金工艺烧结而成，，其基材中元素的质量百分比为C：0.6～1.2％，S：0.3～1.0％，Ni：0.3～0.9％，Mo：2.5～4.6％，W：0.8～3.2％，Cr：0.9～2.8％，余量为Fe。需要说明的是，实际原料粉末的制备过程中由于工艺限制，不可避免地会在原料粉末中存在其他杂质物质，对于这些杂质物质均记入Fe元素的质量含量中，并且上述元素的质量百分比均为基材原始成分的百分比，并不是经熔渗铜以后的质量百分比。在粉末烧结过程中，还向基材中熔渗有铜元素，铜元素质量为原始基材质量的16～30％。
具体的，按元素配比将原始粉末混合均匀，并在成型压机上压制成型制备烧结用的基体毛坯。然后按原始粉末质量用量的16～30％计算渗铜所需的渗铜铜柱用量，将渗铜铜柱与基体毛坯一起放入气体保护环境的烧结炉中高温烧结成型。然后将烧结后的导管毛坯放到热处理炉中进行回火处理，回火温度500～600℃，回火时间2～4小时。再对气门导管烧结件进行机械加工，得到规定尺寸的气门导管成品。
基体中的Mo元素可以稳定铁素体，起到固溶强化作用，可以在热处理过程中提高淬透性和防止回火脆性，从而提升粉末冶金材料高温下的耐磨性。
基体中的Cr元素除了具备较好的稳定铁素体、固溶强化作用之外，还有一个显著作用是可以缩小金相组织中的奥氏体区，减少渗铜材料中过多的残留奥氏体，在低合金中明显提升材料的强度和耐磨性；同时，Cr合金价格远低于Co、V等合金，有利于材料的成本控制。
基体中的W元素熔点较高，有良好的耐高温性能，在粉末冶金中可以细化晶粒，从而提升材料的强度、韧性和热稳定性，还可以防止回火脆性。在本材料中，高温烧结后与Cr、Mo等形成稳定的Fe-Cr-W合金耐磨相。
通过渗铜工艺向基体材料中熔渗Cu元素。可以使用Cu元素良好的导热性，提高气门导管的导热性能。随着气门导管导热性能的提高，其可以将气门杆上的热量快速传递给缸盖，避免自身的温升，从而防止导管材料在天然气发动机，以及甲醇、乙醇、丁醇等特种燃料发动机超高温、干摩擦等环境下发生塑性变形和蠕变，防止其耐磨性下降导致的迅速失效。
溶渗的Cu元素占据了基体材料中的微孔空间，永久性封闭粉冶导管中的孔隙，使气门导管材料更加质密，不仅有利于提升气门导管的导热性能，而且使得气门导管的密度、硬度、压溃强度得到大幅提升：平均密度提升了10～22％，平均硬度提升了25～30％；平均压溃强度提升了28～35％。
由于Cu、S元素的加入，还调控了气门导管的韧性，从而使得气门导管具备了良好的机加工性能，方便上述制造过程中后续的机械加工过程。
本申请的实施例1的制备方法为：
将原始粉末混合均匀，放入模具中压制成形导管毛坯，控制毛坯密度6.4～7.0g/cm3。
按16～30％的基材质量准备铜粉，于渗铜铜柱模具中压制成渗铜柱状毛坯。
将渗铜柱状毛坯与导管毛坯置于保护气氛中，高温渗铜烧结得到气门导管烧结件，渗铜烧结过程温度大于1085℃。
对气门导管烧结件做回火处理，消除残留奥氏体，形成稳定的形成稳定的马氏体、下贝氏体组织。
对经回火处理后的气门导管机加工处理，处理过程包括中磨、精车、精磨，制成成品。
本申请提供对比例1，以实施例3相同的基体材料按实施例1中的粉末冶金方式制备，区别在于在烧结过程中不使用渗铜铜柱做渗铜处理。
本申请的实施例2、实施例3与实施例4的制备过程与上述实施例1相同，实施例1、2、3、4以及对比例的材料组分区别见表1。
注：除Cu元素外均为基体中含量的质量百分比，Cu元素含量为与基体的质量百分比。
表1
测量上述实施例1、2、3、4以及对比例1中的制得的气门导管的力学性能，并分别进行与气门杆的往复摩擦实验。往复摩擦实验的实验条件为转速2000rpm，温度400℃，施加40N侧向力，实验进行10H。表2为实验结果数据。
表中可见本申请的实施例中的气门导管密度明显高于对比例，这说明熔渗的铜元素较好地占据了基体中的孔隙。本申请的实施例中的气门导管的硬度与压溃强度均有提高，说明本申请的技术方案起到了提高气门导管综合性能的作用。在此基础上，本申请的实施例中的气
表2
门导管的热传导率均达到50W/(m·K)以上，体现了本申请的技术方案所制备的气门导管具有良好的导热性能。在导热性能的加持下，通过硬度提升以及自润滑元素的加入，经过往复摩擦实验后，气门导管磨损量相比对比例降低了近50％，可见，耐磨性能得到有效提升。
图1是本申请的实施例3的气门导管的电镜照片，图中，清晰可见经回火处理后，基体的晶相组织包括珠光体组织4、贝氏体组织5以及马氏体组织6，晶相组织中弥散分布有合金强化相2。基体孔隙由黄褐色的渗铜组分1填充，并零星分布有固体润滑剂3。
上述内容仅仅是对本发明的优选实施方式进行描述，并非对本发明的范围进行限定，在不脱离本发明设计精神的前提下，本领域普通技术人员对本发明的技术方案作出的各种变形和改进，均应落入本发明的权利要求书确定的保护范围内。
Claims (3)
1.一种高导热高耐磨渗铜气门导管，所述高导热高耐磨渗铜气门导管由粉末冶金工艺烧结而成，其特征在于，所述高导热高耐磨渗铜气门导管的基材中元素质量百分比为：
C：0.6～1.2％，S：0.3～1.0％，Ni：0.3～0.9％，Mo：2.5～4.6％，W：0.8～3.2％，Cr：0.9～2.8％，余量为Fe；
在所述基材的孔隙中还熔渗有16～30％基材质量的铜元素。
2.如权利要求1所述的高导热高耐磨渗铜气门导管，其特征在于，所述高导热高耐磨渗铜气门导管的密度为7.4～8.0g/cm3。
3.如权利要求1所述的高导热高耐磨渗铜气门导管，其特征在于，所述高导热高耐磨渗铜气门导管的硬度不小于100HRB，所述高导热高耐磨渗铜气门导管的热传导率不小于50W/(m·K)。
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