CN115125345B - Method for installing steel ring of blast furnace bell-less top distributor - Google Patents
Method for installing steel ring of blast furnace bell-less top distributor Download PDFInfo
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- CN115125345B CN115125345B CN202210775231.4A CN202210775231A CN115125345B CN 115125345 B CN115125345 B CN 115125345B CN 202210775231 A CN202210775231 A CN 202210775231A CN 115125345 B CN115125345 B CN 115125345B
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- welded
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- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 94
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 94
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 29
- 238000003466 welding Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 114
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 claims description 11
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 claims description 7
- 238000007789 sealing Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000000137 annealing Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon dioxide Chemical compound O=C=O CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 10
- 238000009434 installation Methods 0.000 description 8
- 229910002092 carbon dioxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 239000001569 carbon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 5
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 3
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000007547 defect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000007689 inspection Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000003723 Smelting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002159 abnormal effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005299 abrasion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001174 ascending effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005336 cracking Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001514 detection method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000003631 expected effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000003993 interaction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000003475 lamination Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 235000013372 meat Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000035515 penetration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002265 prevention Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007711 solidification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008023 solidification Effects 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21B—MANUFACTURE OF IRON OR STEEL
- C21B7/00—Blast furnaces
- C21B7/18—Bell-and-hopper arrangements
- C21B7/20—Bell-and-hopper arrangements with appliances for distributing the burden
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21B—MANUFACTURE OF IRON OR STEEL
- C21B5/00—Making pig-iron in the blast furnace
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Metallurgy (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Arc Welding In General (AREA)
Abstract
The invention discloses a method for installing a blast furnace bell-less top distributor steel ring, which provides a throat gas cover and a distributor steel ring, wherein a flange is arranged above the throat gas cover, and the method comprises the following steps: step 100, placing a distributor steel ring above a flange plate, and adjusting the position of the distributor steel ring to enable the upper surface of the distributor steel ring to be horizontal, wherein an annular gap to be welded is formed between the distributor steel ring and the flange plate; step 200, uniformly selecting at least two welding starting points on the annular gap to be welded, forming an operation area between two adjacent welding starting points, synchronously welding all the welding starting points in a clockwise or anticlockwise direction, and connecting welding seams in the two adjacent operation areas. All the welding starting points are welded in the same mode synchronously, and stress generated by welding is symmetrically distributed along a gap to be welded, so that partial stress can be counteracted, deformation of the steel ring and the flange of the distributor is reduced, and the level of the upper surface of the steel ring of the distributor is ensured.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the field of blast furnace top equipment installation, in particular to a method for installing a steel ring of a blast furnace bell-less top distributor.
Background
The steel ring of the blast furnace bell-less top distributor belongs to the basic working surface of the distributor, so the requirement on parallelism is higher. The steel ring of the distributor is fixed with the furnace throat gas sealing cover through the furnace throat flange plate, and in the installation and positioning stage, the levelness of the steel ring is generally detected by adopting a frame type level meter or a ruler type level meter, however, detection errors exist in the frame type level meter or the ruler type level meter, or when the steel ring is welded and fixed, the lower surface of the steel ring of the distributor and the upper surface of the furnace throat flange plate cannot be welded and controlled to meet the design requirement, and deformation is caused to incline the distributor. After the distributor is put into operation, the distributor is always in an abnormal and inclined operation state in the whole production period of the blast furnace (10-15 years), so that the distribution precision in the blast furnace is poor, the air flow adjustment cannot reach the expected effect, the utilization rate of the blast furnace smelting gas is reduced, the blast furnace condition fluctuates, and the fuel consumption and the iron cost of the blast furnace are greatly increased; meanwhile, as the distributor runs abnormally and obliquely for a long time, the abrasion of equipment in the distributor is serious, the service life of expensive equipment (more than 500 ten thousand yuan) is greatly shortened, and the equipment investment benefit is reduced.
Disclosure of Invention
The aim of the embodiment of the invention is that: the method for installing the steel ring of the blast furnace bell-less top distributor can horizontally install the steel ring of the distributor, so that the level of the distributor is ensured.
In order to achieve the above purpose, the invention adopts the following technical scheme:
the method for installing the steel ring of the blast furnace bell-less top distributor comprises the following steps of:
step 100, placing the distributor steel ring above the flange plate, and adjusting the position of the distributor steel ring to enable the upper surface of the distributor steel ring to be horizontal, wherein an annular gap to be welded is formed between the distributor steel ring and the flange plate;
and 200, uniformly selecting at least two welding starting points on the annular gap to be welded, forming an operation area between two adjacent welding starting points, synchronously welding all the welding starting points in a clockwise or anticlockwise direction, and connecting welding seams in the two adjacent operation areas.
As a preferred embodiment of the method for installing a bell-less top distributor rim of a blast furnace, the step 100 includes:
step 101, placing the steel ring of the distributor above the flange plate;
102, determining the height of the upper surface of the distributor steel ring, and marking the height as a first height;
step 103, arranging N horizontal lines at the first height in a crossing way, wherein N is more than or equal to 2, and each horizontal line is intersected with the vertical axis of the steel ring of the distributor;
and 104, adjusting the position of the distributor steel ring according to the horizontal line to enable the upper surface of the distributor steel ring to be horizontal, wherein an annular gap to be welded is formed between the distributor steel ring and the flange plate.
As a preferable scheme of the method for installing the steel ring of the bell-less top distributor of the blast furnace, the levelness error of the upper surface of the flange plate is less than or equal to 0.5-1.5mm/m.
As a preferable scheme of the method for installing the bell-less top distributor steel ring of the blast furnace, the step 100 further comprises:
preheating the steel ring of the distributor and the flange plate at two sides of the gap to be welded.
As a preferable scheme of the method for installing the steel ring of the bell-less top distributor of the blast furnace, the preheating temperature is 120 ℃.
As a preferable scheme of the installation method of the blast furnace bell-less top distributor steel ring, the distributor steel ring and the flange plate in the region 120-200mm on the two sides of the gap to be welded are preheated.
As a preferred embodiment of the method for installing a bell-less top distributor rim of a blast furnace, the step 200 further includes:
and 300, heating and preserving heat of the welding seam by adopting an electric heater, and naturally cooling to the ambient temperature.
As a preferable scheme of the method for installing the steel ring of the bell-less top distributor of the blast furnace, the step 300 specifically comprises:
heating the welding seam to 600-650 ℃ by adopting the electric heater, preserving heat for 120-150 minutes, and naturally cooling to the ambient temperature.
As a preferable scheme of the blast furnace bell-less top distributor steel ring installation method, a plurality of welding seams are arranged between the distributor steel ring and the flange plate in a lamination mode, and after each welding seam is cooled to the ambient temperature, the other welding seam is welded on the welding seam.
As a preferable scheme of the blast furnace bell-less top distributor steel ring installation method, the wind speed in the gap to be welded is not more than 1m/s during welding.
The beneficial effects of the invention are as follows: by arranging a plurality of welding starting points, the gap to be welded is divided into a plurality of operation areas, the whole annular large welding seam can be divided into a plurality of welding seams with shorter lengths, the length of each welding seam is shortened, the welding precision of each welding seam is controlled, and the welding quality is improved; and all the welding starting points are welded in the same mode synchronously, and at the moment, the stress generated by welding is symmetrically distributed along the gaps to be welded, so that partial stress can be counteracted, the deformation of the steel ring and the flange of the distributor is reduced, and the level of the upper surface of the steel ring of the distributor is ensured.
Drawings
The invention is described in further detail below with reference to the drawings and examples.
FIG. 1 is a schematic view in partial cross-section of a blast furnace bell-less roof according to an embodiment of the present invention.
Fig. 2 is a schematic top view of a blast furnace bell-less roof according to an embodiment of the present invention.
In the figure:
1. a steel ring of the distributing device; 2. a flange plate; 3. a furnace throat gas cover; 4. a gas riser; 5. the furnace throat distribution chute is a large square inspection manhole.
Detailed Description
In order to make the technical problems solved by the present invention, the technical solutions adopted and the technical effects achieved more clear, the technical solutions of the embodiments of the present invention will be described in further detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings, and it is obvious that the described embodiments are only some embodiments of the present invention, but not all embodiments. All other embodiments, which can be made by those skilled in the art based on the embodiments of the invention without making any inventive effort, are intended to fall within the scope of the invention.
In the description of the present invention, unless explicitly stated and limited otherwise, the terms "connected," "connected," and "fixed" are to be construed broadly, and may be, for example, fixedly connected, detachably connected, or integrally formed; can be mechanically or electrically connected; can be directly connected or indirectly connected through an intermediate medium, and can be communicated with the inside of two elements or the interaction relationship of the two elements. The specific meaning of the above terms in the present invention will be understood in specific cases by those of ordinary skill in the art.
As shown in fig. 1 and 2, the method for installing the blast furnace bell-less top distributor steel ring provided by the invention provides a throat gas cover 3 and a distributor steel ring 1, wherein a flange plate 2 is arranged above the throat gas cover 3, and comprises the following steps:
step 100, placing the distributor steel ring 1 above the flange plate 2, and adjusting the position of the distributor steel ring 1 to enable the upper surface of the distributor steel ring 1 to be horizontal, wherein an annular gap to be welded is formed between the distributor steel ring 1 and the flange plate 2;
step 200, uniformly selecting at least two welding starting points on the annular gap to be welded, forming an operation area between two adjacent welding starting points, synchronously welding all the welding starting points in a clockwise or anticlockwise direction, and connecting welding seams in the two adjacent operation areas.
By arranging a plurality of welding starting points, the gap to be welded is divided into a plurality of operation areas, the whole annular large welding seam can be divided into a plurality of welding seams with shorter lengths, the length of each welding seam is shortened, the welding precision of each welding seam is controlled, and the welding quality is improved; all the welding starting points are welded in the same mode synchronously, at the moment, the stress generated by welding is symmetrically distributed along the gaps to be welded, so that partial stress can be counteracted, the deformation of the distributor steel ring 1 and the flange plate 2 is reduced, and the level of the upper surface of the distributor steel ring 1 is ensured.
In this embodiment, four welding starting points (0 °,90 °,180 °,270 °) are uniformly selected on the gap to be welded, that is, the four welding starting points are symmetrically arranged, and four workers weld at the same speed from the four welding starting points. The welding starting points are synchronously welded, and the welding directions (clockwise or anticlockwise), welding current, welding wire specification and model, welding speed, the number of welding layers and the welding method (from inside to outside and from bottom to top) are all consistent, so that balanced welding is carried out from the aspects of transverse, longitudinal and spatial multidimensional.
Specifically, step 100 includes:
step 101, placing a distributor steel ring 1 above a flange plate 2;
step 102, determining the height of the upper surface of the steel ring 1 of the distributor, and marking the height as a first height;
step 103, arranging N horizontal lines at the first height in a crossing way, wherein N is more than or equal to 2, and each horizontal line is intersected with the vertical axis of the steel ring 1 of the distributor;
step 104, adjusting the position of the distributor steel ring 1 according to the horizontal line, so that the upper surface of the distributor steel ring 1 is horizontal, and an annular gap to be welded is formed between the distributor steel ring 1 and the flange 2.
Through setting up N horizon, can form a reticular horizontal plane in the top of distributing device steel ring 1, judge conveniently and intuitively whether distributing device steel ring 1 upper surface is horizontal, can conveniently adjust distributing device steel ring 1's position like this to the upper surface is horizontal after guaranteeing distributing device steel ring 1 and ring flange 2 welding.
Preferably, the plurality of horizontal lines are uniformly distributed, that is, the included angles between two connected horizontal lines are equal, so that the overall levelness of the steel ring 1 of the distributor is more favorably judged, in the embodiment, four horizontal lines are arranged, the four horizontal lines are crossed in an octagonal symmetrical mode, and in other embodiments, five, six, seven, eight or more horizontal lines can be arranged.
Specifically, step 102 includes:
and 1021, determining the height of the upper surface of the distributor steel ring 1 by using a level gauge, and marking the height as a first height.
The level gauge is an instrument for measuring the height difference between two points of the ground by establishing a horizontal sight line. Because the size of the distributor steel ring 1 is larger, the setting precision of the horizontal line can be improved by utilizing the level gauge, thereby ensuring the upper surface level of the distributor steel ring 1.
In this embodiment, to ensure horizontal installation of the distributor, the basic requirements (i.e. before step 100) before installation of the distributor steel ring 1 include:
1. the large square overhaul manhole 5 of the throat distributing chute is required to be welded with the throat gas sealing cover 3, and the stress relief annealing heat treatment is completed;
2. the four gas ascending pipes 4 (delivery pipes) of the furnace throat and the gas sealing cover 3 of the furnace throat are welded, and the stress-relief annealing heat treatment is completed;
3. the flange plate 2 is welded with the furnace throat gas sealing cover 3, and the stress relief annealing heat treatment is completed;
specifically, step 100 is preceded by:
and measuring the levelness of the upper surface of the flange plate 2, wherein the levelness error of the upper surface of the flange plate 2 is less than or equal to 0.5-1.5mm/m.
In this embodiment, in order to ensure good installation of the distributor steel ring 1, before step 100 is performed, it is necessary to perform a levelness inspection on the upper surface of the flange 2, so that after the level of the upper surface of the distributor steel ring 1 is adjusted, an excessive local gap between the distributor steel ring 1 and the flange 2 is avoided, and connection stability between the distributor steel ring 1 and the flange 2 is ensured.
Specifically, step 100 is preceded by:
preheating a distributor steel ring 1 and a flange plate 2 on two sides of a gap to be welded.
By preheating the distributor steel ring 1 and the flange plate 2, welding stress can be reduced, cracking is prevented, heat affected zone performance is improved, welding shrinkage deformation of the distributor steel ring 1 is reduced, and therefore the upper surface of the distributor steel ring 1 is ensured to be horizontal after welding is completed.
In the embodiment, the distributor steel ring 1 and the flange plate 2 in the region of 120-200mm on both sides of the gap to be welded are preheated, and the preheating temperature is 120 ℃.
Specifically, after step 200, the method further includes:
and 300, heating and preserving heat to the welding seam by adopting an electric heater, and naturally cooling to the ambient temperature.
By heating and preserving heat of the welding seam, the stress of the welding part can be eliminated, the solidification effect is achieved, and the strength of the welding area is improved.
The step 300 specifically includes:
heating the welding seam to 600-650 ℃ by adopting an electric heater, preserving heat for 120-150 minutes, and naturally cooling to the ambient temperature.
In this embodiment, the distributor steel ring 1 and the flange 2 are fixed by overlaying, a plurality of welding seams are stacked between the distributor steel ring 1 and the flange 2, and after each welding seam is cooled to the ambient temperature, another welding seam is welded on the welding seam.
After each welding seam is cooled to the ambient temperature, the welding seam can be checked, and after the welding seam meets the requirement, another welding seam is welded on the welding seam, so that the welding quality of each welding seam is controlled, the shrinkage deformation of the welding seam is strictly controlled, in the embodiment, the height of each layer of welding seam is 4-6mm, the welding of 4-5 layers is finished according to the height of a gap to be welded, and the deformation in each welding process is controlled to be less than or equal to 0.02-0.05 mm.
In the embodiment, a welding machine is adopted for welding, a carbon dioxide gas shielded welding machine is adopted, and welding wire materials are required to have compatibility with two materials of the furnace throat flange 2 and the distributor steel ring 1; the welding wire adopts H08MnA, the diameter of the welding wire is 1.2mm, and the welding voltage control requirement in the welding process is as follows: 18-21V; welding current control requirements in the welding process: 100-180A. The welding speed determines the welding seam forming, the speed is too high, the penetration and the width are reduced, and welding defects such as meat biting, unfused welding, air holes and the like are easy to occur; welding defects such as welding collapse, welding deformation increase and the like occur too slowly, and the embodiment requires welding speed control requirements: 70-90 mm/min. Carbon dioxide gas purity requirement: not less than 99.8%, carbon dioxide gas has the functions of protection and cooling, the effect of protection is determined by the quantity of flow, and the carbon dioxide gas flow control requirement during welding is as follows: 15-25L/min.
Specifically, during welding, the wind speed in the gap to be welded is not more than 1m/s. Because the embodiment adopts the carbon dioxide gas to protect the welding machine, the wind speed of the welding part is considered during welding, and when the wind speed is more than 1m/s, wind prevention measures are needed to ensure the welding quality of the welding machine.
In the description herein, it should be understood that the terms "upper," "lower," "left," "right," and the like are based on the orientation or positional relationship shown in the drawings, and are merely for convenience of description and to simplify the operation, rather than to indicate or imply that the apparatus or elements referred to must have a particular orientation, be constructed and operated in a particular orientation, and thus should not be construed as limiting the invention. Furthermore, the terms "first," "second," and the like, are used merely for distinguishing between descriptions and not for providing a special meaning.
In the description herein, reference to the term "one embodiment," "an example," etc., means that a particular feature, structure, material, or characteristic described in connection with the embodiment or example is included in at least one embodiment or example of the invention. In this specification, schematic representations of the above terms do not necessarily refer to the same embodiments or examples.
Furthermore, it should be understood that although the present disclosure describes embodiments, not every embodiment is provided with a separate embodiment, and that this description is provided for clarity only, and that the disclosure is not limited to the embodiments described in the foregoing embodiments, and that the embodiments described in the foregoing embodiments may be combined appropriately to form other embodiments that will be understood by those skilled in the art.
The technical principle of the present invention is described above in connection with the specific embodiments. The description is made for the purpose of illustrating the general principles of the invention and should not be taken in any way as limiting the scope of the invention. Other embodiments of the invention will be apparent to those skilled in the art from consideration of this specification without undue burden.
Claims (6)
1. The method for installing the steel ring of the bell-less top distributor of the blast furnace is characterized by providing a throat gas cover and a distributor steel ring, wherein a flange is arranged above the throat gas cover, and the method comprises the following steps of:
the flange plate and the furnace throat gas sealing cover are welded well, and stress relief annealing heat treatment is completed;
step 100, placing the distributor steel ring above the flange plate, and adjusting the position of the distributor steel ring to enable the upper surface of the distributor steel ring to be horizontal, wherein an annular gap to be welded is formed between the distributor steel ring and the flange plate so that the bottom of the distributor steel ring can be welded with the upper surface of the flange plate;
step 200, uniformly selecting at least two welding starting points on the annular gap to be welded, forming an operation area between two adjacent welding starting points, synchronously welding all the welding starting points in a clockwise or anticlockwise direction, and connecting welding seams in the two adjacent operation areas;
step 300, heating and preserving heat of the welding seam by adopting an electric heater, and naturally cooling to the ambient temperature;
the step 100 includes:
step 101, placing the steel ring of the distributor above the flange plate;
102, determining the height of the upper surface of the distributor steel ring, and marking the height as a first height;
step 103, arranging N horizontal lines at the first height in a crossing way, wherein N is more than or equal to 2, and each horizontal line is intersected with the vertical axis of the steel ring of the distributor;
104, adjusting the position of the distributor steel ring according to the horizontal line to enable the upper surface of the distributor steel ring to be horizontal, wherein an annular gap to be welded is formed between the distributor steel ring and the flange plate;
the step 300 specifically includes:
heating the welding seam to 600-650 ℃ by adopting the electric heater, preserving heat for 120-150 minutes, and naturally cooling to the ambient temperature;
and a plurality of welding seams are arranged between the distributor steel ring and the flange plate in a stacked mode, and after each welding seam is cooled to the ambient temperature, the other welding seam is welded on the welding seam.
2. The method for installing a steel ring of a blast furnace bell-less top distributor according to claim 1, wherein the levelness error of the upper surface of the flange is less than or equal to 0.5-1.5mm/m.
3. The method for installing a blast furnace bell-less top distributor rim according to claim 1, wherein the step 100 is preceded by:
preheating the steel ring of the distributor and the flange plate at two sides of the gap to be welded.
4. A method of installing a bell-less top distributor rim for a blast furnace according to claim 3, wherein the preheating temperature is 120 ℃.
5. A method of installing a blast furnace bell-less top distributor rim according to claim 3, wherein the distributor rim and the flange are preheated in the region 120-200mm on either side of the gap to be welded.
6. The method for installing a steel ring of a blast furnace bell-less top distributor according to claim 1, wherein the wind speed in the gap to be welded is not more than 1m/s during welding.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN202210775231.4A CN115125345B (en) | 2022-07-01 | 2022-07-01 | Method for installing steel ring of blast furnace bell-less top distributor |
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| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN202210775231.4A CN115125345B (en) | 2022-07-01 | 2022-07-01 | Method for installing steel ring of blast furnace bell-less top distributor |
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| Publication Number | Publication Date |
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| CN115125345A CN115125345A (en) | 2022-09-30 |
| CN115125345B true CN115125345B (en) | 2024-04-02 |
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|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN201785409U (en) * | 2010-07-19 | 2011-04-06 | 中国一冶集团有限公司 | Deformation prevention device for installation of top ring |
| LU91885B1 (en) * | 2011-10-11 | 2013-04-12 | Wurth Paul Sa | Blast furnace installation |
| CN105112585A (en) * | 2015-07-24 | 2015-12-02 | 上海宝钢工程咨询有限公司 | Blast furnace top steel ring mounting structure and mounting method thereof |
| CN108005349A (en) * | 2017-11-30 | 2018-05-08 | 中建六局第三建筑工程有限公司 | Leveling method for super large ultra-flat terrace built-in fitting |
| CN114604730A (en) * | 2022-03-09 | 2022-06-10 | 重庆钢铁股份有限公司 | Method for replacing transmission gear box on top of blast furnace |
-
2022
- 2022-07-01 CN CN202210775231.4A patent/CN115125345B/en active Active
Patent Citations (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN201785409U (en) * | 2010-07-19 | 2011-04-06 | 中国一冶集团有限公司 | Deformation prevention device for installation of top ring |
| LU91885B1 (en) * | 2011-10-11 | 2013-04-12 | Wurth Paul Sa | Blast furnace installation |
| CN105112585A (en) * | 2015-07-24 | 2015-12-02 | 上海宝钢工程咨询有限公司 | Blast furnace top steel ring mounting structure and mounting method thereof |
| CN108005349A (en) * | 2017-11-30 | 2018-05-08 | 中建六局第三建筑工程有限公司 | Leveling method for super large ultra-flat terrace built-in fitting |
| CN114604730A (en) * | 2022-03-09 | 2022-06-10 | 重庆钢铁股份有限公司 | Method for replacing transmission gear box on top of blast furnace |
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| Title |
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| 曾正明.《简明筑炉工手册》.机械工业出版社,1998,第562-563页. * |
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