CN115108624B - 二茂铁硒醚/TiO2类复合光催化剂在净化水体系中污染物的应用 - Google Patents
二茂铁硒醚/TiO2类复合光催化剂在净化水体系中污染物的应用 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明公开了二茂铁硒醚/TiO2类复合光催化剂在净化水体系中污染物的应用;所述二茂铁硒醚/TiO2类复合光催化剂为二茂铁硒醚‑TiO2和/或二茂铁硒醚亚铜簇‑TiO2;所述污染物包括四环素、六价铬和其他化学污染物中的任意一种或几种组合;所述其他化学污染物为对硝基苯酚、2,5‑二羟基苯醌、氯醌酸、亚甲基蓝、甲苯胺蓝、孔雀绿和龙胆紫中的任意一种或几种组合。与现有技术相比,本发明利用经济、稳定的二茂铁硒醚/TiO2类复合光催化剂,实现30min中性pH体系同时去除六价铬和四环素及5min广泛pH体系中四环素的快速降解。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及水污染处理技术领域,具体涉及二茂铁硒醚/TiO2类复合光催化剂在净化水体系中污染物的应用。
背景技术
环境问题是当今人类面临和亟待解决的重大问题之一,水质改善及其对安全保障的需求,始终都是水处理科学与技术的根本追求。有机物、重金属是水污染的主要来源,严重威胁着地球环境和人类健康。四环素类抗生素作为一种广谱抗生素在牲畜和鱼类养殖领域极为常见,同时金属铬亦广泛应用于冶金、化工、铸铁、耐火及高精端科技等领域,因此在工业废水污染物的组成中占比极高,且通过传统物化及生化处理法极难去除。近年来光促下的高级氧化还原法,如光芬顿、光氧化还原法因其能够实现绿色、高效、可持续的净化生态环境而备受关注。因此,针对水体中具有持久危害性的四环素和六价铬,基于光促高级氧化还原法设计开发一种高效的复合催化体系以完成光促条件下快速、高效处理污染物的目的,这对于解决日益严重的生态问题具有重要意义。
目前,利用光芬顿法(芬顿法)或者光氧化还原法预处理或深度处理难降解的工业废水是一种常见方法。它们作为两种典型的高级氧化还原技术,可通过光促产生具有超强氧化能力羟基自由基和超氧自由基将有毒有机物大分子氧化降解为低毒或无毒的小分子物质,或通过产生具有强还原能力光生电子将有害高氧化数重金属还原转化为环境毒性较低的低价金属。已有将此类方法分别应用于四环素、六价铬的水处理体系的相关报道,如:周建成利用分层氮化碳微棒80min降解87%四环素[1];黄白标利用金属有机框架Fe3(HITP)2在pH=4强酸性条件下降解四环素取得较好的效果[2];Caue Ribeiro利用Nb2O5/CuO异质结在pH=6酸性条件下210min还原84%六价铬[3];王伟制备合成BiVO4/FeVO4@rGO复合材料用于pH=2时90min处理90%四环素和六价铬[4]。综上,因其耗时较长和强酸环境的局限性,极大制约绿色、节能、高效的光促高级氧化还原法针对废水体系中此类有机和无机污染物的实际应用。
发明内容
发明目的:本发明所要解决的技术问题是针对现有技术的不足,提供二茂铁硒醚/TiO2类复合光催化剂在净化水体系中污染物的应用。
为了解决上述技术问题,本发明公开了二茂铁硒醚/TiO2类复合光催化剂在净化水体系中污染物的应用。
其中,所述二茂铁硒醚/TiO2类复合光催化剂为二茂铁硒醚-TiO2和/或二茂铁硒醚亚铜簇-TiO2,优选为二茂铁硒醚-TiO2或二茂铁硒醚亚铜簇-TiO2,进一步优选为二茂铁硒醚-TiO2。
其中,所述二茂铁硒醚-TiO2与二茂铁硒醚亚铜簇-TiO2中TiO2为P25,二茂铁硒醚亚铜簇为二茂铁硒醚与碘化亚铜配合物,二茂铁硒醚配体结构如式I所示。
其中,二茂铁硒醚配体和二茂铁硒醚亚铜簇均为TiO2敏化剂,通过二茂铁硒醚中的桥联单元与TiO2形成稳定的化学键实现稳定负载,利用表面二茂铁硒醚中有效配位点-Se与CuI原位构筑稳定二茂铁硒醚亚铜簇。
其中,二茂铁硒醚-TiO2复合光催化剂禁带宽度为2.9eV,二茂铁硒醚亚铜簇-TiO2复合光催化剂禁带宽度为3eV。
本发明中所述二茂铁硒醚-TiO2与二茂铁硒醚亚铜簇-TiO2的制备方法参见中国发明专利CN112007615B一种用于回收有机含硫染料的复合吸附材料制备方法及其应用;所述二茂铁硒醚-TiO2即为上述中国发明专利中的中间物,所述二茂铁硒醚亚铜簇-TiO2即为上述中国发明专利中的复合吸附材料。
在一些实施例中,所述污染物包括四环素、六价铬和其他化学污染物中的任意一种或几种组合;所述其他化学污染物为对硝基苯酚、2,5-二羟基苯醌、氯醌酸、亚甲基蓝、甲苯胺蓝、孔雀绿和龙胆紫中的任意一种或几种组合;在一些实施例中,所述污染物包括四环素和六价铬中的任意一种或两种污染物,或四环素和六价铬中的任意一种或两种污染物与其他化学污染物的组合。
其中,所述水体系的pH为3~9,优选为3~7。
其中,所述二茂铁硒醚/TiO2类复合光催化剂的添加量为0.1~0.3g/L水体系;所述水体系中的污染物包括六价铬、四环素和其他污染物中的任意一种或几种组合;所述水体系中六价铬的浓度为5~15mg/L,优选为10mg/L;所述水体系中四环素的浓度为10~30mg/L,优选为20mg/L;所述水体系中其他污染物的浓度为15~25mg/L,优选为20mg/L。
其中,所述应用为将所述二茂铁硒醚/TiO2类复合光催化剂与过氧化氢共同处理含污染物的水体;具体为,将所述二茂铁硒醚/TiO2类复合光催化剂与含污染物的水体系混合后,加入过氧化氢,于可见光下进行光催化反应;优选为,将所述二茂铁硒醚/TiO2类复合光催化剂与含污染物的水体系混合后,暗处反应至吸附-脱附平衡,加入过氧化氢,于可见光下进行光催化反应。
其中,所述暗处反应至吸附-脱附平衡的时间为30~60min,优选为30min。
其中,所述可见光的波长为400nm以上,优选为420nm;所述可见光源功率为250~350W,优选为280~320W,进一步优选为300W。
在一些实施例中,在光催化反应30min时,水体系中污染物的处理率为90%以上;在一些实施例中,在光催化反应30min时,水体系中污染物的处理率为95%以上;其中,所述污染物的处理率为四环素的降解率。
在一些实施例中,在光催化反应30min时,水体系中污染物四环素的降解率为35%以上,水体系中污染物六价铬的还原率为29%以上;在一些实施例中,在光催化反应30min时,水体系中污染物四环素的降解率为89%以上,水体系中污染物六价铬的还原率为41%以上;在一些实施例中,在光催化反应30min时,水体系中污染物四环素的降解率为90%以上,水体系中污染物六价铬的还原率为60%以上;在一些实施例中,在光催化反应30min时,水体系中污染物四环素的降解率为92%,水体系中污染物六价铬的还原率为64%。
在一些实施例中,当所述二茂铁硒醚/TiO2类复合光催化剂为二茂铁硒醚-TiO2、水体系pH为3~7时,在光催化反应5min时,水体系中污染物的处理率为80%以上;在一些实施例中,当所述二茂铁硒醚/TiO2类复合光催化剂为二茂铁硒醚-TiO2、水体系pH为3~7时,在光催化反应5min时,水体系中污染物的处理率为85%以上;其中,所述污染物的处理率为四环素的降解率。
有益效果:与现有技术相比,本发明具有如下优势:
(1)相较已有报道中四环素和六价铬的水处理体系均需pH=2~4酸度区间,本发明利用二茂铁硒醚配体中的Se-H弱作用提供酸性微环境以实现光芬顿高效循环,同时该酸性微环境亦有助于六价铬高效还原,达到环境友好的水处理体系要求。
(2)相较已有报道中四环素和六价铬的水处理体系均需80~120min时间区间,本发明利用二茂铁硒醚配体及二茂铁硒醚亚铜簇敏化修饰传统光活性材料TiO2使其具备可见光活性,且因Se-H弱作用促使光生空穴捕获剂H2O不断消耗空穴,有效抑制光生电子-空穴复合,推动体系持续生成强氧化性ROS和强还原性电子,可见光激发下30min时间内完成四环素92%降解和六价铬64%还原,达到绿色高效的水处理体系要求。
(3)本发明采用二茂铁硒醚配体及二茂铁硒醚亚铜簇敏化TiO2,获得结构稳定复合光催化剂,基于光芬顿+光氧化还原技术,一体化、可循环、协同处理同时含有四环素和六价铬的模拟废水,并有效优化体系各项参数,达到绿色节能高效的水处理体系要求。
附图说明
下面结合附图和具体实施方式对本发明做更进一步的具体说明,本发明的上述和/或其他方面的优点将会变得更加清楚。
图1为二茂铁硒醚-TiO2降解四环素高效液相色谱-质谱测试结果。
图2为二茂铁硒醚亚铜簇-TiO2降解四环素高效液相色谱-质谱测试结果。
图3为实施例2中处理单一化学品体系(降解四环素)时,四环素的浓度随反应时间的变化。
图4为实施例2中处理单一化学品体系(还原Cr)时,Cr6+的浓度随反应时间的变化。
图5为实施例3中二茂铁硒醚-TiO2在不同pH条件下降解四环素时,四环素的浓度随反应时间的变化。
图6为实施例3中二茂铁硒醚-TiO2在不同pH条件下还原Cr时,Cr6+的浓度随反应时间的变化。
图7为实施例3中二茂铁硒醚亚铜簇-TiO2在不同pH条件下降解四环素时,四环素的浓度随反应时间的变化。
图8为实施例3中二茂铁硒醚亚铜簇-TiO2在不同pH条件下还原Cr时,Cr6+的浓度随反应时间的变化。
具体实施方式
下述实施例中所述实验方法,如无特殊说明,均为常规方法;所述试剂和材料,如无特殊说明,均可从商业途径获得。
以下实施例中所述Cr6+为重铬酸钾(K2Cr2O7)。
以下实施例中所述降解四环素的检测方法为紫外可见光光度计检测吸光度法,还原Cr的检测和计算方法为溶剂萃取原子吸收法[5,6]。
实施例1无过氧化氢模式实验
(1)一体化处理复杂水体系
10mg复合光催化剂均匀分散于50mL 20mg/L四环素+10mg/L Cr6+混合水溶液,避光搅拌40min达到吸脱附平衡,用300W(≥420nm)氙灯光照30min。
表1
一体化处理多组分 | <![CDATA[二茂铁硒醚-TiO<sub>2</sub>]]> | <![CDATA[二茂铁硒醚亚铜簇-TiO<sub>2</sub>]]> |
降解四环素 | 35% | 35% |
还原Cr | 29% | 36% |
(2)处理单一化学品体系
10mg复合光催化剂均匀分散于50mL 20mg/L四环素水溶液,避光搅拌40min达到吸脱附平衡,用300W(≥420nm)氙灯光照30min。
10mg复合光催化剂均匀分散于50mL 10mg/L Cr6+水溶液,避光搅拌40min达到吸脱附平衡,用300W(≥420nm)氙灯光照30min。
表2
单一化学品 | <![CDATA[二茂铁硒醚-TiO<sub>2</sub>]]> | <![CDATA[二茂铁硒醚亚铜簇-TiO<sub>2</sub>]]> |
降解四环素 | 46% | 62% |
还原Cr | 38% | 30% |
以上无过氧化氢模式中,一体化处理复杂水体系pH=7,处理单一化学品实验中四环素体系pH=7,六价铬体系pH=7。实验结果显示,体系虽无过氧化氢,但在可见光激发下复合光催化剂仍可通过光生电子-空穴促使光还原铬、光氧化降解四环素反应的发生,实验数据结果证明两种复合光催化剂在可见光激发下具有较好的光氧化还原性能。
实施例2过氧化氢协同模式实验
(1)一体化处理复杂水体系
10mg复合光催化剂均匀分散于50mL 20mg/L四环素+10mg/L Cr6+混合水溶液,避光搅拌40min达到吸脱附平衡,加入100μL 30%H2O2溶液,用300W(≥420nm)氙灯光照30min。
表3
一体化处理多组分 | <![CDATA[二茂铁硒醚-TiO<sub>2</sub>]]> | <![CDATA[二茂铁硒醚亚铜簇-TiO<sub>2</sub>]]> |
降解四环素 | 92% | 89% |
还原Cr | 64% | 41% |
(2)处理单一化学品体系
10mg复合光催化剂均匀分散于50mL20 mg/L四环素水溶液,避光搅拌40min达到吸脱附平衡,加入100μL30%H2O2溶液,用300W(≥420nm)氙灯光照30min。
10mg复合光催化剂均匀分散于50mL 10mg/L Cr6+水溶液,避光搅拌40min达到吸脱附平衡,加入100μL 30%H2O2溶液,用300W(≥420nm)氙灯光照30min。
表4
单一化学品 | <![CDATA[二茂铁硒醚-TiO<sub>2</sub>]]> | <![CDATA[二茂铁硒醚亚铜簇-TiO<sub>2</sub>]]> |
降解四环素 | 93% | 91% |
还原Cr | 17% | 11% |
以上有过氧化氢模式中,一体化处理复杂水体系pH=7,处理单一化学品实验中四环素体系pH=7,六价铬体系pH=7。实验结果(图3和图4)显示在过氧化氢协同下,可见光激发二茂铁硒醚-TiO2或二茂铁硒醚亚铜簇-TiO2复合光催化剂均显示优异的一体化处理多组分性能,其中二茂铁硒醚-TiO2复合光催化剂5min即可降解85%四环素。
实施例3广泛pH区间内单一化学品去除实验
(1)二茂铁硒醚-TiO2在不同pH条件下处理单一化学品体系
10mg二茂铁硒醚-TiO2复合光催化剂均匀分散于50mL 20mg/L四环素水溶液,1mol/L HCL或NaOH水溶液调节pH分别至3、5、7、9,避光搅拌40min达到吸脱附平衡,加入100μL30%H2O2溶液,用300W(≥420nm)氙灯光照30min。结果如图5和表5所示。
表5不同pH和不同光照时间下四环素的降解率
<![CDATA[二茂铁硒醚-TiO<sub>2</sub>]]> | 光照5min | 光照30min |
pH=3 | 89% | 93% |
pH=5 | 80% | 94% |
pH=7 | 85% | 93% |
pH=9 | 62% | 70% |
10mg二茂铁硒醚-TiO2复合光催化剂均匀分散于50mL 10mg/L Cr6+水溶液,1mol/LHCL或NaOH水溶液调节pH分别至3、5、7,避光搅拌40min达到吸脱附平衡,加入100μL30%H2O2溶液,用300W(≥420nm)氙灯光照30min。结果如图6和表6所示。
表6同pH和不同光照时间下六价铬的还原率
<![CDATA[二茂铁硒醚-TiO<sub>2</sub>]]> | 光照5min | 光照30min |
pH=3 | 8% | 49% |
pH=5 | 7% | 44% |
pH=7 | 3% | 17% |
(2)二茂铁硒醚亚铜簇-TiO2在不同pH条件下处理单一化学品体系
10mg二茂铁硒醚亚铜簇-TiO2复合光催化剂均匀分散于50mL 20mg/L四环素水溶液,1mol/L HCL或NaOH水溶液调节pH分别至3、5、7、9,避光搅拌40min达到吸脱附平衡,加入100μL30%H2O2溶液,用300W(≥420nm)氙灯光照30min。结果如图7和表7所示。
表7同pH和不同光照时间下四环素的降解率
配合物催化剂 | 光照5min | 光照30min |
pH=3 | 51% | 88% |
pH=5 | 44% | 88% |
pH=7 | 57% | 91% |
pH=9 | 58% | 76% |
10mg二茂铁硒醚亚铜簇-TiO2复合光催化剂均匀分散于50mL 10mg/L Cr6+水溶液,1mol/L HCL或NaOH水溶液调节pH分别至3、5、7,避光搅拌40min达到吸脱附平衡,加入100μL30%H2O2溶液,用300W(≥420nm)氙灯光照30min。结果如图8和表8所示。
表8同pH和不同光照时间下六价铬的还原率
配合物催化剂 | 光照5min | 光照30min |
pH=3 | 8% | 41% |
pH=5 | 6% | 37% |
pH=7 | 2% | 11% |
广泛pH区间内二茂铁硒醚-TiO2或二茂铁硒醚亚铜簇-TiO2复合光催化剂针对单一四环素体系显示较好适用性,特别在中性条件下依然保持较优的光催化性能。针对单一六价铬体系,二茂铁硒醚-TiO2或二茂铁硒醚亚铜簇-TiO2复合光催化剂均在酸性环境中显示较优还原性能,近中性环境不利于六价铬还原过程,这与文献报道结论基本一致。因此,本发明设计基于二茂铁硒醚-TiO2或二茂铁硒醚亚铜簇-TiO2复合光催化剂的一体化、可循环、协同处理同时含有四环素和六价铬的模拟废水,成功实现中性环境中降解四环素和还原六价铬,以证本复合光催化体系具有应对实际复杂水环境优异性能。
实施例4复合光催化剂稳定性实验
10mg复合光催化剂均匀分散于50mL 20mg/L四环素水溶液(pH=7),避光搅拌40min达到吸脱附平衡,加入100μL 30%H2O2溶液,用300W(≥420nm)氙灯光照30min,光照反应结束后回收催化剂,干燥处理后用于循环反应。
表9
循环次数 | <![CDATA[二茂铁硒醚-TiO<sub>2</sub>]]> | <![CDATA[二茂铁硒醚亚铜簇-TiO<sub>2</sub>]]> |
第一次降解 | 93% | 91% |
第二次降解 | 92% | 91% |
第三次降解 | 90% | 89% |
第四次降解 | 89% | 88% |
第五次降解 | 88% | 88% |
两种复合光催化剂稳定性均较优,五次循环实验中四环素降解率基本恒定。
实施例5其它化学品降解实验
10mg复合光催化剂均匀分散于50mL 20mg/L化学品水溶液(pH=7),避光搅拌40min达到吸脱附平衡,加入100μL 30%H2O2溶液,用300W(≥420nm)氙灯光照30min。
表10
化学品 | <![CDATA[二茂铁硒醚-TiO<sub>2</sub>]]> | <![CDATA[二茂铁硒醚亚铜簇-TiO<sub>2</sub>]]> |
对硝基苯酚 | 95% | 92% |
甲苯胺蓝 | 94% | 88% |
孔雀绿 | 92% | 93% |
亚甲基蓝 | 93% | 41% |
氯醌酸 | 98% | 99% |
2,5-二羟基苯醌 | 94% | 98% |
龙胆紫 | 93% | 86% |
针对实际废水中常见的多种化学品,可见光激发下二茂铁硒醚-TiO2或二茂铁硒醚亚铜簇-TiO2复合光催化剂均显示高效的降解性能,以证本复合光催化体系普适性,具有应对实际复杂水环境的优异性能。
实施例6一体化处理复杂水体系
10mg复合光催化剂均匀分散于50mL 20mg/L孔雀绿+10mg/L Cr6+混合水溶液,pH=7避光搅拌40min达到吸脱附平衡,加入100μL 30%H2O2溶液,用300W(≥420nm)氙灯光照30min。
表11
一体化处理多组分 | <![CDATA[二茂铁硒醚-TiO<sub>2</sub>]]> | <![CDATA[二茂铁硒醚亚铜簇-TiO<sub>2</sub>]]> |
降解孔雀绿 | 92% | 98% |
还原Cr | 37% | 40% |
实验结果显示,二茂铁硒醚-TiO2和二茂铁硒醚亚铜簇-TiO2复合光催化剂适用于各种复杂水体系,且均具有较优的催化性能。
实施例7碱性体系中循环反应的复合催化剂再生实验
10mg复合光催化剂均匀分散于50mL 20mg/L四环素水溶液,1mol/L NaOH水溶液调节pH=9,避光搅拌40min达到吸脱附平衡,加入100μL 30%H2O2溶液,用300W(≥420nm)氙灯光照30min,光照反应结束后回收催化剂,干燥处理后用于循环反应。
三次循环降解反应后用0.1mol/L HCL酸化再生处理复合催化剂,干燥完成后该复合催化剂继续用于循环降解反应。
表12
循环次数 | <![CDATA[二茂铁硒醚-TiO<sub>2</sub>]]> | <![CDATA[二茂铁硒醚亚铜簇-TiO<sub>2</sub>]]> |
第一次降解 | 72% | 70% |
第二次降解 | 68% | 65% |
第三次降解 | 56% | 55% |
酸化后降解 | 69% | 66% |
针对在苛刻的碱性体系中多次循环后二茂铁硒醚-TiO2和二茂铁硒醚亚铜簇-TiO2复合光催化剂显示一定的性能受损,只需简单酸化处理催化剂,即可有效恢复其光催化性能。
实施例8降解产物分析实验
10mg复合光催化剂均匀分散于50mL 20mg/L四环素水溶液(pH=7),避光搅拌40min达到吸脱附平衡,加入100μL 30%H2O2溶液,用300W(≥420nm)氙灯光照30min。利用高效液相色谱质谱联用仪(HPLC-MS)、总有机碳分析仪(TOC)测试分析光降解产物。
HPLC-MS测试结果显示二茂铁硒醚-TiO2或二茂铁硒醚亚铜簇-TiO2复合光催化剂均能将四环素降解成小分子物质(图1和图2)。
降解前后总有机碳含量测试:
表13
<![CDATA[二茂铁硒醚-TiO<sub>2</sub>]]> | <![CDATA[二茂铁硒醚亚铜簇-TiO<sub>2</sub>]]> | |
TOC去除率 | 20% | 10% |
从TOC测试结果来看,二茂铁硒醚-TiO2或二茂铁硒醚亚铜簇-TiO2复合光催化剂均将部分四环素完全矿化。
综上所述,二茂铁硒醚-TiO2和二茂铁硒醚亚铜簇-TiO2复合光催化剂在处理复杂水体系时,能够实现中性环境下短时间高效去除金属和有机化合物,相较于现有大多处理方法效果更佳,能够应对实际废水的环境复杂、污染源多样等问题。
本发明提供了二茂铁硒醚/TiO2类复合光催化剂在净化水体系中污染物的应用的思路及方法,具体实现该技术方案的方法和途径很多,以上所述仅是本发明的优选实施方式,应当指出,对于本技术领域的普通技术人员来说,在不脱离本发明原理的前提下,还可以做出若干改进和润饰,这些改进和润饰也应视为本发明的保护范围。本实施例中未明确的各组成部分均可用现有技术加以实现。
参考文献
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Claims (4)
1.二茂铁硒醚/TiO2类复合光催化剂在净化水体系中污染物的应用,其特征在于,将所述二茂铁硒醚/TiO2类复合光催化剂与含污染物的水体系混合后,暗处反应至吸附-脱附平衡,加入过氧化氢,于可见光下进行光催化反应;
所述二茂铁硒醚/TiO2类复合光催化剂为二茂铁硒醚-TiO2,或二茂铁硒醚-TiO2和二茂铁硒醚亚铜簇-TiO2的混合物;
所述污染物包括四环素、六价铬和其他化学污染物中的任意一种或几种组合;所述其他化学污染物为对硝基苯酚、2,5-二羟基苯醌、氯醌酸、亚甲基蓝、甲苯胺蓝、孔雀绿和龙胆紫中的任意一种或几种组合;
所述水体系的pH为3~9;
所述二茂铁硒醚/TiO2类复合光催化剂的添加量为0.1~0.3 g/L水体系;
所述水体系中六价铬的浓度为5~15 mg/L,所述四环素的浓度为10~30 mg/L,所述其他化学污染物的浓度为15~25 mg/L;
所述暗处反应至吸附-脱附平衡的时间为30~60 min;所述光催化反应的时间为2~40min。
2.根据权利要求1所述应用,其特征在于,所述污染物包括四环素和六价铬中的任意一种或两种污染物,或四环素和六价铬中的任意一种或两种污染物与其他化学污染物的组合。
3.根据权利要求1所述应用,其特征在于,在光催化反应30 min时,水体系中污染物的处理率为90%以上。
4.根据权利要求1所述应用,其特征在于,当所述二茂铁硒醚/TiO2类复合光催化剂为二茂铁硒醚-TiO2时,在光催化反应5 min时,水体系中污染物的处理率为80%以上。
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