CN115081546A - Identification method for primary origin oxidation deposition construction - Google Patents
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Abstract
The application relates to a method for analyzing a geologic body by virtue of the physical and chemical properties of the geologic body, in particular to a method for identifying a protoplast genesis oxidative deposition construction, which comprises the following steps: determining the deposition environment and climate in the process of oxidative deposition construction and development; determining the content of trace elements in the construction of the oxide deposit, wherein the trace elements comprise vanadium, chromium, nickel, cobalt, uranium and thorium; determining the redox characteristics of the sedimentary water body in the process of oxidative sedimentation construction and development based on the content of the trace elements; identifying a primary causative oxidative deposit construction, wherein if the deposition environment of the oxidative deposit construction during development is determined to be an oxidative environment, the climate is a dry climate, and the body of deposited water is oxidizing, identifying the oxidative deposit construction as a primary causative oxidative deposit construction. According to the identification method for the native cause oxidation deposition construction, the native cause oxidation deposition construction can be accurately identified, and then the investigation of the exudative sandstone uranium ore is guided.
Description
Technical Field
The application relates to a method for analyzing a geologic body by means of the physical and chemical properties of the geologic body, in particular to an identification method for the construction of a protoplast origin through oxidative deposition.
Background
Along with the development of sandstone uranium ore exploration thought, an exudation mineralization theory is widely verified in a plurality of found ore deposits, in the exudation mineralization theory, a reducing fluid rich in uranium sources and organic matters and developed in a reduction construction in a basin seeps into an upper native cause oxidation deposition construction, uranium mineralization is formed due to the change of physicochemical conditions, and therefore, the identification of the native cause oxidation deposition construction is a key problem to be solved in the process of identifying the exudation type sandstone uranium ore.
Disclosure of Invention
In view of the above, the present application has been developed to provide a method of identifying a formation of native cause oxide deposits that overcomes, or at least partially addresses, the above-identified problems.
Embodiments of the present application provide a method for identifying a primary cause oxidation deposition build, comprising: determining the deposition environment and climate in the process of oxidative deposition construction and development; determining the content of trace elements in the construction of the oxide deposit, wherein the trace elements comprise vanadium, chromium, nickel, cobalt, uranium and thorium; determining the redox characteristics of the sedimentary water body in the process of oxidative sedimentation construction and development based on the content of the trace elements; identifying a primary causative oxidative deposit construction, wherein if the deposition environment of the oxidative deposit construction during development is determined to be an oxidative environment, the climate is a dry climate, and the body of deposited water is oxidizing, identifying the oxidative deposit construction as a primary causative oxidative deposit construction.
According to the identification method for the native cause oxidation deposition construction, the native cause oxidation deposition construction can be accurately identified, and then the investigation of the exudative sandstone uranium ore is guided.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a flow chart of a method of identifying a native cause oxidation deposition build according to an embodiment of the present application;
figure 2 is a schematic view of an under-microscope structure of a sandstone sample according to an embodiment of the present application;
fig. 3 is a contour plot of thickness ratio of red mudstone to total thickness of mudstone according to an embodiment of the application.
Detailed Description
In order to make the objects, technical solutions and advantages of the present application more clear, the technical solutions of the present application will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the accompanying drawings of the embodiments of the present application. It should be apparent that the described embodiment is one embodiment of the present application and not all embodiments. All other embodiments, which can be derived by a person skilled in the art from the described embodiments of the application without any inventive step, are within the scope of protection of the application.
It is to be noted that, unless otherwise defined, technical or scientific terms used herein shall have the ordinary meaning as understood by those of ordinary skill in the art to which this application belongs. If the description "first", "second", etc. is referred to throughout, the description of "first", "second", etc. is used only for distinguishing similar objects, and is not to be construed as indicating or implying a relative importance, order or number of technical features indicated, it being understood that the data described in "first", "second", etc. may be interchanged where appropriate. If "and/or" is presented throughout, it is meant to include three juxtapositions, exemplified by "A and/or B" and including either scheme A, or scheme B, or schemes in which both A and B are satisfied.
Embodiments of the present application provide a method of identifying a primary cause oxidation deposition build, with reference to fig. 1, comprising:
step S102: and determining the deposition environment and climate during the construction and development of the oxidized deposition.
Step S104: and determining the content of the trace elements in the construction of the oxidized sediment. The trace elements herein include vanadium, chromium, nickel, cobalt, uranium and thorium.
Step S106: and determining the redox characteristics of the sedimentary water body in the process of oxidative sedimentation construction and development based on the content of the trace elements.
Step S108: the primary cause of oxidation deposit build is identified. Wherein if it is determined in step S102 that the deposition environment in which the oxidized deposition is built during development is an oxidized environment and the climate is a dry climate. And it is determined in step S106 that the sedimentary water body is oxidizing, the oxidative sediment build may be identified as a primary cause oxidative sediment build in step S108.
Understandably, the key to identifying the primary cause of the oxidative sediment build is the identification of the primary and post-production causes of the oxidative sediment build, which is identified herein by identifying the deposition environment, climate and redox characteristics of the water of deposition during the development of the oxidative sediment build.
Specifically, in step S102, the deposition environment and climate during the oxidative deposition build development are first determined. The oxidative deposition building can refer to building presenting oxidative colors such as yellow, red and the like, and a person skilled in the art can identify a horizon from which the oxidative deposition building grows through drilling data and the like, and further determine the deposition environment and climate in the development process of the oxidative deposition building through carrying out related analysis on the horizon.
When determining the deposition environment in the oxidative deposition construction development process, whether the deposition environment is an oxidative environment or a reductive environment is mainly required to be determined, the deposition environment of the horizon in the oxidative deposition construction process can be determined based on geological information such as a sedimentary facies of the horizon in the oxidative deposition construction process, drilling data and the like, and whether the environment in the oxidative deposition construction development process is an oxidative environment is further judged.
It is understood that if the environment in which the oxidized sediment structure develops is an oxidizing environment, the oxidized sediment structure has a high probability of being a primary-origin oxidized sediment structure, and if the environment in which the oxidized sediment structure develops is a reducing environment, the oxidized sediment structure has a high probability of being a post-origin oxidized sediment structure modified for another reason.
The deposition environment during the construction and development of the oxide deposition can be determined by those skilled in the art with reference to the related deposition environment determination methods in the art, and several methods for determining the deposition environment will be specifically provided in the related sections below, and will not be described herein again.
When determining the climate during the development of the oxidic deposit construction, it is mainly necessary to determine whether the climate is a humid climate or a dry climate, and it is proposed that if the climate during the development of the oxidic deposit construction is a dry climate, the oxidic deposit construction has a greater probability of being a primary cause oxidic deposit construction.
Similarly, the person skilled in the art can determine the climate during the development of the oxide deposit structure by referring to the relevant ancient climate identification methods in the art, for example, the determination is performed based on the geological history of the area where the oxide deposit structure is distributed, or the rock characteristics in the horizon where the oxide deposit structure is located, and the following relevant parts will also specifically provide several methods for determining the climate, and will not be described herein again.
It is to be understood that the deposition environment and climate identified in step S102 is a relatively macroscopic analysis of the epoch background during formation of the oxidized deposition build, and although the oxidized environment and dry climate favor formation of the oxidized deposition build, it does not imply that the oxidized deposition build is necessarily a primary causative oxidized deposition build formed in such epoch background.
For this purpose, the redox characteristics of the sedimentary water body during the formation of the oxide sediment structure are determined in steps S104 and S106 by means of the content of the trace elements. The redox characteristics of the sedimentary water body can reflect the background in the process of oxidative sediment construction development from a more microscopic perspective, and under the condition that the sedimentary environment in the process of oxidative sediment construction development is determined to be an oxidative environment and the climate is a dry climate, if the sedimentary water body can be further determined to be oxidative, the oxidative sediment construction can be identified as a primary cause oxidative sediment construction, and the identification result is reliable.
In step S104, the oxidized sediment build may be sampled by drilling to determine trace element content therein, and then in step S106, the redox characteristics of the sedimentary water body are determined based on the trace element content.
During the process of the oxidative deposition construction deposition, trace elements will migrate along with the deposition water body, and the solubility of some trace elements under the oxidation condition and the reduction condition is obviously different, such trace elements are generally called redox sensitive elements in the field, and the redox characteristics of the deposition water body can be judged based on the content of the trace elements in the oxidative deposition construction. Six trace elements, namely vanadium, chromium, nickel, cobalt, uranium and thorium, are selected from common redox sensitive elements in the field to serve as indexes for judging the redox characteristics of the sedimentary water body, so that the accuracy of a judgment result is ensured.
It can be understood that the deposition environment and climate are uniform in the whole horizon range where the oxidative deposition is built, but the redox characteristics of the deposited water body at different positions in the horizon may be different, and the redox characteristics of the deposited water body in a region near a drill hole can only be determined based on the content of trace elements in the oxidative deposition building at the drill hole, so that sufficient data can be obtained by sampling a large number of drill holes to ensure the accuracy of the recognition result.
It should be noted that the development of the primary cause oxidation and deposition building is of a certain scale on a spatial scale and is a dominant deposition building under a certain deposition environment, and therefore, it is not necessary that the sampling results in all the boreholes in a piece of oxidation and deposition building indicate the oxidability of the deposition water body to be able to identify the piece of oxidation and deposition building as the primary cause oxidation and deposition building, and the difference of the sampling results in local or individual boreholes does not affect the overall identification result, and those skilled in the art can make a comprehensive judgment according to the distribution of the sampling results obtained in the specific implementation process.
It should also be noted that although the development of the native product build by oxidative deposition is of a certain scale on a spatial scale, the recognition result of a certain region is not representative of the recognition result in the entire horizon, and if a certain region is not supported by sufficient borehole sampling results, the recognition of the region cannot be completed. In the actual identification process, the identification result can be updated along with the expansion of the exploration range and the continuous increase of the number of the drill holes.
According to the embodiment of the application, the cause of the oxidized sediment construction is identified from the two aspects of the macro (deposition environment and climate) and the micro (oxidation-reduction characteristics of the deposition water body), and the two aspects can be mutually verified and supported, so that the native cause oxidized sediment construction can be accurately identified, and the investigation of the exudative sandstone uranium ore is guided.
In some embodiments, the climate during development of the oxidized sediment build may be determined based on the geological history of the area in which the oxidized sediment build is located.
In some other embodiments, a sandstone sample in which the oxide deposit is built may be selected, and the climate during the development of the oxide deposit is determined based on the content of quartz, feldspar, and debris in the sandstone sample. The sandstone sample herein refers specifically to sandstone and/or siltstone.
Specifically, the climate during the development of the oxide deposit building can be determined by the ratio of the quartz content to the total content of feldspar and rock debris in the sandstone sample, and the microscopic structure of the oxide sandstone is shown in fig. 2, wherein the quartz 21, feldspar 22, rock debris 23 and miscellaneous foundation 24 are identified, the respective contents of the quartz 21, feldspar 22 and rock debris 23 can be determined by measurement or estimation, and then the ratio of the quartz content to the total content of the feldspar and rock debris is determined, and if the ratio is less than 10, the climate during the development of the oxide deposit building can be considered as the dry climate.
In some embodiments, the polycrystalline quartz content of the sandstone sample may be further determined, i.e., the single crystal quartz and the polycrystalline quartz are further distinguished, and then the polycrystalline quartz content is determined, and if the ratio of the polycrystalline quartz content to the total content of feldspar and detritus is less than 0.1, the climate during the development of the oxide deposit construction may be considered to be a dry climate. In some embodiments, one skilled in the art can combine the above two ratios to determine the dry climate during the development of the oxidized deposit build if either or both of them meet the conditions.
In some embodiments, the climate during the development of the oxide deposit construction can be further determined according to the shape of the sandstone sample, and specifically, if the dissolution residual characteristics of unstable minerals, rock debris and other particles in the sandstone sample are not significant, the particles are mainly angular and sub-angular, and the sorting and roundness of the rock is poor, the climate during the development of the oxide deposit construction can be determined to be a dry climate.
In some embodiments, when determining the depositional environment during the oxidative deposition build development in step S102, the depositional phase type for the horizon in which the oxidative deposition build is located may be determined first, and then the depositional environment during the oxidative deposition build development may be determined based on the depositional phase type.
The sedimentary phase type can reflect the oxidability and reducibility of the sedimentary environment, the shallow water environment which is in continental phase fluctuation is usually an oxidation environment and is easy to develop oxidation sedimentation construction, and the stable water body and the deeper water environment are usually a reduction environment and are easy to develop reduction construction.
In some embodiments, if the sedimentary facies type of the horizon in which the oxidative sediment build is determined is a river, alluvial fan, or delta, then the sedimentary environment during the development of the oxidative sediment build may be determined to be an oxidative environment. Rivers, alluvial fans, and deltas are three depofacies of the terrestrial depofacies, and those skilled in the art can identify rivers, alluvial fans, and deltas according to the depofacies classification and judgment criteria in the art.
By way of example, in some embodiments, in determining the dephasing type for the horizon at which the oxidative deposit is being built, a rock sample may be collected for the horizon at which the oxidative deposit is being built, and then the compositional structure, grain size, roundness, maturity of the rock sample may be determined with the aid of a microscope, and the dephasing type for the horizon at which the oxidative deposit is being built may be determined based on the compositional structure, grain size, roundness, maturity of the rock sample. A rock sample herein may broadly refer to a variety of rocks including mudstone, sandstone, and the like.
The component structure, granularity and roundness can be directly obtained by observation and measurement, and the maturity of the rock sample can be obtained by calculation after estimation or fixed-point statistics of the content of each component. After the component structure, granularity, roundness and maturity are obtained, the sedimentary phase type of the horizon where the oxidation sediment construction is located can be specifically determined by referring to sedimentary phase division standards in the field.
In some embodiments, when determining the sedimentary facies type of the horizon in which the oxide deposit is built, the combined relationship change and the cycle development characteristics of the rock in the horizon in which the oxide deposit is built in the vertical direction can be combined for judgment, so as to improve the accuracy. In particular, the combined relationship change and the gyroplastic characteristics of the rock in the vertical direction in the horizon where the oxidative deposition is built can be determined based on the drilling data.
It will be appreciated that there is some correspondence between the climate during the deposition process and the deposition environment, and thus, in some embodiments, the climate during the development of the oxide deposition build may be determined first, and then the climate factors may be considered in combination to analyze the sedimentary facies type of the horizon in which the oxide deposition build is located.
In some other embodiments, the skilled person can also determine the sedimentary facies type by means of the biological fossil remnant, the rock body morphology, the ancient water flow direction of the horizon where the oxidative sediment is constructed, the cross-sectional structure, etc., which will not be described herein.
In some embodiments, in addition to or instead of determining the depositional environment via depositional phase types, the depositional environment during oxidative depositional building development may be determined based on color characteristics of the mudstone during oxidative depositional building, and if the oxidized sedimentary building core and/or outcrop red mudstone develops, the depositional environment during oxidative depositional building development may be determined to be an oxidative environment.
In determining the color characteristics of mudstone in the oxidative sediment construction, preferably, the core and/or the mudstone at the outcrop position may be collected, the mudstone at the core may be washed off to remove surface contamination and dried, the mudstone at the outcrop position may be uncovered to remove a weathered layer on the surface, and then the collected mudstone color characteristics may be observed in sunlight.
Compared with the sedimentary environment determination by means of sedimentary facies types, the sedimentary environment determination by means of the color characteristics of mudstone is a means for determining the sedimentary environment from a relatively microscopic angle, and the sedimentary environment can be determined more accurately, and when the two means are used simultaneously, the two means can support each other, and the reliability of the determined result is further improved.
In some embodiments, a thickness ratio of an accumulated thickness of red mudstone to a total accumulated thickness of all mudstones in the horizon in which the red mudstone is located may be further determined based on the drilling data, and if the red mudstone is developed at the core and/or outcrop of the oxidative sediment build, and the above thickness ratio obtained based on the drilling data is greater than a preset value, the sediment environment in the oxidative sediment build development process may be determined to be an oxidative environment. The preset value here can be determined by those skilled in the art according to actual conditions, and it can be understood that the larger the thickness ratio, the higher the confidence that the deposition environment is an oxidizing environment.
In some embodiments, an average value of the thickness ratios of the red mudstone obtained in the plurality of drill holes is calculated, and whether the average value is greater than a preset value is judged. In some other embodiments, referring to fig. 3, which shows the distribution of the boreholes 31, the total thickness ratio of red mudstone to mudstone in each borehole 31 can be calculated based on the data in the boreholes 31, and then a contour map of the thickness ratio of red mudstone in the horizon where the oxide deposit is built as shown in fig. 3 can be drawn, so that the thickness distribution of red mudstone can be shown more intuitively.
In some embodiments, determining the content of the trace element in the construction of the oxidized deposit may specifically include: determining the content of trace elements in mudstone in the construction of the oxide deposit. It should be noted that the mudstone herein includes mudstones of various colors in the construction of oxide deposition, and is not limited to the red mudstone described above, so as to ensure that the analysis result of the content of the trace elements is more comprehensive and avoid the occurrence of misjudgment. Preferably, samples of various mudstone in the oxidative sedimentation construction can be collected, the content of trace elements in the samples can be measured and statistically analyzed, and then the redox characteristics of the sedimentary water body can be determined.
In some embodiments, determining the redox profile of the sedimentary water body during the oxidative sedimentation construction development based on the content of the trace elements may specifically include: and determining values of vanadium content/chromium content, nickel content/cobalt content and uranium content/thorium content based on the content of the trace elements, and determining that the sedimentary water body presents oxidability if the value of the vanadium content/chromium content is less than 2, the value of the nickel content/cobalt content is less than 5 and the value of the uranium content/thorium content is less than 0.75. And if the value of the vanadium content/chromium content is more than 4.25, the value of the nickel content/cobalt content is more than 7 and the value of the uranium content/thorium content is more than 1.25, determining that the sedimentary water body has reducibility.
In some other embodiments, one skilled in the art can also use other ratios of the above-mentioned trace elements to determine the redox characteristics of the sedimentary body of water, such as the ratio of vanadium content/vanadium content + nickel content, etc., or can add other redox sensitive trace elements to make the determination, such as strontium, barium, etc.
One or more of the embodiments referred to above will be described and supplemented in greater detail below with the identification of the formation of the native-origin oxidative deposits in the upper part of the late chalky group of a certain area of investigation of the two-link basin as an example.
In order to identify whether the oxidation deposition construction is the primary origin oxidation deposition construction or not, firstly, the climate in the process of the oxidation deposition construction of the upper section of the Sichuan is analyzed, and the climate characteristics of late chalkiness climate in the research area are determined based on the geological history, wherein the climate characteristics mainly comprise semiarid and arid and the temperature is higher.
Next, rock samples in the upper section of the sehan group were collected, the compositional structure, granularity, roundness and maturity of the rock samples were determined under a microscope, and rock composition relationships and gyroplastic development characteristics were determined based on the drilling data. In this embodiment, the rock component structure of the upper section of the sehan group is mainly medium and coarse grain sediments, the roundness of the rock particle components is medium, the secondary edges and corners are mainly used, the particles are mainly point-contact, the maturity is medium, the land phase near-source deposition mainly based on the traction flow is indicated, the combination relationship and the cycle development characteristic of the rock are combined, the upper section of the sehan group is generally indicated to be land-phase braided river phase deposition which is one of the alluvial fans, and therefore the deposition environment in the process of the oxidative deposition construction and development of the upper section of the sehan group is preliminarily determined to be an oxidative environment.
Next, the mudstones at the core and outcrop are collected, the color characteristic is observed to be red, further, the average value of the cumulative thickness of the red mudstone in the total thickness of the mudstone is calculated to be 71% based on the drilling data, and a plane contour of the cumulative thickness of the red mudstone and a contour of the ratio of the cumulative thickness of the red mudstone to the cumulative thickness of all the mudstones are drawn at the same time.
And finally, determining that the deposition environment in the oxidative deposition construction and development process of the upper section of the Sehan group is an oxidative environment by combining the distribution condition of the red mudstone and the determined sedimentary facies type.
Next, the contents of vanadium, chromium, nickel, cobalt, uranium and thorium in the mudstone of the oxidized sediment build were determined at a plurality of existing boreholes, and as an example, the analysis result of one of the boreholes, the value of vanadium content/chromium content was 1.9, the value of nickel content/cobalt content was 1.83, and the value of uranium content/thorium content was 0.52, indicating that the sedimentary water body here was oxidizing, and the oxidized sediment build here was identified as a primary causative oxidized sediment build, in combination with the sedimentary environment and climate determined above.
With the above flow, the cause identification of the oxidation deposition formations at various places in the study area is completed based on a plurality of drilling data in the study area, the native cause oxidation deposition formations in the study area are delineated, and the drilling data is continuously updated with the continuous penetration of the survey work, and the range of the identified native cause oxidation deposition formations is continuously updated.
The present invention has been described in detail with reference to the drawings and examples, but the present invention is not limited to the examples, and various changes can be made within the knowledge of those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit of the present invention. The present invention may be practiced without these particulars.
Claims (11)
1. A method of identifying a primary cause oxidation deposition build, comprising:
determining the deposition environment and climate in the process of oxidative deposition construction and development;
determining the content of trace elements in the construction of the oxidized sediment, wherein the trace elements comprise vanadium, chromium, nickel, cobalt, uranium and thorium;
determining redox characteristics of the sedimentary water body in the oxidative sedimentation construction development process based on the content of the trace elements;
identifying a primary causative oxidative deposit formation, wherein if it is determined that a deposition environment of the oxidative deposit formation during development is an oxidative environment, a climate is a dry climate, and the body of sedimentary water exhibits oxidation, the oxidative deposit formation is identified as the primary causative oxidative deposit formation.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein the determining a deposition environment during the oxidative deposition build development comprises:
determining the sedimentary phase type of the horizon where the oxidation sediment construction is located;
determining a deposition environment during the oxidative deposition build development based on the depositional phase type.
3. The method of claim 2, wherein the depositional environment during the development of the oxidative deposit formation is determined to be an oxidative environment if the depositional phase type of the horizon in which the oxidative deposit formation is located is a river, alluvial fan, or delta.
4. The method of claim 2 or 3, wherein the determining the depositional phase type for the horizon at which the oxidative deposit build is located comprises:
collecting a rock sample of a horizon at which the oxidative deposition is built;
determining the component structure, granularity, roundness and maturity of the rock sample by means of a microscope;
and determining the sedimentary phase type of the horizon where the oxidative deposition construction is located based on the component structure, granularity, roundness and maturity of the rock sample.
5. The method of claim 4, wherein the determining the depositional phase type for the horizon at which the oxidative deposit build is located further comprises:
determining the combination relation change and the gyroid development characteristics of the rock in the vertical direction in the horizon where the oxidative deposition construction is located based on the drilling data;
and determining the sedimentary facies type of the horizon where the oxidative sediment is constructed based on the component structure, granularity, roundness and maturity of the rock sample, and the combination relation change and the cycle development characteristics.
6. The method of claim 1, wherein the determining a deposition environment during the oxidative deposition build development comprises:
and determining the deposition environment in the oxidative sediment construction development process based on the color characteristics of the mudstone in the oxidative sediment construction, and if the rock core and/or the outcrop red mudstone of the oxidative sediment construction develops, determining that the deposition environment in the oxidative sediment construction development process is an oxidative environment.
7. The method of claim 6, wherein said determining a deposition environment during oxidative deposition build development comprises:
determining the thickness ratio of the accumulated thickness of the red mudstone to the total accumulated thickness of all the mudstones in the horizon where the red mudstone is located based on the drilling data;
and if the red mudstone develops at the core and/or the outcrop position of the oxidative sediment construction, and the thickness ratio is greater than a preset value, determining that the sedimentation environment in the oxidative sediment construction development process is an oxidative environment.
8. The method of claim 1 or 6, wherein said determining the content of trace elements in said oxide deposit build comprises:
determining the content of said trace elements in mudstone under construction of said oxide deposit.
9. The method of claim 8, wherein determining the redox characteristics of the sedimentary water body during the oxidative sediment construction development based on the trace element content comprises:
determining values of vanadium content/chromium content, nickel content/cobalt content, uranium content/thorium content based on the content of the trace elements;
and determining that the sedimentary water body is oxidized if the value of vanadium content/chromium content is less than 2, the value of nickel content/cobalt content is less than 5 and the value of uranium content/thorium content is less than 0.75.
10. The method of claim 1, wherein the determining the climate during the oxidative deposit build development comprises:
collecting a sandstone sample in a horizon in which the oxidative deposition build is located;
determining the climate during the development of the oxidized deposit construction based on the contents of quartz, feldspar and rock debris in the sandstone sample.
11. The method of claim 10, wherein said determining a climate during development of said oxidized deposit building comprises:
determining a climate during the oxidative deposit build development based on morphological features of the sandstone sample.
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