CN115073209B - Roughening agent and preparation method and application thereof - Google Patents
Roughening agent and preparation method and application thereof Download PDFInfo
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- CN115073209B CN115073209B CN202210873394.6A CN202210873394A CN115073209B CN 115073209 B CN115073209 B CN 115073209B CN 202210873394 A CN202210873394 A CN 202210873394A CN 115073209 B CN115073209 B CN 115073209B
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B41/00—After-treatment of mortars, concrete, artificial stone or ceramics; Treatment of natural stone
- C04B41/53—After-treatment of mortars, concrete, artificial stone or ceramics; Treatment of natural stone involving the removal of at least part of the materials of the treated article, e.g. etching, drying of hardened concrete
- C04B41/5323—After-treatment of mortars, concrete, artificial stone or ceramics; Treatment of natural stone involving the removal of at least part of the materials of the treated article, e.g. etching, drying of hardened concrete to make grain visible, e.g. for obtaining exposed aggregate concrete
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02W—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO WASTEWATER TREATMENT OR WASTE MANAGEMENT
- Y02W30/00—Technologies for solid waste management
- Y02W30/50—Reuse, recycling or recovery technologies
- Y02W30/91—Use of waste materials as fillers for mortars or concrete
Abstract
The invention relates to a roughening agent, a preparation method and application thereof, wherein the roughening agent comprises the following raw materials in percentage by weight: 0.5-5% of film forming agent; 2-10% of fluorine-containing compound; alcohol amine 1-10%; 1-10% of complexing agent; 5-10% of aluminum hydroxide; the balance being water. The preparation method comprises the steps of firstly preparing a mixed solution a from a fluorine-containing compound, aluminum hydroxide, alcohol amine and a complexing agent, preparing a mixed solution b from a film forming agent, and mixing the mixed solution a and the mixed solution b again to obtain the roughening agent. The roughening agent provided by the invention is used for interface roughening treatment of concrete, can effectively improve the bonding capability of the concrete section, improve the crack load of a joint interface, delay the crack time of the interface and can not damage the integral structure of the concrete.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of building materials, in particular to a roughening agent, a preparation method and application thereof.
Background
The roughening treatment is to combine the new concrete and the old concrete well so as to bond the base layer surface and the bottom mortar better. Generally, loose concrete, mortar slag and the like on a base layer are subjected to roughening on a part where the surface of the concrete base layer protrudes obviously and a smooth concrete surface after being cleaned. Currently, the roughening treatment modes mainly include an artificial roughening method, a chemical reagent treatment roughening method, a steel brush roughening method, a high-pressure water/air roughening method, a sand blasting method, a bar planting method and the like.
The manual roughening method is one of the main methods of roughening treatment, but needs to consume a large amount of labor, so that the construction cost is greatly increased, roughening construction is generally carried out in daytime, the temperature is high, construction equipment is heavy, vibration and noise of the equipment are large in the construction process, and the construction condition is poor. In addition, the roughening method such as the sand blasting method requires a large amount of electric energy in the construction process, and because the strength of the concrete member such as the precast beam is very high and is generally more than 50MPa, equipment damage is easy to occur, and accidents such as electric leakage and improper equipment operation are easy to occur in the construction process. In contrast, the chemical reagent treatment roughening method has the advantages of convenient construction, simple operation, capability of saving labor of workers and the like, and has wide application prospect.
CN106120528A discloses a self-propelled concrete roughening machine, which comprises a trolley traveling system, a longitudinal tooth groove roughening system, a transverse tooth groove roughening system, a sweeping and sucking system, a rough surface adjusting system, a spraying system, a track frame system and a track anchoring system, wherein grid-shaped rough surfaces formed by the longitudinal tooth groove roughening system and the transverse tooth groove roughening system increase the roughness of new and old concrete interfaces, but have high requirements on equipment conditions and relatively high investment cost, and are not suitable for practical application in the building industry.
CN103452320a discloses a construction method of concrete roughening, which comprises the steps of directly spraying retarder on a concrete pouring surface after concrete pouring is completed, and flushing by a high-pressure water gun to remove the retarder, thereby achieving the effect of roughening a construction joint. However, the retarder used in the method has a relatively low setting speed and is easy to permeate into concrete materials, so that the strength of the building materials is unstable.
Therefore, the chemical roughening agent with low cost and good roughening effect is provided, and has important significance for construction in the building industry.
Disclosure of Invention
Aiming at the problems, the invention aims to provide the roughening agent, the preparation method and the application thereof, and compared with the prior art, the roughening agent provided by the invention has the advantages of less consumption, good roughening effect, limited penetrating capacity and no influence on the integral structure of a concrete member.
In order to achieve the aim of the invention, the invention adopts the following technical scheme:
in a first aspect, the present invention provides a roughening agent, which comprises the following raw materials in percentage by weight:
the film former may be present in an amount of 0.5 to 5%, for example, 0.5%, 1%, 1.5%, 2%, 2.5%, 3%, 3.5%, 4%, 4.5% or 5%, but is not limited to the values recited, and other values not recited in the range of values are equally applicable.
The fluorine-containing compound may be contained in an amount of 2 to 10%, for example, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9% or 10%, but is not limited to the values recited, and other values not recited in the numerical range are equally applicable.
The alcohol amine may be present in an amount of 1-10%, for example, 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9% or 10%, but is not limited to the values recited, and other values not recited in the range of values are equally applicable.
The complexing agent may be present in an amount of 1-10%, for example, 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9% or 10%, but is not limited to the values recited, and other values not recited in the range of values are equally applicable.
The content of aluminum hydroxide is 5 to 10%, for example, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9% or 10%, but not limited to the recited values, and other values not recited in the numerical range are equally applicable.
The roughening agent provided by the invention can play a good role in roughening through the synergistic effect of the film forming agent, the fluorine-containing compound, the alcohol amine, the complexing agent and the aluminum hydroxide. According to the invention, through the film forming effect of the film forming agent, the roughening agent can be firmly bonded at the concrete interface to form a continuous uniform film which has certain softness and extensibility and can be slowly dissolved in water, and the film can be permeated into the concrete; on the basis, the fluorine-containing compound, the alcohol amine and the aluminum hydroxide can promote the rapid hydration reaction of the concrete at the contact surface to form polysulfide; furthermore, the complexing agent complexes calcium ions in the hydrate, so that the calcium ions of the hydrate are lack and are difficult to form strength, and therefore, the high-pressure water gun can easily wash away the hydrate to expose the rough surface of the concrete, and the roughening effect is achieved. Compared with the traditional retarding roughening agent, the roughening agent provided by the invention can form polysulfide through fluorine-containing compound, alcohol amine and aluminum hydroxide, has limited penetrating capacity, can only penetrate into concrete by about 2-5mm, and prevents excessive penetration from influencing the integral structure of the concrete.
Preferably, the film former comprises any one or a combination of at least two of a cellulose ether, a polyvinyl alcohol, a polyethylene glycol or a starch ether, wherein typical but non-limiting combinations include a combination of a cellulose ether and a polyvinyl alcohol, a combination of a polyvinyl alcohol and a polyethylene glycol or a combination of a polyvinyl alcohol, a polyethylene glycol and a starch ether, preferably a cellulose ether.
The film forming agent is preferably cellulose ether, and the cellulose ether has low cost, no toxicity and no harm and good roughening effect.
Preferably, the fluorine-containing compound comprises hydrofluoric acid and/or magnesium fluorosilicate, preferably hydrofluoric acid.
The fluorine-containing compound is preferably controlled to be hydrofluoric acid, so that the roughening effect is better.
Preferably, the alcohol amine comprises diethanolamine and/or triethanolamine.
Preferably, the complexing agent comprises white sugar and/or sodium gluconate, preferably white sugar.
The complexing agent is preferably white sugar, so that more hydroxyl complex calcium ions can be provided, and the cost is low.
Preferably, the mass ratio of the fluorine-containing compound, the alcohol amine and the aluminum hydroxide is (5-7): (2-8): (5-7), and for example, the fluorine-containing compound, the alcohol amine and the aluminum hydroxide can be 5:2:5, 6.5:2:6.5, 7:2:7 or 6:5:5, but the fluorine-containing compound, the alcohol amine and the aluminum hydroxide are not limited to the listed values, and other non-listed values in the numerical range are applicable.
The invention preferably controls the mass ratio of the fluorine-containing compound, the alcohol amine and the aluminum hydroxide in a specific range, so that the roughening effect can be better.
In a second aspect, the present invention provides a method for preparing a roughening agent according to the first aspect of the present invention, the method comprising the steps of:
(1) Mixing fluorine-containing compound, aluminum hydroxide and 50% of water according to the formula amount, and reacting to obtain a reaction solution;
(2) Mixing the reaction solution obtained in the step (1) with alcohol amine according to the formula amount, stirring for the first time, and then adding a complexing agent according to the formula amount for secondary stirring to obtain a mixed solution a;
(3) Mixing a film forming agent and the balance of water according to the formula amount to obtain a mixed solution b;
(4) And (3) mixing the mixed solution a obtained in the step (2) and the mixed solution b obtained in the step (3) to obtain the roughening agent.
The preparation method provided by the invention is characterized in that fluorine-containing compound reacts with aluminum hydroxide, alcohol amine and complexing agent are added to obtain stable mixed solution a, and the mixed solution a is mixed with mixed solution b prepared from film forming agent to obtain the roughening agent.
The reaction in step (1) is preferably carried out at a temperature of 80 to 90℃and may be carried out at 80℃81℃82℃83℃84℃85℃86℃87℃88℃89℃or 90℃for example, but not limited to the values recited, and other values not recited in the numerical range are equally applicable.
The invention preferably controls the reaction temperature within a specific range, and can promote the reaction to be carried out, so that the roughening agent has good roughening effect.
Preferably, the reaction time is 1-3h, and may be, for example, 1h, 1.2h, 1.4h, 1.6h, 1.8h, 2h, 2.2h, 2.4h, 2.6h, 2.8h or 3h, but is not limited to the recited values, and other non-recited values within the range of values are equally applicable.
Preferably, the time of the one stirring in the step (2) is 0.5-1h, for example, 0.5h, 0.6h, 0.7h, 0.8h, 0.9h or 1h, but not limited to the recited values, and other non-recited values in the range of values are equally applicable.
Preferably, the time of the secondary stirring is 0.5-1h, for example, 0.5h, 0.6h, 0.7h, 0.8h, 0.9h or 1h, but not limited to the recited values, and other non-recited values in the range of values are equally applicable.
Preferably, the mixing time in step (3) is 1-3h, and may be, for example, 1h, 1.2h, 1.4h, 1.6h, 1.8h, 2h, 2.2h, 2.4h, 2.6h, 2.8h or 3h, but is not limited to the recited values, and other non-recited values within the range of values are equally applicable.
Preferably, the mixing time in step (4) is 0.5-1h, for example, 0.5h, 0.6h, 0.7h, 0.8h, 0.9h or 1h, but not limited to the recited values, and other non-recited values within the range of values are equally applicable.
As a preferred technical solution of the second aspect of the present invention, the preparation method includes the following steps:
(1) Mixing fluorine-containing compound, aluminum hydroxide and 50% of water according to the formula amount, and reacting at 80-90 ℃ for 1-3h to obtain a reaction solution;
(2) Mixing the reaction solution obtained in the step (1) with alcohol amine according to the formula amount, stirring for 0.5-1h at a first time, and then adding a complexing agent according to the formula amount, stirring for 0.5-1h at a second time to obtain a mixed solution a;
(3) Mixing the film forming agent and the balance of water according to the formula amount, and mixing for 1-3h to obtain a mixed solution b;
(4) Mixing the mixed solution a obtained in the step (2) and the mixed solution b obtained in the step (3) for 0.5-1h to obtain the roughening agent.
In a third aspect, the present invention provides the use of a roughening agent according to the first aspect of the invention for interfacial roughening treatment of concrete.
The roughening agent provided by the invention is used for interface roughening treatment of concrete, has a good roughening effect, does not damage the integral structure of the concrete, can effectively improve the bonding capability of interfaces and improves the cracking load of the interfaces.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the following beneficial effects:
(1) The roughening agent provided by the invention has limited penetrating power, does not damage the whole structure of concrete, has good roughening effect, can effectively improve the bonding capability of the section of the concrete, improves the crack load of a joint interface, delays the crack time of the interface, and achieves the crack load of the interface of more than 14.2kN and more than 16.3kN under the optimal condition.
(2) The preparation method of the roughening agent provided by the invention is simple to operate, low in cost and capable of being popularized industrially.
Detailed Description
The technical scheme of the invention is further described by the following specific embodiments. It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that the examples are merely to aid in understanding the invention and are not to be construed as a specific limitation thereof.
Example 1
The embodiment provides a preparation method of a roughening agent, which comprises the following steps:
(1) Mixing hydrofluoric acid, aluminum hydroxide and 50% of water according to the formula amount, and reacting for 2 hours at 85 ℃ to obtain a reaction solution;
(2) Mixing the reaction solution obtained in the step (1) with triethanolamine according to the formula amount, stirring for 0.7h at a first time, and adding white sugar according to the formula amount, stirring for 0.7h at a second time to obtain a mixed solution a;
(3) Mixing cellulose ether and the balance of water according to the formula amount, and mixing for 2 hours to obtain a mixed solution b;
(4) Mixing the mixed solution a obtained in the step (2) and the mixed solution b obtained in the step (3) for 0.7h to obtain the roughening agent;
the roughening agent comprises, by weight, cellulose ether 2.2%, hydrofluoric acid 6.5%, triethanolamine 5.5%, white sugar 5.5%, aluminum hydroxide 6.5% and water in balance, wherein the mass ratio of the hydrofluoric acid to the triethanolamine to the aluminum hydroxide is 6.5:5.5:6.5.
Example 2
The embodiment provides a preparation method of a roughening agent, which comprises the following steps:
(1) Mixing magnesium fluosilicate, aluminum hydroxide and 50% of formula amount of water according to formula amount, and reacting for 3 hours at 80 ℃ to obtain a reaction solution;
(2) Mixing the reaction solution obtained in the step (1) with diethanolamine according to the formula amount, stirring for 0.5h at a first time, and adding white sugar according to the formula amount, and stirring for a second time for 1h to obtain a mixed solution a;
(3) Mixing cellulose ether and the balance of water according to the formula amount, and mixing for 1h to obtain a mixed solution b;
(4) Mixing the mixed solution a obtained in the step (2) and the mixed solution b obtained in the step (3) for 1h to obtain the roughening agent;
the roughening agent comprises, by weight, cellulose ether 0.5%, magnesium fluosilicate 5%, diethanolamine 8%, white sugar 10%, aluminum hydroxide 5%, and water in balance, wherein the mass ratio of the magnesium fluosilicate to the diethanolamine to the aluminum hydroxide is 5:8:5.
Example 3
The embodiment provides a preparation method of a roughening agent, which comprises the following steps:
(1) Mixing magnesium fluosilicate, aluminum hydroxide and 50% of formula amount of water according to formula amount, and reacting for 1h at 90 ℃ to obtain a reaction solution;
(2) Mixing the reaction solution obtained in the step (1) with diethanolamine according to the formula amount, stirring for 1h at one time, and then adding sodium gluconate according to the formula amount, stirring for 0.5h at the other time to obtain a mixed solution a;
(3) Mixing cellulose ether and the balance of water according to the formula amount, and mixing for 3 hours to obtain a mixed solution b;
(4) Mixing the mixed solution a obtained in the step (2) and the mixed solution b obtained in the step (3) for 0.5h to obtain the roughening agent;
the roughening agent comprises, by weight, 5% of cellulose ether, 7% of magnesium fluosilicate, 2% of diethanolamine, 1% of sodium gluconate, 7% of aluminum hydroxide and the balance of water, wherein the mass ratio of the magnesium fluosilicate to the diethanolamine to the aluminum hydroxide is 7:2:7.
Example 4
This example provides a method for preparing a roughening agent, which differs from example 1 only in that: the weight percentage of hydrofluoric acid is 3%, the weight percentage of triethanolamine is 7%, the weight percentage of aluminum hydroxide is 8.5%, and the mass ratio of the three is 3:7:8.5.
Example 5
This example provides a method for preparing a roughening agent, which differs from example 1 only in that: the weight percentage of hydrofluoric acid is 9%, the weight percentage of triethanolamine is 4.5%, the weight percentage of aluminum hydroxide is 5%, and the mass ratio of the three is 9:4.5:5.
Comparative example 1
This comparative example provides a process for preparing a roughening agent, differing from example 1 only in that no cellulose ether is added.
Comparative example 2
This comparative example provides a method of preparing a roughening agent, differing from example 1 only in that white sugar is not added.
Test experiment of roughening effect:
(1) The experimental method comprises the following steps:
the different roughening treatment modes are divided into an experimental group and a control group:
experimental group: the roughening treatment was carried out with the roughening agents provided in examples 1 to 5 and comparative examples 1 to 2, respectively, by the following treatment methods: controlling the dosage of the roughening agent to be 0.35kg/m 2 Before casting the precast concrete slab, spraying a roughening agent on the inner side of a template attached to a joint interface of a layer of sponge, casting concrete, and flushing the joint interface with water after the required strength is achieved, so that aggregate is exposed, and the roughening effect is achieved.
Control group: after casting the concrete precast slab, adopting a roughening device to roughen and polish the section of the precast slab, keeping the roughening depth at the same level, keeping the roughness of the precast slab at the same level, and reaching the roughening effect, wherein the roughening depth is 1mm. The size of the concrete precast slab is identical to that of the experimental group.
After roughening treatment is carried out on the concrete precast slabs of the experimental group and the control group, strain gauges are adhered to the surface of polished joint steel bars, waterproof glue and anti-collision glue are wrapped, then concrete is poured again at the joint of the concrete precast slabs, and then the concrete precast slabs are removed from a mould and watered and maintained to required strength, so that a joint test piece is obtained.
(2) The testing method comprises the following steps:
the seam test piece obtained by the experimental group and the control group is tested by adopting a four-point pure bending loading method, and the method specifically comprises the following steps: the method comprises the steps of determining the position of a loading point on a test piece at a quarter point, adjusting the level at the quarter point by gypsum, placing spherical rotary hinges, then placing a force sensor with the measuring range of 100 tons above the two spherical hinges respectively, applying load by using a manual hydraulic jack with the measuring range of 50 tons, connecting the force sensor with an acquisition instrument, transmitting data to a computer end, manually adjusting an oil valve of the hydraulic jack according to the data change of the computer end, and controlling the oil outlet rate, thereby controlling the load size and the change rate. The test adopts a load control loading mode to load, the loading size of each stage at each side is kept to be about 2.5kN, data are continuously collected in the system, two minutes are taken as balance states and recorded as load displacement condition values of the current stage, crack observation is carried out, and the interface cracking load is measured, wherein the results are shown in table 1.
TABLE 1
From table 1, the following points can be seen:
(1) As can be seen from the data of examples 1 to 5, the roughening agent and the preparation method thereof provided in examples 1 to 5 have an interface cracking load of 14.2kN or more and preferably 16.3kN or more.
(2) As can be seen from the data of comparative examples 1 and examples 4-5, the mass ratio of hydrofluoric acid, triethanolamine and aluminum hydroxide in example 1 is 6.5:5.5:6.5, and the interfacial cracking load in example 1 is significantly higher than that in examples 4-5 compared with the mass ratios of 3:7:8.5 and 9:4.5:5 in examples 4-5, respectively, so that the preferred control of the mass ratio of hydrofluoric acid, triethanolamine and aluminum hydroxide can improve the roughening effect and increase the interfacial cracking load.
(3) From the data of comparative examples 1 and 1-2, it can be seen that comparative example 1 differs from example 1 only in that no cellulose ether is added, and comparative example 2 differs from example 1 only in that no white sugar is added, and that the interface cracking load in example 1 is significantly higher than that in comparative examples 1-2, so that it can be seen that the roughening agent provided by the present invention can improve the roughening effect and increase the interface cracking load.
(4) The comprehensive comparison of the data of the experimental group and the control group shows that compared with the roughening of the roughening device, the chemical roughening of the roughening agent provided by the invention can obviously improve the binding capacity of concrete and improve the cracking load of the joint interface.
In conclusion, the roughening agent provided by the invention can effectively improve the binding capacity of the concrete section, improve the crack load of the joint interface, delay the crack time of the interface, and has the advantages of simple preparation method, low cost and industrial popularization.
The applicant declares that the above is only a specific embodiment of the present invention, but the scope of the present invention is not limited thereto, and it should be apparent to those skilled in the art that any changes or substitutions that are easily conceivable within the technical scope of the present invention disclosed by the present invention fall within the scope of the present invention and the disclosure.
Claims (12)
1. The roughening agent is characterized by comprising the following raw materials in percentage by weight:
0.5-5% of film forming agent;
2-10% of fluorine-containing compound;
alcohol amine 1-10%;
1-10% of complexing agent;
5-10% of aluminum hydroxide;
the balance being water;
the fluorine-containing compound comprises hydrofluoric acid and/or magnesium fluosilicate;
the alcohol amine comprises diethanolamine and/or triethanolamine;
the film forming agent comprises a cellulose ether;
the complexing agent comprises white sugar and/or sodium gluconate.
2. A roughening agent according to claim 1, wherein the complexing agent is white sugar.
3. The roughening agent according to claim 1, characterized in that the mass ratio of fluorine-containing compound, alcohol amine and aluminum hydroxide is (5-7): (2-8): (5-7).
4. A method of preparing a roughening agent according to any one of claims 1 to 3, comprising the steps of:
(1) Mixing fluorine-containing compound, aluminum hydroxide and 50% of water according to the formula amount, and reacting to obtain a reaction solution;
(2) Mixing the reaction solution obtained in the step (1) with alcohol amine according to the formula amount, stirring for the first time, and then adding a complexing agent according to the formula amount for secondary stirring to obtain a mixed solution a;
(3) Mixing a film forming agent and the balance of water according to the formula amount to obtain a mixed solution b;
(4) And (3) mixing the mixed solution a obtained in the step (2) and the mixed solution b obtained in the step (3) to obtain the roughening agent.
5. The process of claim 4, wherein the temperature of the reaction in step (1) is 80-90 ℃.
6. The method according to claim 4, wherein the reaction time is 1 to 3 hours.
7. The method according to claim 4, wherein the time of the one stirring in the step (2) is 0.5 to 1 hour.
8. The method according to claim 4, wherein the time of the secondary stirring is 0.5 to 1h.
9. The method according to claim 4, wherein the mixing time in the step (3) is 1 to 3 hours.
10. The method according to claim 4, wherein the mixing time in the step (4) is 0.5 to 1h.
11. The preparation method according to claim 4, characterized in that the preparation method comprises the steps of:
(1) Mixing fluorine-containing compound, aluminum hydroxide and 50% of water according to the formula amount, and reacting at 80-90 ℃ for 1-3h to obtain a reaction solution;
(2) Mixing the reaction solution obtained in the step (1) with alcohol amine according to the formula amount, stirring for 0.5-1h at a first time, and then adding a complexing agent according to the formula amount, stirring for 0.5-1h at a second time to obtain a mixed solution a;
(3) Mixing the film forming agent and the balance of water according to the formula amount, and mixing for 1-3h to obtain a mixed solution b;
(4) Mixing the mixed solution a obtained in the step (2) and the mixed solution b obtained in the step (3) for 0.5-1h to obtain the roughening agent.
12. Use of a roughening agent according to any one of claims 1-3, characterized in that the roughening agent is used for interfacial roughening treatment of concrete.
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