CN115073144A - 一种光学元件的增材制造方法及光学元件 - Google Patents
一种光学元件的增材制造方法及光学元件 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本申请提供的光学元件的增材制造方法,通过计算轴向梯度折射率透镜的结构参数,根据所述结构参数建立UG三维模型,采用所述成型浆料对所述UG三维模型进行光固化成型,对光固化成型后的UG三维模型进行脱脂处理,将脱脂后的坯体进行烧结处理,将烧结后的坯体清洗后得到具有变折射率的透镜,本申请提供的光学元件的增材制造方法,通过DLP光固化3D打印实现变折射率透镜加工制作,在保证加工精度的前提下,提高加工速度,具有成型速度快、特征尺寸小、具备宏微跨尺度成型能力。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于光学技术领域,具体涉及一种光学元件的增材制造方法及光学元件。
背景技术
变折射率光学器件如梯度折射率透镜是一类主要靠介质折射率的非均匀分布实现各种光学功能的光学器件。具有体积小、重量轻、平端面、易加工、易调整对准、易耦合组装、耦合效率高等特点,广泛应用于医疗、工业诊断、光纤通信、微透镜网格、光学仪器、弹载、星载、情报搜取、侦破等方面。
一般光学系统的设计主要建立在均匀折射率透镜基础之上,想要提高系统的成像质量,需要改变透镜的材料、改变透镜的半径或者间隔来消除各种像差。如果系统想要成像清晰,往往需要很多片透镜或是透镜组的组合,这样才能保证光学系统的成像自由度。如果设计的系统很复杂,会使用多个透镜组合,而且在像差校正方面,也要综合这多个透镜考虑,这会使得光学仪器增加重量和体积,设计成本也很高。而梯度折射率透镜可以完美解决这些问题。利用器件中介质的特定梯度折射率分布可以对光束实现分束、聚焦、准直、耦合等操控功能,利用控制折射率分布的各阶系数,也可以很好地校正球差、场曲和色差,因而在望远镜、照相机的物镜设计中采用变折射率透镜后,可以提高成象质量,又可使结构简单、体积缩小、重量减轻。梯度折射率透镜可分为轴向梯度折射率透镜、径向梯度折射率透镜和球对称梯度折射率透镜。一块层状梯度折射率分布透镜可等效于一个柱面镜,可作为一维放大率光学元件;一个轴向梯度折射率球面在校正像差方面可等效于普通透镜的非球面作用;一个弱径向梯度折射率球面也是具有非球面的类似作用;一轴向简单的平凸梯度折射率透镜就可实现锐成像;二片梯度折射率透镜系统可达到需要六片双高斯摄影镜头的同样像质。由以上的梯度折射率的这些特点可以看出,如果想要减少光学系统组件、简化加工工艺,可以在光学系统的设计中应用梯度折射率透镜。梯度折射率透镜不仅在微型光学仪器通信等方面的光学系统中具有广泛的应用前景,而且还为光学设计工程师们使光学系统向轻型化、微型化、优质化、易装配等发展路径指明了方向。当前制备方法应用较多的是离子交换法,离子交换通常在玻璃的软化点以下进行,交换过程通常数十到数百小时,能耗大、深度有限,不易制备大尺寸的梯度折射率光学元件。
发明内容
鉴于此,有必要提供一种成型速度快、特征尺寸小、具备宏微跨尺度成型能力的光学元件的增材制造方法。
为解决上述问题,本发明采用下述技术方案:
一种光学元件的增材制造方法,包括下述步骤:
计算轴向梯度折射率透镜的结构参数,所述结构参数包括梯度折射率透镜半径及厚度参数;
根据所述结构参数建立UG三维模型;
制备成型浆料;
采用所述成型浆料对所述UG三维模型进行光固化成型;
对光固化成型后的UG三维模型进行脱脂处理;
将脱脂后的坯体进行烧结处理;
将烧结后的坯体清洗后得到具有变折射率的透镜。
在其中一些实施例中,在计算轴向梯度折射率透镜的结构参数的步骤中,具体包括下述步骤:
轴向梯度折射率材料的折射率分布可表示为:
n=n(Z)=N00+N01Z+N02Z2+...
式中N00,N01和N02分别为常数项、线性项和二次项系数,
空气中轴向梯度折射率薄透镜的光焦度公式为:
Φ=(n0-1)c1-(nT-1)c2
式中,n0是光轴上的折射率(等于N00),nT为沿光轴方向最大折射率,c1和c2为折射率透镜各面的曲率;
根据所述轴向梯度折射率材料的折射率分布及所述空气中轴向梯度折射率薄透镜的光焦度得到所述梯度折射率透镜半径及厚度参数。
在其中一些实施例中,在制备成型浆料的步骤中,具体包括下述步骤:
将甲基丙烯酸羟乙醋、聚乙二醇二丙烯酸酯、二乙二醇二苯甲酸酯混合并超声搅拌后得到均匀树脂预混液;
将蓝宝石加入到所述树脂预混液中,同时加入光吸收体和稳定剂进行高速混合得到第一浆料;
将AlON加入到所述树脂预混液中,同时加入光吸收体和稳定剂进行高速混合得到第二浆料;
将尖晶石加入到所述树脂预混液中,同时加入光吸收体和稳定剂进行高速混合得到第三浆料;
将聚酰亚胺加入到所述树脂预混液中,同时加入光吸收体和稳定剂进行高速混合得到第四浆料;
在所述第一浆料、所述第二浆料、所述第三浆料及所述第四浆料中加入光引发剂,混合均匀后得到所述成型浆料。
在其中一些实施例中,所述光吸收体为苏丹红G,所述稳定剂为对羟基苯甲醚,所述光引发剂为Irgacure819。
在其中一些实施例中,在采用所述成型浆料对所述UG三维模型进行固化成型的步骤中,具体包括下述步骤:
根据所述曝光时间,采用所述第一浆料对所述UG三维模型进行光固化,固化完成后对所述UG三维模型进行清洗干燥处理,以除去所述UG三维模型上残留的所述第一浆料;
重复上述步骤,分别采用所述第二浆料、所述第三浆料及所述第四浆料对所述UG三维模型进行光固化。
在其中一些实施例中,在对光固化成型后的UG三维模型进行脱脂处理的步骤中,具体包括下述步骤:
对光固化成型后的UG三维模型采用2~3℃/mm的升温速度从室温升到100~110度,再以上升温速度为0.5~0.8℃/min升温至160~170℃,并在160~170℃保温5h,让部分有机物气化排出,之后以2℃/mm的升温速度升温至1000℃,并在1000℃保温2h,完成脱脂处理。
在其中一些实施例中,在将脱脂后的坯体进行烧结处理的步骤中,具体包括下述步骤:
将坯体放入通满氮气的密闭容器中,选用3~4℃/min的升温速率升温至1050~1100℃,再选用1~1.5℃/min的升温速率升温至1250~1300℃,并在1250~1300℃下保温3h并随炉冷却。
在其中一些实施例中,在整个烧结过程,在<1mbar的气压下进行。
另外,本发明还提供了一种光学元件,由所述的光学元件的增材制造方法制备得到。
相较于现有技术,本申请提供的光学元件的增材制造方法,通过计算轴向梯度折射率透镜的结构参数,根据所述结构参数建立UG三维模型,采用所述成型浆料对所述UG三维模型进行光固化成型,对光固化成型后的UG三维模型进行脱脂处理,将脱脂后的坯体进行烧结处理,将烧结后的坯体清洗后得到具有变折射率的透镜,本申请提供的光学元件的增材制造方法,通过DLP光固化3D打印实现变折射率透镜加工制作,在保证加工精度的前提下,提高加工速度,具有成型速度快、特征尺寸小、具备宏微跨尺度成型能力。
附图说明
为了更清楚地说明本发明实施例的技术方案,下面将对本发明实施例或现有技术描述中所需要使用的附图作简单地介绍,显而易见地,下面所描述的附图仅仅是本发明的一些实施例,对于本领域普通技术人员来讲,在不付出创造性劳动的前提下,还可以根据这些附图获得其他的附图。
图1为本发明实施例提供的光学元件的增材制造方法的步骤流程图。
图2为本发明实施例提供的变折射率透镜示意图。
具体实施方式
下面详细描述本发明的实施例,所述实施例的示例在附图中示出,其中自始至终相同或类似的标号表示相同或类似的元件或具有相同或类似功能的元件。下面通过参考附图描述的实施例是示例性的,旨在用于解释本发明,而不能理解为对本发明的限制。
在本发明的描述中,需要理解的是,术语“上”、“下”、“水平”、“内”、“外”等指示的方位或位置关系为基于附图所示的方位或位置关系,仅是为了便于描述本发明和简化描述,而不是指示或暗示所指的装置或元件必须具有特定的方位、以特定的方位构造和操作,因此不能理解为对本发明的限制。
此外,术语“第一”、“第二”仅用于描述目的,而不能理解为指示或暗示相对重要性或者隐含指明所指示的技术特征的数量。由此,限定有“第一”、“第二”的特征可以明示或者隐含地包括一个或者更多个该特征。在本发明的描述中,“多个”的含义是两个或两个以上,除非另有明确具体的限定。
为了使本发明的目的、技术方案及优点更加清楚明白,以下结合附图及实施例,对本发明进行进一步详细说明。
请参阅图1,本申请提供的光学元件的增材制造方法包括下述步骤:
步骤S110:计算轴向梯度折射率透镜的结构参数,所述结构参数包括梯度折射率透镜半径及厚度参数。
具体地,在计算轴向梯度折射率透镜的结构参数的步骤中,具体包括下述步骤:
轴向梯度折射率材料的折射率分布可表示为:
n=n(Z)=N00+N01Z+N02Z2+...
式中N00,N01和N02分别为常数项、线性项和二次项系数,
空气中轴向梯度折射率薄透镜的光焦度公式为:
Φ=(n0-1)c1-(nT-1)c2
式中,n0是光轴上的折射率(等于N00),nT为沿光轴方向最大折射率,c1和c2为折射率透镜各面的曲率;
根据所述轴向梯度折射率材料的折射率分布及所述空气中轴向梯度折射率薄透镜的光焦度得到所述梯度折射率透镜半径及厚度参数。
可以理解,通过计算出轴向梯度折射率透镜的结构参数与折射率分布曲线方程的各项系数,在光学设计软件中对反射结构与梯度元件进行整体调整,最后确定梯度折射率透镜的结构参数(梯度折射率透镜半径、厚度参数等)。
步骤S120:根据所述结构参数建立UG三维模型。
具体地,根据梯度折射率透镜的结构参数,将零件导出为STL文件,并且STL的坐标按照零件在装配坐标系中的值,这样对每种材料对应的STL切片后,每层的切片材料排布关系仍与装配体中的表示相同,能满足多材料光固化成型的要求。
步骤S130:制备成型浆料。
在其中一些实施例中,在制备成型浆料的步骤中,具体包括下述步骤:
将甲基丙烯酸羟乙醋、聚乙二醇二丙烯酸酯、二乙二醇二苯甲酸酯混合并超声搅拌后得到均匀树脂预混液;
将蓝宝石加入到所述树脂预混液中,同时加入光吸收体和稳定剂进行高速混合得到第一浆料;
将AlON加入到所述树脂预混液中,同时加入光吸收体和稳定剂进行高速混合得到第二浆料;
将尖晶石加入到所述树脂预混液中,同时加入光吸收体和稳定剂进行高速混合得到第三浆料;
将聚酰亚胺加入到所述树脂预混液中,同时加入光吸收体和稳定剂进行高速混合得到第四浆料;
将所述第一浆料、所述第二浆料、所述第三浆料及所述第四浆料混合并加入光引发剂,混合均匀后得到所述成型浆料。
具体地,将质量分数29.5wt%甲基丙烯酸羟乙醋(HEMA)、3.7wt%聚乙二醇二丙烯酸酯(PEGDA)、13.1wt%二乙二醇二苯甲酸酯(DEDB)混合,超声搅拌后得到均匀树脂预混液;随后,将53.7%蓝宝石、AlON、尖晶石、聚酰亚胺(PI)分别加入树脂预混液中,同时加入0.0039wt%的光吸收体苏丹红G和0.13wt%的稳定剂对羟基苯甲醚(MEHQ)进行高速混合,分别得到均匀的第一浆料、第二浆料、第三浆料及第四浆料,在搅拌过程中不断进行抽真空处理防止在浆料中出现大量气泡;最后将0.26wt%光引发剂Irgacure819加入到上述浆料中,混合均匀后得到用于成型的浆料。
步骤S140:采用所述成型浆料对所述UG三维模型进行光固化成型。
可以理解,光固化成型时,针对模型中每层切片对应的不同原料,需要分别把不同的浆料池转移到光路的投影位置,在层内固化成型不同的材料。选择405nm波长的光源,光强约为0.317mW/cm2,层厚参数为0.05mm。
具体地,根据光聚合增材制造的经验公式可以算出曝光时间,设置第一浆料曝光时间为12.5s,首先将第一浆料固化完成,对所述UG三维模型进行清洗干燥处理,去除所述UG三维模型和基底上残留的第一浆料;更换第二浆料,设置第二浆料的曝光时间为13s,完成第二浆料的固化,对所述UG三维模型进行清洗干燥处理,去除所述UG三维模型和基底上残留的第二浆料;更换第三浆料,设置第三浆料的曝光时间为15s,完成第三浆料的固化,对工件进行清洗干燥处理,去除所述UG三维模型和基底上残留的第三浆料;更换第四浆料,设置第四浆料的曝光时间为16.5s,完成第四浆料的固化,去除所述UG三维模型和基底上残留的浆料。
步骤S150:对光固化成型后的UG三维模型进行脱脂处理;
可以理解脱脂是作为粘接剂的有机物成分在外界作用下,发生一系列的物理及化学变化,从坯体中排除的过程。
坯体在空气中缓慢升温脱脂,排出坯体中的有机物树脂,为了获得更好的脱脂效果,严格控制升温曲线,依据样品的热重曲线。
具体地,对光固化成型后的UG三维模型采用2~3℃/mm的升温速度从室温升到100~110度,再以上升温速度为0.5~0.8℃/min升温至160~170℃,并在160~170℃保温5h,让部分有机物气化排出,之后以2℃/mm的升温速度升温至1000℃,并在1000℃保温2h,完成脱脂处理。
步骤S160:将脱脂后的坯体进行烧结处理。
具体地,将坯体放入通满氮气的密闭容器中,在不同温度段以不同的的升温速率进行烧结,选取1250℃作为最终的烧结温度,并制定了烧结过程的温度曲线。
将坯体放入通满氮气的密闭容器中,选用3~4℃/min的升温速率升温至1050~1100℃,再选用1~1.5℃/min的升温速率升温至1250~1300℃,并在1250~1300℃下保温3h并随炉冷却。
进一步地,整个烧结过程在<1mbar的气压下进行以防止气体填充在孔隙之中阻碍孔隙闭合。
步骤S170:将烧结后的坯体清洗后得到具有变折射率的透镜。
请参阅图2,为完成加工后,清洗透镜,得到的具有变折射率的透镜,图中1、2、3、4为不同折射率区域,根据不同区域的尺寸,规划光固化切片层数,实现快速加工高精度变折射率透镜。
本申请提供的光学元件的增材制造方法,通过计算轴向梯度折射率透镜的结构参数,根据所述结构参数建立UG三维模型,采用所述成型浆料对所述UG三维模型进行光固化成型,对光固化成型后的UG三维模型进行脱脂处理,将脱脂后的坯体进行烧结处理,将烧结后的坯体清洗后得到具有变折射率的透镜,本申请提供的光学元件的增材制造方法,通过DLP光固化3D打印实现变折射率透镜加工制作,在保证加工精度的前提下,提高加工速度,具有成型速度快、特征尺寸小、具备宏微跨尺度成型能力。
以上仅为本申请的实施例而已,并不用于限制本申请。对于本领域技术人员来说,本申请可以有各种更改和变化。凡在本申请的精神和原理之内所作的任何修改、等同替换、改进等,均应包含在本申请的权利要求范围之内。
Claims (9)
1.一种光学元件的增材制造方法,其特征在于,包括下述步骤:
计算轴向梯度折射率透镜的结构参数,所述结构参数包括梯度折射率透镜半径及厚度参数;
根据所述结构参数建立UG三维模型;
制备成型浆料;
采用所述成型浆料对所述UG三维模型进行光固化成型;
对光固化成型后的UG三维模型进行脱脂处理;
将脱脂后的坯体进行烧结处理;
将烧结后的坯体清洗后得到具有变折射率的透镜。
2.根据权利要求1所述的光学元件的增材制造方法,其特征在于,在计算轴向梯度折射率透镜的结构参数的步骤中,具体包括下述步骤:
轴向梯度折射率材料的折射率分布可表示为:
n=n(Z)=N00+N01Z+N02Z2+...
式中N00,N01和N02分别为常数项、线性项和二次项系数,
空气中轴向梯度折射率薄透镜的光焦度公式为:
Φ=(n0-1)c1-(nT-1)c2
式中,n0是光轴上的折射率(等于N00),nT为沿光轴方向最大折射率,c1和c2为折射率透镜各面的曲率;
根据所述轴向梯度折射率材料的折射率分布及所述空气中轴向梯度折射率薄透镜的光焦度得到所述梯度折射率透镜半径及厚度参数。
3.根据权利要求1所述的光学元件的增材制造方法,其特征在于,在制备成型浆料的步骤中,具体包括下述步骤:
将甲基丙烯酸羟乙醋、聚乙二醇二丙烯酸酯、二乙二醇二苯甲酸酯混合并超声搅拌后得到均匀树脂预混液;
将蓝宝石加入到所述树脂预混液中,同时加入光吸收体和稳定剂进行高速混合得到第一浆料;
将AlON加入到所述树脂预混液中,同时加入光吸收体和稳定剂进行高速混合得到第二浆料;
将尖晶石加入到所述树脂预混液中,同时加入光吸收体和稳定剂进行高速混合得到第三浆料;
将聚酰亚胺加入到所述树脂预混液中,同时加入光吸收体和稳定剂进行高速混合得到第四浆料;
在所述第一浆料、所述第二浆料、所述第三浆料及所述第四浆料中加入光引发剂,混合均匀后得到所述成型浆料。
4.根据权利要求3所述的光学元件的增材制造方法,其特征在于,所述光吸收体为苏丹红G,所述稳定剂为对羟基苯甲醚,所述光引发剂为Irgacure819。
6.根据权利要求1所述的光学元件的增材制造方法,其特征在于,在对光固化成型后的UG三维模型进行脱脂处理的步骤中,具体包括下述步骤:
对光固化成型后的UG三维模型采用2~3℃/mm的升温速度从室温升到100~110度,再以上升温速度为0.5~0.8℃/min升温至160~170℃,并在160~170℃保温5h,让部分有机物气化排出,之后以2℃/mm的升温速度升温至1000℃,并在1000℃保温2h,完成脱脂处理。
7.根据权利要求1所述的光学元件的增材制造方法,其特征在于,在将脱脂后的坯体进行烧结处理的步骤中,具体包括下述步骤:
将坯体放入通满氮气的密闭容器中,选用3~4℃/min的升温速率升温至1050~1100℃,再选用1~1.5℃/min的升温速率升温至1250~1300℃,并在1250~1300℃下保温3h并随炉冷却。
8.根据权利要求7所述的光学元件的增材制造方法,其特征在于,在整个烧结过程,在<1mbar的气压下进行。
9.一种光学元件,其特征在于,由权利要求1至8任一项所述的光学元件的增材制造方法制备得到。
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