CN115011080B - Full-biodegradable composite material and preparation method thereof - Google Patents
Full-biodegradable composite material and preparation method thereof Download PDFInfo
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- CN115011080B CN115011080B CN202210619325.2A CN202210619325A CN115011080B CN 115011080 B CN115011080 B CN 115011080B CN 202210619325 A CN202210619325 A CN 202210619325A CN 115011080 B CN115011080 B CN 115011080B
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- pbat
- shell powder
- injection molding
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- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 70
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 title abstract description 21
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 94
- 238000001746 injection moulding Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 39
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 34
- 239000004594 Masterbatch (MB) Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 25
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 25
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 17
- 238000001125 extrusion Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 229920001896 polybutyrate Polymers 0.000 claims abstract 18
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000002028 Biomass Substances 0.000 abstract description 7
- 229920000704 biodegradable plastic Polymers 0.000 abstract description 6
- 239000011159 matrix material Substances 0.000 abstract description 5
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 abstract description 4
- 229920001707 polybutylene terephthalate Polymers 0.000 description 105
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 16
- VTYYLEPIZMXCLO-UHFFFAOYSA-L Calcium carbonate Chemical compound [Ca+2].[O-]C([O-])=O VTYYLEPIZMXCLO-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 4
- 239000008187 granular material Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000006065 biodegradation reaction Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000007547 defect Effects 0.000 description 3
- GUJOJGAPFQRJSV-UHFFFAOYSA-N dialuminum;dioxosilane;oxygen(2-);hydrate Chemical compound O.[O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3].O=[Si]=O.O=[Si]=O.O=[Si]=O.O=[Si]=O GUJOJGAPFQRJSV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229910052901 montmorillonite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 241000237502 Ostreidae Species 0.000 description 2
- -1 Polybutylene terephthalate Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 229920008262 Thermoplastic starch Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 229910000019 calcium carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229920006237 degradable polymer Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000004615 ingredient Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000010954 inorganic particle Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 2
- 235000020636 oyster Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 238000004806 packaging method and process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000004033 plastic Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229920003023 plastic Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000004631 polybutylene succinate Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229920002961 polybutylene succinate Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 235000015170 shellfish Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 239000004628 starch-based polymer Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229920001169 thermoplastic Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000002699 waste material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229920001634 Copolyester Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000004621 biodegradable polymer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920002988 biodegradable polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000012620 biological material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000003912 environmental pollution Methods 0.000 description 1
- 235000013305 food Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000010413 gardening Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002347 injection Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007924 injection Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052500 inorganic mineral Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011707 mineral Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000005022 packaging material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000008188 pellet Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005453 pelletization Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000004626 polylactic acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003755 preservative agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002335 preservative effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004064 recycling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011160 research Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012827 research and development Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000004416 thermosoftening plastic Substances 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08K—Use of inorganic or non-macromolecular organic substances as compounding ingredients
- C08K3/00—Use of inorganic substances as compounding ingredients
- C08K3/18—Oxygen-containing compounds, e.g. metal carbonyls
- C08K3/24—Acids; Salts thereof
- C08K3/26—Carbonates; Bicarbonates
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08K—Use of inorganic or non-macromolecular organic substances as compounding ingredients
- C08K3/00—Use of inorganic substances as compounding ingredients
- C08K3/18—Oxygen-containing compounds, e.g. metal carbonyls
- C08K3/24—Acids; Salts thereof
- C08K3/26—Carbonates; Bicarbonates
- C08K2003/265—Calcium, strontium or barium carbonate
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
- C08L2201/00—Properties
- C08L2201/06—Biodegradable
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02W—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO WASTEWATER TREATMENT OR WASTE MANAGEMENT
- Y02W90/00—Enabling technologies or technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to greenhouse gas [GHG] emissions mitigation
- Y02W90/10—Bio-packaging, e.g. packing containers made from renewable resources or bio-plastics
Abstract
The invention discloses a full-biodegradable composite material and a preparation method thereof. The preparation method comprises the following steps: mixing and stirring PBAT and shell powder to obtain a mixture; sequentially carrying out melt blending, extrusion into strips, cooling, granulating and drying on the mixture to obtain PBAT/shell powder composite master batch; and carrying out injection molding treatment on the PBAT/shell powder composite master batch to obtain the PBAT/shell powder composite material. According to the invention, the PBAT/shell powder composite material is prepared by taking the natural shell as the raw material, so that the modulus and hardness of the PBAT matrix are improved, the low price of the shell powder is utilized, and the use cost of the PBAT product is reduced. The components of the PBAT/shell powder composite material are derived from biomass, and belong to completely biodegradable plastics.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of composite materials, in particular to a low-cost and high-hardness PBAT/shell powder full-biodegradation composite material and a preparation method thereof.
Background
Polybutylene terephthalate (PBAT) is an aliphatic-aromatic copolyester which can be completely biodegraded, has good hydrophilicity, mechanical property, processability and biocompatibility, and is an ideal green environment-friendly material. Can replace non-biodegradable polymers in the fields of food packaging industry, garbage bags, shopping bags, preservative films and the like. But the PBAT still has the defects of low hardness, small elastic modulus, insufficient rigidity of films or packaging products, easy breakage and the like; and the cost of PBAT is high, so that the wide-range application is difficult to realize.
In order to improve the defects of PBAT, the degradable composite material with excellent research and development performance and low cost becomes one of the hot spot problems in the current research of PBAT. At present, a composite system is formed by PBAT and other degradable polymers, such as polylactic acid (PLA), polybutylene succinate (PBS) or thermoplastic starch (TPS), but the cost of the composite system is higher; on the other hand, inorganic particles such as montmorillonite (MMT) and calcium carbonate are adopted to improve the mechanical strength of the matrix, but the material is natural mineral, and has biological incompatibility.
Accordingly, there is a need for improvement and development in the art.
Disclosure of Invention
In view of the defects of the prior art, the invention aims to provide a low-cost and high-hardness PBAT/shell powder full-biodegradation composite material and a preparation method thereof, and aims to solve the problems that the cost of a composite system formed by the existing PBAT and other degradable polymers is high or the biocompatibility is not compatible due to the adoption of inorganic particles such as montmorillonite, calcium carbonate and the like.
The technical scheme of the invention is as follows:
a preparation method of a PBAT/shell powder composite material comprises the following steps:
Mixing and stirring PBAT and shell powder to obtain a mixture;
Sequentially carrying out melt blending, extrusion into strips, cooling, granulating and drying on the mixture to obtain PBAT/shell powder composite master batch;
and carrying out injection molding treatment on the PBAT/shell powder composite master batch to obtain the PBAT/shell powder composite material.
The invention takes natural shells (such as oyster shells and the like) as raw materials to prepare the PBAT/shell powder composite material, and the use cost of PBAT products is reduced by utilizing the low price of the shell powder while the modulus and hardness of a PBAT matrix are improved. The components of the PBAT/shell powder composite material are derived from biomass, and belong to completely biodegradable plastics.
Optionally, the step of mixing and stirring the PBAT and the shell powder specifically includes: adding the PBAT and the shell powder into a mixer, and stirring and mixing uniformly.
Optionally, the stirring and mixing time is 20-30 minutes.
Optionally, the mass ratio of the PBAT to the shell powder is 100: (10-50) mixing.
Optionally, the steps of melt blending and extruding the mixture into strips sequentially comprise the following steps: and placing the mixture into a double-screw extruder, carrying out melt blending, and then extruding into strips.
Alternatively, the twin screw extruder has a screw speed of 13-15 rpm, the feeder speed of 4-6 rpm, and the extrusion temperature of 110-130 ℃.
Optionally, the mixture is cooled by circulating water, pelletized by a pelletizer and dried in a blast oven.
Optionally, the step of injection molding the PBAT/shell powder composite master batch specifically comprises the following steps: and adding the PBAT/shell powder composite master batch into an injection molding machine for injection molding treatment.
Optionally, the temperature of the feed inlet of the injection molding machine is 110 ℃, and the temperature of the screw rod of the injection molding machine is 110-145 ℃.
The PBAT/shell powder composite material is prepared by adopting the preparation method of the PBAT/shell powder composite material.
In the invention, the pure natural biomass material shell powder is selected for the first time to modify the PBAT, so that the PBAT/shell powder composite material is prepared. The mass content of the shell powder in the material can reach more than 50 parts. The product cost is reduced on the basis of improving the hardness and modulus of the material, and the material has better processability and application performance. Is beneficial to the large-scale market popularization of PBAT materials. The components of the PBAT/shell powder composite material are derived from biomass, and belong to completely biodegradable plastics.
Detailed Description
The invention provides a low-cost and high-hardness PBAT/shell powder full-biodegradable composite material and a preparation method thereof, and the invention is further described in detail below for the purpose, the technical scheme and the effect of the invention to be clearer and more definite. It should be understood that the specific embodiments described herein are for purposes of illustration only and are not intended to limit the scope of the invention.
The shell is a natural and easily available biological material. The yield of Chinese shellfish is the first world, and more than 1000 ten thousand tons of shellfish are introduced into the market every year. The resulting large number of shells are either deposited as waste in a landfill or directly poured into the sea. The reasonable utilization of the shell powder can realize the recycling of waste.
Based on the above, the embodiment of the invention provides a preparation method of a PBAT/shell powder composite material, which comprises the following steps:
Mixing and stirring PBAT and shell powder to obtain a mixture;
Sequentially carrying out melt blending, extrusion into strips, cooling, granulating and drying on the mixture to obtain PBAT/shell powder composite master batch;
and carrying out injection molding treatment on the PBAT/shell powder composite master batch to obtain the PBAT/shell powder composite material.
In the embodiment, the PBAT/shell powder composite material is prepared by taking natural shells (such as oyster shells and the like) as raw materials, so that the modulus and hardness of a PBAT matrix are improved, and meanwhile, the use cost of PBAT products is reduced by using the low price of the shell powder. The components of the PBAT/shell powder composite material are all derived from biomass, and belong to completely biodegradable plastics.
Specifically, the present embodiment has the following technical advantages:
1. Compared with pure thermoplastic PBAT, the PBAT/shell powder composite material prepared by the embodiment has good comprehensive properties, such as higher hardness, modulus and the like. Can be widely applied to the application fields of general plastics, such as packaging materials, disposable tableware, gardening products, electronic products and the like;
2. In the embodiment, firstly, the ingredients are premixed, then the mixture is melted and blended, then the mixture is cooled and granulated, and finally the mixture is injection molded to prepare the PBAT/shell powder composite material. The PBAT/shell powder composite material prepared by the embodiment has good processability, and can be processed and molded by extrusion, injection molding and other methods like general thermoplastic plastics;
3. The preparation method of the PBAT/shell powder composite material is simple in process and easy to control. Universal plastic processing equipment can be adopted, so that investment is saved;
4. the components of the PBAT/shell powder composite material are all derived from biomass, belong to completely biodegradable plastics, cannot cause environmental pollution, and can thoroughly solve the problem of white pollution.
In one embodiment, the step of mixing and stirring PBAT with shell powder specifically includes: adding PBAT and shell powder into a high-speed mixer, and stirring and mixing uniformly. Namely, a high-speed mixer is adopted to uniformly mix the PBAT and the shell powder.
In one embodiment, the stirring and mixing time is 20-30 minutes. Namely stirring and uniformly mixing in a high-speed mixer for 20-30 minutes.
In one embodiment, the PBAT feedstock is a oven-dried PBAT feedstock, with the purpose of removing moisture. Wherein the drying time can be 1-3h (such as 2 h), and the drying temperature can be 60-80deg.C (such as 70deg.C).
In one embodiment, the weight ratio of the PBAT to the shell powder is 100: (10-50) mixing. That is, 10-50 parts of shell powder is added to every 100 parts of PBAT.
In one embodiment, the steps of melt blending and extruding the mixture into strips sequentially comprise the following specific steps: and placing the mixture into a double-screw extruder, carrying out melt blending, and then extruding into strips.
In one embodiment, the twin screw extruder has a screw speed of 13 to 15 revolutions per minute, a feeder speed of 4 to 6 revolutions per minute, and an extrusion temperature of 110 to 130 ℃.
In one embodiment, the cooling is performed using circulating water, the pelletization is performed using a pelletizer, and the pellets are placed in a forced air oven for drying. Wherein the drying time can be 1-3h (such as 2 h), and the drying temperature can be 60-80deg.C (such as 70deg.C).
In one embodiment, the step of injection molding the PBAT/shell powder composite master batch specifically includes: and adding the PBAT/shell powder composite master batch into an injection molding machine for injection molding treatment. Adding the PBAT/shell powder composite master batch into an injection molding machine, and preparing the PBAT/shell powder composite material in an injection molding mode.
In one embodiment, the injection molding machine feed inlet temperature is 110℃and the injection molding machine screw temperature is 110-145 ℃.
The embodiment of the invention also provides a PBAT/shell powder composite material, wherein the PBAT/shell powder composite material is prepared by adopting the preparation method of the PBAT/shell powder composite material.
The invention is further illustrated by the following specific examples.
Comparative example 1 (PBAT)
The preparation method of the PBAT material of the comparative example comprises the following specific preparation steps:
The PBAT feedstock was placed in a forced air oven for 2 hours to remove moisture, wherein the oven temperature was set at 70 ℃. And (3) placing the dried PBAT into a double-screw extruder for melting, and then extruding into strips to obtain the PBAT master batch. The screw speed was 15 rpm, the feeder speed was 5 rpm and the extrusion temperature was 120 ℃. And cooling the PBAT master batch by using circulating water, granulating the cooled PBAT master batch by using a granulator, and then putting the PBAT master batch into a blast oven to be dried for 2 hours at the temperature of 70 ℃ to obtain PBAT granules. And adding the PBAT particles into an injection molding machine for injection molding treatment to obtain the dumbbell-shaped PBAT material, wherein the temperature of a feed inlet of the injection molding machine is 110 ℃, and the temperature of a screw rod of the injection molding machine is 145 ℃. The hardness of the obtained PBAT material is 1.18MPa, and the modulus is 1296MPa.
Example 1 (PBAT+10 parts Shell powder)
The preparation method of the fully biodegradable PBAT/shell powder composite material comprises the following specific preparation steps:
The PBAT feedstock was placed in a forced air oven for 2 hours to remove moisture, wherein the oven temperature was set at 70 ℃. Adding PBAT and shell powder into a high-speed mixer, wherein 10 parts of shell powder is added into 100 parts of PBAT, and stirring and uniformly mixing in the high-speed mixer for 20 minutes to obtain a mixture. The mixture is placed in a twin-screw extruder for melt blending and then extruded into strips. The screw speed was 15 rpm, the feeder speed was 5 rpm and the extrusion temperature was 120 ℃. Cooling the extruded material by using circulating water, granulating the cooled material by using a granulator, and then putting the granulated material into a blast oven to be dried for 2 hours at the temperature of 70 ℃ to obtain the PBAT/shell powder composite master batch. And adding the PBAT/shell powder composite master batch into an injection molding machine for injection molding treatment to obtain the PBAT/shell powder composite material. Wherein the temperature of the feed inlet of the injection molding machine is 110 ℃, and the temperature of the screw rod of the injection molding machine is 145 ℃. The hardness of the obtained PBAT/shell powder composite material is 1.30 and the modulus is 1581MPa.
Example 2 (PBAT+30 parts Shell powder)
The preparation method of the fully biodegradable PBAT/shell powder composite material comprises the following specific preparation steps:
The PBAT feedstock was placed in a forced air oven for 2 hours to remove moisture, wherein the oven temperature was set at 70 ℃. Adding PBAT and shell powder into a high-speed mixer, wherein 30 parts of shell powder is added into 100 parts of PBAT, and stirring and uniformly mixing in the high-speed mixer for 20 minutes to obtain a mixture. The mixture is placed in a twin-screw extruder for melt blending and then extruded into strips. The screw speed was 15 rpm, the feeder speed was 5 rpm and the extrusion temperature was 120 ℃. Cooling the extruded material by using circulating water, granulating the cooled material by using a granulator, and then putting the granulated material into a blast oven to be dried for 2 hours at the temperature of 70 ℃ to obtain the PBAT/shell powder composite master batch. And adding the dried PBAT/shell powder composite master batch into an injection molding machine for injection molding treatment to obtain the PBAT/shell powder composite material. Wherein the temperature of the feed inlet of the injection molding machine is 110 ℃, and the temperature of the screw section of the injection molding machine is 145 ℃. The hardness of the obtained PBAT/shell powder composite material is 1.52 and the modulus is 1722MPa.
Example 3 (PBAT+50 parts Shell powder)
The preparation method of the fully biodegradable PBAT/shell powder composite material comprises the following specific preparation steps:
The PBAT feedstock was placed in a forced air oven for 2 hours to remove moisture, wherein the oven temperature was set at 70 ℃. Adding PBAT and shell powder into a high-speed mixer, wherein 50 parts of shell powder is added into 100 parts of PBAT, and stirring and uniformly mixing in the high-speed mixer for 20 minutes to obtain a mixture. The mixture is placed in a twin-screw extruder for melt blending and then extruded into strips. The screw speed was 15 rpm, the feeder speed was 5 rpm and the extrusion temperature was 120 ℃. Cooling the extruded material by using circulating water, granulating the cooled material by using a granulator, and then putting the granulated material into a blast oven to be dried for 2 hours at the temperature of 70 ℃ to obtain the PBAT/shell powder composite master batch. And adding the PBAT/shell powder composite master batch into an injection molding machine for injection molding treatment to obtain the PBAT/shell powder composite material. Wherein the temperature of the feed inlet of the injection molding machine is 110 ℃, and the temperature of the screw section of the injection molding machine is 145 ℃. The hardness of the obtained PBAT/shell powder composite material is 1.91 and the modulus is 2103MPa.
In summary, the PBAT/shell powder full-biodegradation composite material with low cost and high hardness and the preparation method thereof are provided. Firstly premixing ingredients, then carrying out melt blending, then cooling and granulating, and finally carrying out injection molding to obtain the PBAT/shell powder composite material. According to the invention, the PBAT/shell powder composite material is prepared by taking the natural shell as the raw material, so that the modulus and hardness of the PBAT matrix are improved, the low price of the shell powder is utilized, and the use cost of the PBAT product is reduced. The components of the PBAT/shell powder composite material are derived from biomass, and belong to completely biodegradable plastics.
It is to be understood that the invention is not limited in its application to the examples described above, but is capable of modification and variation in light of the above teachings by those skilled in the art, and that all such modifications and variations are intended to be included within the scope of the appended claims.
Claims (1)
1. Application of shell powder in improving PBAT hardness and elastic modulus, wherein the application method comprises the following steps:
Mixing and stirring PBAT and shell powder to obtain a mixture;
Sequentially carrying out melt blending, extrusion into strips, cooling, granulating and drying on the mixture to obtain PBAT/shell powder composite master batch;
Carrying out injection molding treatment on the PBAT/shell powder composite master batch to obtain a PBAT/shell powder composite material;
Wherein, the step of mixing and stirring the PBAT and the shell powder specifically comprises the following steps: adding PBAT and shell powder into a mixer, and stirring and mixing uniformly;
The stirring and uniformly mixing time is 20-30 minutes;
the weight ratio of the PBAT to the shell powder is 100: (10-50) mixing;
The step of sequentially carrying out melt blending and extrusion on the mixture to form strips specifically comprises the following steps: placing the mixture into a double-screw extruder, carrying out melt blending, and then extruding into strips;
The screw speed of the double screw extruder is 13-15 rpm, the speed of the feeding machine is 4-6 rpm, and the extrusion temperature is 110-130 ℃;
Cooling by using circulating water, granulating by using a granulator, and drying in a blast oven;
the step of carrying out injection molding treatment on the PBAT/shell powder composite master batch specifically comprises the following steps: adding the PBAT/shell powder composite master batch into an injection molding machine for injection molding treatment;
The temperature of the feed inlet of the injection molding machine is 110 ℃, and the temperature of the screw rod of the injection molding machine is 110-145 ℃.
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| CN202210619325.2A CN115011080B (en) | 2022-05-31 | 2022-05-31 | Full-biodegradable composite material and preparation method thereof |
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| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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| CN202210619325.2A CN115011080B (en) | 2022-05-31 | 2022-05-31 | Full-biodegradable composite material and preparation method thereof |
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| CN115011080A CN115011080A (en) | 2022-09-06 |
| CN115011080B true CN115011080B (en) | 2024-04-16 |
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2022
- 2022-05-31 CN CN202210619325.2A patent/CN115011080B/en active Active
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| JP2005008783A (en) * | 2003-06-20 | 2005-01-13 | Taiho Ind Co Ltd | Film in which seashell powder is mixed and bag material and method for producing those |
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| Title |
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| CN115011080A (en) | 2022-09-06 |
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