CN114991176A - Highway, railway or massif bank protection structure - Google Patents

Abstract

A highway, railway or mountain slope protection structure is characterized in that a retaining wall is built upwards or cast in situ at the bottom edge, the bottom of a ditch or the position opposite to the horizontal ground of a highway, railway or mountain slope, and the retaining wall is close to the slope at a vertical or nearly vertical angle; vertical slope protection piles are evenly embedded into the retaining wall at the bottom edge of the slope, the slope protection piles stretch into the ground, and anchor rod fixing points are evenly arranged at the upper ends of the slope protection piles; or horizontal beams are uniformly arranged on different horizontal planes of the retaining wall, anchor rod fixing points are uniformly arranged on the horizontal beams, and the anchor rods are anchored into the slope body at the anchor rod fixing points at an angle of 0-90 degrees to the horizontal; forming the supporting structure of piles, walls, beams and anchors.

Description

Highway, railway or massif bank protection structure

Technical Field

The invention relates to a highway, railway or mountain slope protection structure and a construction method thereof.

Background

The anchor rod is a new compound body formed by a rod body and the like in a rock-soil body and the rock-soil body. The anchor rod in the complex is the key to solve the problem of low tensile capacity of the surrounding rock mass. Thereby greatly enhancing the bearing capacity of the rock-soil body. The anchor rod is the most basic component of roadway support in the modern underground mining mine, and the anchor rod ties the surrounding rocks of the roadway together to support the surrounding rocks. The anchor rod is not only used in mines, but also used in engineering technology for actively reinforcing and resisting the floating of side slopes and the like.

The existing highway, railway or mountain slope protection structures are mostly constructed by adopting anchor rod frame beams, and the scheme is as follows

1) And (3) anchor cable frame beam construction: pouring construction of frame beam concrete, and performing construction flow of the prestressed anchor cable frame beam: construction preparation → anchor hole drilling → anchor cable manufacturing → anchor hole grouting → frame beam (anchor beam, anchor pier or cross beam) construction → anchor hole tensioning and locking → acceptance and sealing. The main construction links are two: firstly, forming a hole by an anchor hole, wherein the hole forming by the anchor hole prevents the hole wall from collapsing and clamping the drill; secondly, grouting the anchor hole, wherein the key of the grouting technology is to discharge air, rock (soil) sediments at the bottom of the hole and underground water out of the hole so as to ensure that the grouting is full and dense. Drilling equipment, wherein a down-the-hole drill is adopted to form a hole in a rock stratum; constructing in stratum such as broken rock stratum or soft and water-saturated stratum which are easy to collapse holes and drill sticking and burying, and adopting a pipe-following drilling technology if necessary;

2) cleaning an anchor hole, inspecting the anchor hole, and manufacturing and installing an anchor cable body: the anchor cable adopts high-strength and low-relaxation prestressed stranded steel wire, and the technical standard is 270 grade, the diameter is 15.24mm, and the ultimate strength is 1860 MPa. Before installation, each steel strand needs to be ensured to be straight, not twisted, not forked, uniformly arranged, derusted and degreased, and the steel strand is picked out of the positions with dead bends, mechanical damage and rust pits. The anchor cable is provided with a pair of isolation frames every 1.5m to center the anchor cable, the free section is bound by thin iron wires every 1.0m and is required to be coated with strong anticorrosive paint, a PVC pipe with phi of 22mm is sleeved, the two ends of the sleeve are filled with butter within the length range of 10-20 cm, and the sleeve is fixed by externally winding engineering adhesive tapes. The rust-proof and corrosion-proof treatment of the anchor cable should meet various technical requirements set forth in the design specifications of the railway subgrade retaining structure. The anchor head top surface must be perpendicular to the cable line axis. Installing an anchor cable body, slowly putting the anchor cable body into the hole, measuring the length of the steel strand exposed out of the hole by using a steel ruler, calculating the length of the anchor cable in the hole (the error is controlled within the range of 50 mm), and ensuring the anchoring length;

3) and (3) anchoring and grouting, wherein the grouting adopts a primary or secondary grouting mode of a hole bottom slurry return method, the free section is fully coated with anti-rust oil, the corrugated pipe is sleeved, the pipe is fully filled with butter, two ends of the pipe are strictly closed, and the anchoring section and the tensioning section of the anchor cable are fully filled at one time without leaving a gap. And determining the construction mixing proportion after the mortar is subjected to test selection. The actual grouting amount is generally larger than the theoretical grouting amount, or the standard that the anchor vent is not exhausted and the grout in the orifice overflows thick grout is taken as the grouting end is adopted. And after grouting, cleaning the grouting pipe, the grouting gun and the grouting sleeve, and making a grouting record in the construction process.

4) And (3) constructing the frame beam, wherein the frame beam (an anchor beam, an anchor pier or a cross beam) is cast in situ by adopting C30 concrete. The frame beam cross section adopts a 0.5m by 0.55m rectangular cross section.

5) Tensioning and locking the anchor cable and sealing the anchor; the anchor cable is tensioned after the mortar in the hole, the outer anchor head and the like reach the designed strength. Firstly, determining a tensioning locking process through a field tensioning test. And (4) tensioning and locking the anchor cable in a grading manner, and strictly executing according to the operation procedure. And performing compensation tensioning again after the design tensioning is completed for 6-10 days, and then locking. After compensation tensioning, a steel strand with the length of 5-10 cm is reserved from the measurement of the anchorage, the rest part is cut off, mechanical cutting is needed, and arc cutting is strictly forbidden. And finally, cement paste is used for filling gaps of the anchor backing plate and each part of the anchor head, and then the anchor head is sealed by adopting concrete with the pressure not lower than 20MPa, so that the corrosion is prevented, and the appearance is attractive.

6) The method comprises the steps of anchor rod manufacturing, installation and grouting construction, wherein a prestressed anchor rod body adopts phi 16-32 mm twisted steel, and a centering support is arranged every 1.5m along the axis direction of the anchor rod. The tail end of the anchor bar is treated by adopting an antiseptic measure. Before the installation, ensure that every reinforcing bar is in the same direction as straight, rust cleaning, degreasing, the core numbers the anchor eye before the installation stock body, the hole is blown to with high-pressure wind after being errorless, and the artifical anchor shank of slowly putting into downtheholely, the steel gauge length of going out the hole and exposing, the stock length in calculating the downthehole (error control is within 50 mm), ensures anchor length.

7) And (5) anchoring and grouting, wherein the grouting adopts a primary hole bottom slurry return method. And (3) starting the primary normal-pressure grouting operation from the bottom of the hole, pressing cement paste into the pull rod pipe through the rubber pipe by using a grouting pump, and then injecting the cement paste into the anchor hole from the end of the pull rod, wherein the end of the pull rod is kept 50mm higher than the bottom. Along with the pouring of cement paste or mortar, the grouting pipe is gradually pulled out to the orifice, and the pipe orifice is always buried in the mortar in the pipe pulling process. When the slurry flows back to the orifice, it is pounded into the orifice by cement bag paper, then the orifice is sealed by wet clay, and then it is tamped tightly, and then it is filled under the pressure of 0.4-0.6MPa, and the pressure stabilization is completed in several minutes. The technical process in the prior art is complex, and the anchor rod requires high tensile resistance and has high cost.

Chinese patent CNZL2017100994519, a reducing reinforcement cage and its expanded anchor rod or pile foundation, have been widely used, the anchor rod is as going deep into the tensile member of the stratum, its one end is connected with engineering structure, another end (bottom or far end) goes deep into the stratum, the whole anchor rod is divided into free section and anchoring section, the free section is the area of transmitting the pulling force of the anchor rod head to the anchoring body, its function is to exert the prestress to the anchor rod; the anchoring section is an area where the prestressed tendons and the soil layer are bonded by cement paste, and has the functions of increasing the bonding friction effect of the anchoring body and the soil layer, increasing the bearing effect of the anchoring body and transmitting the tensile force of the free section to the deep part of the soil body. The anchoring section of the other end (bottom end or far end) of the anchor rod penetrating into the stratum refers to an area where the prestressed tendon and the soil layer are bonded by cement paste, the anchoring section has the functions of increasing the bonding friction effect of the anchoring body and the soil layer, increasing the bearing effect of the anchoring body and transmitting the tension of the free section to the deep part of the soil body. The need for an enlarged head constructed with a reducer cage such as CN201811394388.2 greatly increases the anchoring force of the anchor rod. The reducing steel bar cage provided by CNZL2017100994519 adopts a main steel bar acting main rod and adopts an elastic structure of a power spring, the power spring is opened (extended) or compressed and elastically restrained by a locking rope, the locking rope is opened, and when the restraint is released, the elasticity of the spring is released to push at least one spline (a ring-shaped fixer is sleeved on a central rod (a sleeve rod) to slide). There is also a need for a more rational structure for opening the reducer cage and a more rational structure for releasing the enlarged head. The anchor rod with the enlarged head can meet the requirement of higher tensile resistance.

Disclosure of Invention

The invention aims to provide a novel highway, railway or mountain slope protection structure, in particular to a highway, railway or mountain slope protection structure provided with a retaining wall waist beam and an anchor rod utilizing an expansion head and a construction method, and particularly relates to a highway, railway or mountain slope protection structure which is used for a relatively vertical slope protection structure and can be also provided with a foundation pile, wherein the foundation pile can adopt an anchor rod pile of the expansion head and a construction method of a retaining wall waist beam anchor cable frame beam.

The invention has the technical scheme that a road, railway or mountain slope protection structure is characterized in that a retaining wall is built upwards or cast in situ at the bottom edge, the bottom of a ditch or the position opposite to the horizontal ground of the road, railway or mountain slope, and the retaining wall is close to the slope at a vertical or nearly vertical angle; vertical slope protection piles are uniformly embedded into the retaining wall at the bottom edge of the slope, the slope protection piles stretch into the ground, and anchor rod fixing points are uniformly arranged at the upper ends of the slope protection piles; or horizontal beams are uniformly arranged on different horizontal planes of the retaining wall, anchor rod fixing points are uniformly arranged on the horizontal beams, and the anchor rods are anchored into the slope body at the anchor rod fixing points at an angle of 0-90 degrees to the horizontal; forming the supporting structure of piles, walls, beams and anchors.

The following structure is arranged on a road, a railway or a mountain slope:

the anchor head of the common anchor or the body-expanding anchor rod is positioned at the intersection point of the concrete lattice beam;

secondly, spraying and sowing concrete lattice beams, common anchors or expanded anchor rods and foreign soil, wherein anchor heads of the common anchors or the expanded anchor rods are positioned at the intersection points of the concrete lattice beams;

a flexible protective net or steel rope and a common anchor or expanded anchor rod or soil nail are arranged, the anchor head of the common anchor or expanded anchor rod is positioned at the cross point of the protective net or the steel rope,

fourth, a flexible protective net or a steel rope + a common anchor or an expanded anchor rod or a soil nail + extra soil are sprayed and sown, and an anchor head of the common anchor or the expanded anchor rod is located at the intersection point of the protective net or the steel rope;

fifthly, uniformly distributing common anchors or expanded anchor rods or soil nails on the slope surface and carrying out spray sowing with extra soil;

sixthly, forming various piles and various anchor rods (including common anchors and expanded anchor rods);

various piles, various anchor rods (including common anchors and expanded anchor rods), foreign soil spray seeding;

wall and various anchor rods (including common anchor and expanded anchor rod);

the self-supporting hanging net sprays concrete, common anchors or expanded anchor rods or soil nails and foreign soil spray seeding;

after the lattice beam structure or the beam anchor supporting structure is completed, the slope surface is backfilled with planting soil and grass for planting soil and spraying seeding.

The anchor rod comprises a variable-diameter fiber cage, a bag-type variable-diameter fiber cage, a variable-diameter reinforcement cage reducing skeleton anchor rod, a bag, a cage core bag, a plurality of combined bags, a bag-type variable-diameter fiber cage bag anchor rod, various equal-diameter anchor rods for expanding an expanded anchor disk, a pressure bearing plate and a tray anchor rod and an expanded anchor rod.

The retaining wall is used for nearly vertical sloping fields, including 65-90 degree sloping fields.

The bottom edge ditch bottom or the lower part of the retaining wall relative to the horizontal ground is provided with a foundation pile, and the foundation pile is a structure of a non-reducing pile or an enlarged head anchor pile.

The ordinary anchor or the expanded anchor rod is anchored into the slope body at an angle of 0-50 degrees with the horizontal.

The vertical height of the retaining wall is within 180 cm and clings to the slope surface, the slope surface at the oblique upper part of the retaining wall adopts covered concrete grid beams, and the cross points of the grid beams are anchor rod fixing points.

The beam and the vertical beam of the vertical beam form a frame-type lattice beam slope protection structure; the crossing point of the lattice beam is fixed by the anchor head of the anchor rod to form a lattice beam anchor rod supporting structure.

The anchor rod pile comprises an anchor rod pile with the same diameter or an anchor rod pile with an enlarged head, the anchor rod pile with the same diameter adopts prestressed threaded bars or a plurality of anchor cables, and the anchor cables adopt high-strength and low-relaxation prestressed twisted steel wires.

The materials of each component include but are not limited to: the material comprises carbon fibers, basalt fibers, glass fibers, aramid fibers, PMR, PA, nylon, polyamide fibers, fibers and composite materials thereof, glass fiber reinforced resin, geotextile, canvas, ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene fibers, boron ethylene, polytetrafluoroethylene, graphene, carbon element related materials and composite materials thereof, macromolecules, high polymer materials, nano materials, steel strands, other metals, composite metals, fiber concrete, super-fluid concrete, concrete and the like or cement mortar, fiber cement mortar, fiber cement mortar or other curable materials, metal materials, nonmetal materials and the like, and can be elastic, flexible or rigid. The highway, railway or mountain slope protection structure and each part are characterized in that the shape of each part comprises or is not limited to a cylinder, a polygonal (tangent line in circle) cylinder, a truncated cone, a cone (including a cone and a polygonal cone), a trapezoidal cylinder, a sphere and a bamboo joint-shaped cylinder; the cross-sectional plane figures may be circular (elliptical), fan-shaped, arcuate, circular, etc. Polygons (including triangles, trapezoids, parallelograms, rhombuses, rectangles, squares, rays, pentagons and hexagons), eight diagrams, spider nets and the like; the solid shape can also be varied: cubic, cuboid, cylinder, round table, prism, prismatic table, cone, pyramid, honeycomb, melon-net shape, lattice structure, etc. The specification, the model, the shape, the quantity, the size and the material can be adjusted according to different geological conditions of projects.

The prestressed threaded steel bar is sleeved with a grouting pipe, and the top of the prestressed threaded steel bar is provided with an anchor rod and an anchor head; the tail end of the prestressed threaded rib is provided with a reducing cage; and a frame lattice beam is arranged below the anchor head of the anchor rod, and the prestressed threaded steel bar is positioned through the frame lattice beam.

Has the beneficial effects that: the upper end of the anchor rod pile and the wall surface blocking cross beam are used for fixing the whole slope surface, so that the dangerous easy-to-slide slope surface is well fixed, and the problem of anchoring in the cross beam or the lattice beam is solved by expanding the head and adopting an anchorage device; the pressure-bearing type enlarged footing anchor rod and the pile have better application effect, the stress is directly transmitted to the anchoring end for distribution, the corrosion hidden danger caused by the stress cracking of the concrete of the conventional tension type pile anchor can be effectively avoided, and meanwhile, the diameter-variable cage technology can ensure that the anchor rod is effectively positioned in the expanded section, so that the thickness of a protective layer and the effective bond stress are ensured; the diameter-variable cage is added to the expansion head section to form the reinforced concrete expansion head with the diameter-variable cage framework, so that the whole stress or pressure bearing, the stability of the anchoring section, the pull-out resistance and the like are improved; the stress of the structure is increased by adopting fibers, high-strength steel strands or finish-rolled deformed steel bars; the anchor rod is suitable for temporary or permanent defense and support engineering of expressways, railways, mountain slopes and the like under various geological conditions and various levels, and is suitable for engineering of slopes and the like with high deformation requirements on slopes, non-dense anchor rod distribution, high bearing capacity and the like.

Drawings

FIG. 1: is a vertical view of the combined supporting form of the fiber concrete lattice beam and the anchor rod;

FIG. 2: is a sectional view of a fiber concrete lattice beam and common anchor rod combined supporting form;

FIG. 3: a sectional view of a fiber concrete lattice beam and a reducing cage enlarged footing anchor rod combined supporting form;

FIG. 4 is a schematic view of: is a vertical view of the combined supporting form of the fiber concrete lattice beam, the anchor rod and the additional soil spray-seeding;

FIG. 5: the cross section of the combined supporting form of the fiber concrete lattice beam, the common anchor rod and the foreign soil spray-seeding is shown;

FIG. 6: the cross section of the combined supporting form of the fiber concrete lattice beam, the reducing cage enlarged footing anchor rod and the foreign soil spray-seeding is shown;

FIG. 7 is a schematic view of: is an elevation view of a flexible protective net and anchor rod combined supporting form;

FIG. 8: the cross section of the support is a combined support form of a flexible protective net and a common anchor rod;

FIG. 9: a sectional view of a flexible protective net and a reducing cage enlarged footing anchor rod combined supporting form;

FIG. 10: is an elevation view of a combined supporting form of a flexible protective net, an anchor rod and foreign soil spray-seeding;

FIG. 11: the cross section of the combined supporting form of the flexible protective net, the common anchor rod and the foreign soil spray-seeding is shown;

FIG. 12: a section diagram of a combined supporting form of a flexible protective net, a reducing cage enlarged footing anchor rod and alien soil spray-seeding;

FIG. 13: is an elevation view of a combined supporting form of anchor rods and foreign soil spray seeding;

FIG. 14: is a section view of a combined supporting form of a common anchor rod and alien soil spray-seeding;

FIG. 15: a section view of a combined supporting form of a reducing cage enlarged footing anchor rod and alien soil spray-seeding;

FIG. 16: is a cross-sectional view of a combined supporting form of an anti-slide pile and a common anchor rod;

FIG. 17: the cross section of the anti-slide pile and reducing cage enlarged footing anchor rod combined support form is shown;

FIG. 18: is a cross-sectional view of a combined supporting form of an anti-slide pile, a common anchor rod and alien soil spray-seeding;

FIG. 19: the cross section of the combined support form of the slide-resistant pile, the reducing cage expanded head anchor rod and the foreign soil spray-seeding is shown;

FIG. 20: a cross sectional view of the supporting structure between piles;

FIG. 21: is a sectional view of a supporting pile and common anchor rod combined supporting form;

FIG. 22: a sectional view of a support pile and reducing cage enlarged footing anchor rod combined support form;

FIG. 23: is a sectional view of a retaining wall and common diagonal anchor rod combined supporting form;

FIG. 24: a sectional view of a retaining wall and a reducing cage expansion head combined support form by diagonal draw anchor rods;

FIG. 25 is a schematic view of: is a sectional view of a retaining wall and common vertical anchor rod combined supporting form;

FIG. 26: a sectional view of a retaining wall and reducing cage enlarged footing vertical anchor rod combined supporting form;

FIG. 27 is a schematic view showing: a cross-sectional view of a combined supporting form of the hanging net sprayed concrete and the soil nailing wall;

FIG. 28: the surface layer structure of the soil nail anchor rod is a big sample drawing;

FIG. 29: is a cross-sectional view of the combined supporting form of the hanging net sprayed concrete and the common anchor rod;

FIG. 30: is a big sample drawing of a surface layer structure of a common anchor rod;

FIG. 31: a cross section diagram of a combined supporting form of the hanging net sprayed concrete and the reducing cage enlarged footing anchor rod;

FIG. 32: is a cross-sectional view of the combined supporting form of the hanging net sprayed concrete and the common anchor rod;

FIG. 33: is a schematic expansion diagram of a variable-diameter reinforcement cage;

fig. 34 to fig. 36: is an unfolding schematic diagram of a 3-section variable-diameter fiber cage;

FIG. 37: is a schematic expansion diagram of a stirrup discontinuous variable-diameter reinforcement cage;

fig. 38 to fig. 39: the expansion schematic diagram of several types of variable-diameter reinforcement cages is shown;

fig. 40 and 46: is a schematic expansion diagram of a diameter-variable cage without vertical ribs;

fig. 41-fig. 44: the expansion schematic diagram of a diameter steel reinforcement cage with a steel chain net (sheet);

FIG. 45: the expanding type pressure bearing plate component is expanded schematically; figure 46 is a schematic view of a multi-bearing plate member;

FIG. 47: the expansion schematic diagram of the variable-diameter reinforcement cage of the multi-adjustable mechanism is shown;

FIG. 48: the expansion schematic diagram of the variable-diameter fiber cage with the spiral fiber ribs is shown;

fig. 49-fig. 52: the expansion schematic diagram of the tree root type expansion head component is shown;

fig. 53 and 54: the schematic expansion diagram of the expansion pressure type anchor disc is shown;

fig. 55 and 56: is an expansion schematic diagram of a fixed diameter cage or a memory variable diameter cage;

FIG. 57: is a schematic view of a reticular fiber cage;

FIG. 58: is a schematic expansion view of a reticular variable-diameter fiber cage;

fig. 59 and 60: the variable-diameter reinforcement cage is in an unfolding schematic view in different forms;

fig. 61-fig. 64: is a schematic diagram of several types of steel cages;

fig. 65-fig. 68: is a schematic diagram of a 4-section expanded steel cage;

fig. 69 to 72: is a schematic view of 4-pattern expanded steel cage (fiber cage is also available);

fig. 73-fig. 76: is a schematic diagram of a 4-section spiral steel cage:

fig. 77-fig. 80: is a schematic diagram of a 4-style bag type reducing cage;

FIG. 81: the schematic diagram of the expanding bearing plate component with the bag is shown;

FIG. 82: is a schematic diagram of a capsular bag;

fig. 83 and 84: schematic diagrams of two types of sacs with an expanded pressure type anchor disc are shown;

FIG. 85: is a schematic diagram of a large sample of a bag with a plurality of loop-shaped stirrup cages;

FIG. 86: is a schematic diagram of a large sample of a bag with a plurality of mesh reinforcement cages;

fig. 87 and 88: schematic diagrams of two capsular bag with fiber cage;

fig. 89 and 90: schematic diagrams of two types of bags with steel plate cages are shown;

fig. 91-fig. 93: is a schematic diagram of a 3-model bag with an expanded steel cage;

fig. 94-fig. 96: is a schematic diagram of a 3-pattern capsular bag with a fiber cage;

FIG. 97-FIG. 100: is a schematic diagram of a 4-model bag with a spiral steel plate cage.

Detailed Description

The technical scheme of the invention is further described in detail by combining the detailed description and the attached drawings.

As shown in the figure, the anchor rod 1, the anchor head 1-1, the enlarged footing cage 1-2, the transverse beam 2, the longitudinal beam 3, the expansion joint 4, the plant 5, the drain pipe 6, the protective net 7, the slope 8, the slope bottom 8-1, the drain groove 8-2, the anti-slide pile 9, the retaining wall 11, the net hanging and spraying concrete 10, the anti-slide pile (including the anchor rod pile and the like) 9, the retaining wall 11, the tie bar 12 and the soil nail (friction nail) 13. Concrete designation for the duplex wire mesh 14, C20.

Numerals positioned above 20 in the drawings are dimension marks (in mm).

The highway, railway or mountain slope protection structure is characterized in that a retaining wall is built upwards or cast in situ at the bottom edge or ditch bottom (or relative horizontal ground) of a highway, railway or mountain slope, and the retaining wall is close to the slope at a vertical or nearly vertical angle; vertical slope protection piles are evenly embedded into the retaining wall at the bottom (ditch) of the slope, the slope protection piles stretch into the ground, anchor rod fixing points are evenly arranged at the upper ends of the slope protection piles, or horizontal cross beams are evenly arranged on different horizontal planes of the retaining wall, anchor rod fixing points are evenly arranged on the horizontal cross beams, and anchor rods are anchored into the slope body at the anchor rod fixing points at an angle of 0-90 degrees to the horizontal plane. The high retaining wall is used for relatively vertical sloping fields, particularly 65-90-degree sloping fields.

Anchor rod frame beam construction process flow

Determining hole site → drilling machine in place → adjusting angle → drilling hole → cleaning hole → installing anchor rod → grouting → manufacturing frame beam.

The anchor rod body is made and installed by adopting twisted steel bars, fiber bars, steel strands or other rod pieces, and a group of steel bar positioners are arranged at intervals of 3.0m along the axis direction of the anchor rod, so that the protection thickness of the anchor rod is not less than 50 mm. The corrosion prevention of the tail end of the anchor bar adopts the corrosion prevention measures of painting, oiling and the like to process that the end head of the anchor bar is welded with the frame beam steel bar or locked with the anchor device, if the end head is interfered with the frame beam steel bar and the stirrup, the ground distance of the steel bar and the stirrup can be locally adjusted, and the cross point of the vertical main bar and the horizontal main bar must be firmly bound.

Before installation, each reinforcing steel bar needs to be ensured to be straight, rust and oil stain are removed, the number of an anchor hole is checked carefully before an anchor rod body is installed, the anchor hole is blown by high-pressure air after the anchor rod body is confirmed to be correct, the anchor rod body is manually and slowly placed into the hole, the length of the anchor rod exposed out of the hole is measured by a steel ruler, the length of the anchor rod in the hole is calculated (the error is controlled within the range of +50 mm), and the anchoring length is ensured.

Anchoring grouting, wherein normal pressure grouting operation is started from the bottom of a hole, the actual grouting amount is generally larger than the theoretical grouting amount, or the standard that the hole is not exhausted any more and thick slurry overflows from the hole is taken as a grouting result is adopted. If the grouting is not full or the sedimentation is generated after the grouting, the grouting is supplemented until the grouting is full. The grouting pressure is not less than 0.4Mpa, the grouting amount is not less than the calculated amount, and the filling coefficient during pressure grouting is 1.1-1.3. The grouting material is preferably M30 cement mortar with the water-cement ratio of 0.45-0.5 and the sand-lime ratio of 1: 1. And the grouting pressure, the grouting quantity and the grouting time are determined according to the volume of the anchoring body and the anchoring stratum condition. And after grouting, cleaning the grouting pipe, the grouting gun and the grouting sleeve, and simultaneously making a grouting record.

And (3) manufacturing a frame, pouring the frame by using C30 concrete, embedding the frame into the slope surface for 20cm, manually excavating, excavating the rocky land section by using an air pick, and adjusting the over-excavated part to the designed slope surface by using C30 concrete. The beam and vertical beam foundations are leveled by adopting 5cm cement mortar, then the steel bars are manufactured and installed, the steel bar joints need to be staggered, the number of the steel bar joints on the same section does not exceed 1/2 of the total number of the steel bars, and the distance between the sections with welding joints is not less than 1 m.

The method comprises the following steps of frame beam construction process flow, construction preparation → measurement lofting → foundation excavation → reinforcement binding → vertical formwork → concrete pouring → side slope trimming → backfilling planting soil and hanging a net. After the re-measurement of the excavated section is finished, the slope ratio of the excavated slope body after manual trimming and the like meet the requirements, and then the positions of the longitudinal slope beam and the transverse beam of the frame and the construction starting range are measured and released. And (3) finishing the side slope as much as possible, flattening the protruded part, and accurately digging out a single beam rib outline according to the sizes of the vertical beam and the transverse beam of the frame and the thickness of the template. Wherein, the most lower grade side slope platform has a grid slope foot foundation, and the excavation can be carried out after the survey is carried out and the line is paid off and the supervision is accepted.

Backfilling planting soil for planting grass or spraying and sowing grass in foreign soil. The three-dimensional net grass planting is suitable for slope protection when the height of a fill slope is more than 4m, and the construction sequence is that the slope is leveled → the slope is watered wet → hilling → net hanging and fixing → spray seeding grass planting → film covering and maintenance. Leveling the slope surface according to the designed slope rate, then drying in the sun and watering, then cultivating 10cm thick soil on the whole slope surface, and then binding the anchor bars and the bent ends of the anchor rods by using a pre-woven No. 8 galvanized iron wire mesh. The three-dimensional net is bound and connected with the wire netting, and the wire netting is covered by preferably spraying and pressing nutrient soil containing grass seeds. And covering a plastic film or geotextile for maintenance in time after the spray pressing is finished, and timely watering sufficient water until the germination and survival.

The three-dimensional net is green, and the width is 1.5m, and the technical parameters are as follows: the breaking force is more than or equal to 2kn/m, the thickness is more than or equal to 14mm, and the mass per unit area is more than or equal to 350/m 2. The lap width is 10cm, and when the lap is overlapped, U-shaped fixing nails made of phi 8 steel bars are used for sewing according to sawteeth, and the distance between the U-shaped fixing nails is 100 cm. The middle part of the web is fixed by bamboo nails or steel nails at vertical intervals of 50 cm.

The anchor rod can use prestressed threaded steel bars, the prestressed threaded steel bars are sleeved with grouting pipes, and the tops of the prestressed threaded steel bars extend out of the grouting pipes to be used for installing anchor heads of the anchor rod; the tail end of the prestressed threaded steel bar is provided with a reducing cage; and a frame lattice beam is arranged below the anchor head of the anchor rod, and the prestressed threaded steel bar is positioned through the frame lattice beam.

The anchor rod can also be a deformed bar, a fiber bar, a steel strand, a prestressed deformed bar or other rod pieces, a grouting pipe is arranged outside the prestressed anchor rod piece, and the tail end of the prestressed anchor rod piece is provided with a reducing cage, a bag, an anchor disc, a bearing plate or other bearing bodies; the top end is provided with a frame lattice beam, and the frame lattice beam is used for positioning and locking.

The reducing cage comprises but is not limited to a variable-diameter fiber cage, a bag type variable-diameter fiber cage and a variable-diameter steel bar cage; capsular bags include, but are not limited to, capsular bag, caged core, balloon cage of variable diameter fibers; the anchor plate comprises but is not limited to an expanded bearing plate, an anchor plate and a tray. The anchor rod includes, but is not limited to various kinds of equal diameter anchor rod and expanding body anchor rod.

The anchor rods comprise but are not limited to variable-diameter fiber cages, bag-type variable-diameter fiber cages, variable-diameter reinforcement cage reducing skeleton anchor rods, bag-type variable-diameter fiber cage bag-type anchor rods, cage core bags, combined bag cabins, bag-type variable-diameter fiber cage bag-type anchor rods, various equal-diameter anchor rods such as expansion-type bearing plates, anchor plates and tray anchor rods, and expanded anchor rods. (fig. 33-100 and various reinforcement or fiber cages are prior applications patents of the present applicant).

The anchor head of the anchor rod comprises a steel bar net piece, a prestressed high-strength threaded rib anchorage device, a spiral rib and a steel sleeve, wherein the steel bar net piece is arranged above the prestressed threaded steel bar at intervals; the spiral rib is arranged at the junction of the prestressed threaded steel bar and the frame lattice beam, and a steel sleeve is sleeved outside the prestressed threaded steel bar below the spiral rib.

The prestressed high-strength threaded rib anchorage device is sleeved at the top end of the prestressed threaded rib, and the anchor rod anchor head is fixed on the frame lattice beam through the prestressed (applied by a jack) high-strength threaded rib anchorage device. The frame lattice beam is in a grid shape, and the anchor head of the anchor rod and the prestressed threaded steel bar below the anchor head are obliquely arranged at the cross-shaped intersection of the frame lattice beam.

The frame lattice beam is composed of a plurality of steel anchor rods, and the steel anchor rods and the prestressed threaded steel bars are arranged at a certain angle.

Anticorrosive isolation tube is established to prestressing force twisted steel's free section cover, and anticorrosive isolation tube is located between prestressing force twisted steel and the slip casting pipe. A plurality of positioning brackets are arranged at intervals along the length direction of the prestressed twisted steel.

The anchor tensioning, locking and sealing process by using the anchor cable comprises the following steps: the anchor cable is tensioned after the mortar in the hole and the outer anchor head reach the designed strength. Firstly, a tension locking process is determined through a field tension test. And (4) tensioning and locking the anchor cable in a grading manner, and strictly executing according to the operation procedure. And performing compensation tensioning again after the design tensioning is completed for 6-10 days, and then locking. After compensation tensioning, a steel strand with the length of 5-10 cm is reserved from the measurement of the anchorage, the rest part is cut off, mechanical cutting is needed, and arc cutting is strictly forbidden. And finally, cement paste is used for filling gaps of the anchor backing plate and each part of the anchor head, and then the anchor head is sealed by adopting concrete with the pressure of not less than 20MPa, so that the corrosion is prevented and the appearance is attractive.

The variable-diameter cage enlarged footing anchor rod technology is applied to highway slope protection, so that the cost is reduced for construction, effective guarantee is provided for slope safety, and a new idea is widened for highway slope reinforcement.

The spraying seeding of the foreign soil is to form a granulated structure by using the granulating agent, and the granulated structure plays a role of network reinforcement similar to plant roots and stems, so that a porous stable soil structure with a certain thickness, which is resistant to rain and wind erosion, firm and breathable and similar to or better than natural surface soil is manufactured.

The alien soil spray seeding is a high-efficiency greening technology for uniformly spraying a mixture of soil, grass seeds, wood fibers, a water-retaining agent, an adhesive, a fertilizer and the like with water to a preset area through a special spray seeding machine according to a designed thickness to build a lawn, and the alien soil spray seeding can create a porous stable soil structure with a certain thickness (4-15 cm), resistance to rainwater and wind erosion, firmness and air permeability, and similarity to or better than natural surface soil. The sprayed viscous suspension containing the grass seeds has strong adhesive force, so that the viscous suspension is not missed and repeated during spraying, and the grass seeds can be uniformly sprayed to a target position. Under good moisture-preserving conditions, the grass seeds can rapidly germinate and rapidly develop into a new lawn. Compared with the traditional lawn planting technology, the alien soil spray-seeding technology takes water as a carrier, various flowers, grass and shrub seeds which are reasonably proportioned and pretreated in advance are mixed with a proper amount of fertilizer, covering materials, adhesive, water-retaining agent and the like with a proper formula, and the mixture is uniformly sprayed on the surface of a substrate through a pressure-adjustable spray-seeding machine, so that the advanced vegetation planting and restoration technology for quickly establishing vegetation communities is achieved. The spraying and seeding material is provided with a certain proportion and quantity of adhesive and stabilizer, so that the sprayed and seeded seeds can be stabilized on the surface of the slope and cannot be washed away by rainwater, and the difficulty that the conventional manual seeding and the common seeding machine are difficult to effectively seed on the slope surface is solved. The embankment of the project is newly filled, the soil body is not solidified and is easy to be washed by rainwater, and the problem can be effectively solved by adopting the foreign soil spray seeding. The turf formed after spray seeding is more uniform and compact in texture, and can effectively protect the stability of the side slope and prevent water and soil loss.

The spraying material is provided with a proper amount of water-retaining agent and fertilizer in a reasonable proportion, so that the element components and nutrients which are lacked in the embankment filling can be reasonably and accurately supplemented, and the requirement of early growth and development of plants on the slope can be met. The fiber, the wheat straw, the paper pulp and the like in the spray seeding material can provide good covering conditions for the early growth of plants, and the emergence rate and the survival rate of seeds are greatly improved. The vegetation selection can be diversified, a benign ecological vegetation system can be formed by itself, and the organic combination of irrigation, vines, flowers and grasses ensures that the vegetation is not easy to degrade, is favorable for the quick recovery of an ecological system, and quickly restores the slope environment into a natural state. The later maintenance cost is greatly reduced.

The invention has the application range including but not limited to highway, railway or mountain slope protection structure; the application fields include but are not limited to the fields of various building engineering, foundation pit supporting, basement anti-floating, slope protection, geological disasters, electric power, traffic, water conservancy and the like. The above description is only exemplary of the present invention and should not be taken as limiting the invention, as any modification, equivalent replacement, or improvement made within the spirit and principle of the present invention should be included in the protection scope of the present invention.

Claims (10)

1. A highway, railway or mountain slope protection structure is characterized in that a retaining wall is built upwards or cast in situ at the bottom edge, the bottom of a ditch or the position opposite to the horizontal ground of a highway, railway or mountain slope, and the retaining wall is close to the slope at a vertical or nearly vertical angle; vertical slope protection piles are uniformly embedded into the retaining wall at the bottom edge of the slope, the slope protection piles stretch into the ground, and anchor rod fixing points are uniformly arranged at the upper ends of the slope protection piles; or horizontal beams are uniformly arranged on different horizontal planes of the retaining wall, anchor rod fixing points are uniformly arranged on the horizontal beams, and the anchor rods are anchored into the slope body at the anchor rod fixing points at an angle of 0-90 degrees to the horizontal; forming the supporting structure of piles, walls, beams and anchors.

2. The highway, railway or mountain slope protection structure according to claim 1, wherein the following structure is arranged on the slope of the highway, railway or mountain:

the method comprises the steps of firstly, arranging the concrete lattice beam and a common anchor or an expanded body anchor rod, wherein an anchor head of the common anchor or the expanded body anchor rod is positioned at a cross point of the concrete lattice beam;

secondly, spraying and sowing concrete lattice beams, common anchors or expanded anchor rods and foreign soil, wherein anchor heads of the common anchors or the expanded anchor rods are positioned at the intersection points of the concrete lattice beams;

a flexible protective net or steel rope and a common anchor or expanded anchor rod or soil nail are arranged, the anchor head of the common anchor or expanded anchor rod is positioned at the cross point of the protective net or the steel rope,

fourthly, spraying and seeding the flexible protective net or steel rope, the common anchor or expanded anchor rod or soil nail and the foreign soil, wherein the anchor head of the common anchor or expanded anchor rod is positioned at the intersection of the protective net or the steel rope;

fifthly, uniformly distributing common anchors or expanded anchor rods or soil nails on the slope surface and carrying out spray sowing with extra soil;

sixthly, forming various piles and various anchor rods (including common anchors and expanded anchor rods);

various piles, various anchor rods (including common anchors and expanded anchor rods), foreign soil spray seeding;

wall and various anchor rods (including common anchor and expanded anchor rod);

the self-supporting hanging net sprays concrete, common anchors or expanded anchor rods or soil nails and foreign soil spray seeding;

after the lattice beam structure or the beam anchor supporting structure is completed, the slope surface is backfilled with planting soil and grass for planting soil and spraying seeding.

3. The highway, railway or mountain slope protection structure according to claims 1 and 2, wherein the anchor rod comprises a variable-diameter fiber cage, a bag-type variable-diameter fiber cage, a variable-diameter reinforcement cage reducing skeleton anchor rod, a bag, a cage core bag, a plurality of combined bags, a bag-type variable-diameter fiber cage bag anchor rod, various equal-diameter anchor rods for expanding an expansion anchor disc, a pressure bearing plate and a tray anchor rod, and an expansion anchor rod.

4. A road, railway or mountain slope protection structure as claimed in claim 1, wherein the retaining wall is used for a slope near vertical including a slope of 65-90 degrees.

5. The slope protection structure for roads, railways or mountains according to claim 1, wherein the bottom edge of the trench or the lower portion of the retaining wall relative to the horizontal ground is provided with foundation piles, and the foundation piles are structures of constant diameter piles or enlarged head anchor piles.

6. A slope protection structure for roads, railways or mountains according to claim 1, wherein a general anchor or a body-expanding anchor rod is anchored into the slope at an angle of 0 to 50 degrees from the horizontal.

7. The highway, railway or mountain slope protection structure according to claim 1, wherein the vertical height of the retaining wall is within 180 cm and clings to the slope surface, a concrete grid beam is adopted on the slope surface obliquely above the retaining wall, and the intersection point of the grid beam is an anchor rod fixing point.

8. The highway, railway or mountain slope protection structure according to claim 1, wherein the beams and the vertical beams of the vertical beams form a frame-type lattice beam slope protection structure; and the intersection points of the lattice beams are fixed by the anchor heads of the anchor rods to form a lattice beam anchor rod supporting structure.

9. The slope protection structure for roads, railways or mountains according to claim 1, wherein the anchor rod piles comprise anchor rod piles with the same diameter or anchor rod piles with enlarged heads, the anchor rod piles with the same diameter adopt prestressed thread bars or a plurality of anchor cables, and the anchor cables adopt prestressed twisted steel wires with high strength and low relaxation.

10. A road, railway or mountain slope protection structure as claimed in claims 1-9, wherein the materials of each part include but are not limited to: the material comprises carbon fibers, basalt fibers, glass fibers, aramid fibers, PMR, PA, nylon, polyamide fibers, fibers and composite materials thereof, glass fiber reinforced resin, geotextile, canvas, ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene fibers, boron ethylene, polytetrafluoroethylene, graphene, carbon element related materials and composite materials thereof, macromolecules, high polymer materials, nano materials, steel strands, other metals, composite metals, fiber concrete, super-fluid concrete, concrete and the like or cement mortar, fiber cement mortar, fiber cement mortar or other curable materials, metal materials, nonmetal materials and the like, and can be elastic, flexible or rigid. The highway, railway or mountain slope protection structure and each part are characterized in that the shape of each part comprises or is not limited to a cylinder, a polygonal (tangent line in circle) cylinder, a truncated cone, a cone (including a cone and a polygonal cone), a trapezoidal cylinder, a sphere and a bamboo joint-shaped cylinder; the cross-sectional plane pattern may be circular (elliptical), fan-shaped, arcuate, circular, etc. Polygons (including triangles, trapezoids, parallelograms, rhombuses, rectangles, squares, rays, pentagons and hexagons), eight diagrams, spider nets and the like; the solid shape can also be varied: cubic, cuboid, cylinder, round table, prism, prismatic table, cone, pyramid, honeycomb, melon-net shape, lattice structure, etc. The specification, the model, the shape, the quantity, the size and the material can be adjusted according to different geological conditions of projects.

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