CN114986101B - Combined forming method of forge piece - Google Patents
Combined forming method of forge piece Download PDFInfo
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- CN114986101B CN114986101B CN202210750695.XA CN202210750695A CN114986101B CN 114986101 B CN114986101 B CN 114986101B CN 202210750695 A CN202210750695 A CN 202210750695A CN 114986101 B CN114986101 B CN 114986101B
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- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 29
- 238000005242 forging Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 96
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 83
- 238000005520 cutting process Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 15
- 229910001069 Ti alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- 125000006850 spacer group Chemical group 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 238000005507 spraying Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 238000004321 preservation Methods 0.000 claims description 28
- 230000007704 transition Effects 0.000 claims description 20
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 claims description 17
- 239000002356 single layer Substances 0.000 claims description 16
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 15
- 238000003825 pressing Methods 0.000 claims description 11
- 239000000314 lubricant Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 claims 4
- 238000001514 detection method Methods 0.000 abstract description 10
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 abstract description 9
- 239000003223 protective agent Substances 0.000 abstract description 5
- 239000006185 dispersion Substances 0.000 abstract description 4
- 238000003856 thermoforming Methods 0.000 abstract description 2
- 238000003754 machining Methods 0.000 description 10
- 238000011534 incubation Methods 0.000 description 5
- 238000004364 calculation method Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000012546 transfer Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000007599 discharging Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000007921 spray Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000005336 cracking Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000007689 inspection Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000003723 Smelting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000853 adhesive Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001070 adhesive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010923 batch production Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007796 conventional method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007547 defect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012938 design process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000227 grinding Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000465 moulding Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011241 protective layer Substances 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23P—METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; COMBINED OPERATIONS; UNIVERSAL MACHINE TOOLS
- B23P15/00—Making specific metal objects by operations not covered by a single other subclass or a group in this subclass
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
- B21J—FORGING; HAMMERING; PRESSING METAL; RIVETING; FORGE FURNACES
- B21J1/00—Preparing metal stock or similar ancillary operations prior, during or post forging, e.g. heating or cooling
- B21J1/06—Heating or cooling methods or arrangements specially adapted for performing forging or pressing operations
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
- B21J—FORGING; HAMMERING; PRESSING METAL; RIVETING; FORGE FURNACES
- B21J3/00—Lubricating during forging or pressing
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
- B21J—FORGING; HAMMERING; PRESSING METAL; RIVETING; FORGE FURNACES
- B21J5/00—Methods for forging, hammering, or pressing; Special equipment or accessories therefor
- B21J5/02—Die forging; Trimming by making use of special dies ; Punching during forging
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
- B21J—FORGING; HAMMERING; PRESSING METAL; RIVETING; FORGE FURNACES
- B21J5/00—Methods for forging, hammering, or pressing; Special equipment or accessories therefor
- B21J5/06—Methods for forging, hammering, or pressing; Special equipment or accessories therefor for performing particular operations
- B21J5/08—Upsetting
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
- B21K—MAKING FORGED OR PRESSED METAL PRODUCTS, e.g. HORSE-SHOES, RIVETS, BOLTS OR WHEELS
- B21K1/00—Making machine elements
- B21K1/76—Making machine elements elements not mentioned in one of the preceding groups
- B21K1/761—Making machine elements elements not mentioned in one of the preceding groups rings
Abstract
The invention discloses a combined forming method of forgings, and belongs to the technical field of thermoforming. Comprises the steps of detection, blanking, heating, forging by a rapid forging machine, heating, spraying a glass protective agent, heating, combined die forging, heat treatment, cutting and the like. According to the titanium alloy inner and outer spacer ring forgings, reasonable thermal process parameters are formulated, so that the forging process is optimized, the structure and performance of the forgings are improved, and the degree of dispersion of the performance of the forgings is reduced; meanwhile, the number of dies is reduced, the bar specification is reduced, and the production cost is reduced.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of thermoforming, and particularly relates to a combined forming method of a forge piece.
Background
For the inner and outer parting ring forgings made of titanium alloy materials, a single die forging process is generally adopted for production. Thus, each forging piece needs to be respectively provided with a die, and then is respectively forged and produced. The inner and outer spacer ring forgings manufactured by the process have the advantages of higher cost for independent molding, larger required bar stock specification and higher performance dispersion degree of the forgings. Meanwhile, the existing titanium alloy forging process is still to be improved so as to obtain better forging structure and performance.
Disclosure of Invention
In order to solve the defects in the prior art, the invention aims to provide a combined forming method of a forging, which reduces the number of grinding tools and bar stock specifications, improves the structure and performance of the forging, and reduces the dispersion degree of the performance of the forging.
The invention is realized by the following technical scheme:
a combined forming method of forgings comprises the following steps:
step 1: detecting the phase transition point temperature of the alpha+beta two-phase region of the titanium alloy bar stock to the beta phase transition;
step 2: cutting bar stock according to the bar stock size required by the combined forming forging;
step 3: heating the heating equipment to 800-850 ℃, then placing the bar stock into the heating equipment, and preserving heat; heating the heating equipment to 10-15 ℃ below the phase transition point temperature measured in the step 1, and preserving heat;
step 4: upsetting cakes and rounding the bar stock to obtain a blank;
step 5: heating the heating equipment to 300-350 ℃, then placing the blank, and preserving heat;
step 6: after the blank is taken out from the heating equipment, spraying a glass lubricant on the surface of the blank, and then cooling in air;
step 7: heating the heating equipment to 800-850 ℃, then placing the blank into the heating equipment, and preserving heat; heating the heating equipment to 20-40 ℃ below the phase transition point temperature measured in the step 1, and preserving heat;
step 8: taking out the blank, and then performing die forging on an oil press, wherein the final forging temperature is higher than 800 ℃; after forging and pressing are completed once, water cooling is carried out on the forging;
step 9: heating the heating equipment to 530 ℃ for heat treatment, placing the forge piece, preserving heat, and then dispersing and air cooling;
step 10: and cutting the forge piece subjected to heat treatment into an inner spacer ring forge piece and an outer spacer ring forge piece according to the size, and respectively processing the forge piece to the product size.
Preferably, in step 3, the bars are laid out in a single layer in the heating device.
Preferably, in step 3, the first incubation time is 0.4min/mm×D and the second incubation time is 0.8min/mm×D, where D is the diameter of the bar in mm.
Preferably, in step 5, the blanks are placed in a single layer in a heating device.
Preferably, in step 5, the incubation time is 6 to 9 minutes.
Preferably, in step 7, the blanks are placed in a single layer in a heating device; the first heat preservation time is 0.4min/mm multiplied by D, wherein D is the diameter of the bar stock and the unit is mm; the second heat preservation time is 1.5-2 h.
Preferably, in step 8, the blank is transferred from the heating device to the oil press for less than 30 seconds.
Preferably, in step 8, the pressing speed is 2mm/s.
Preferably, in step 8, the water cooling of the forging is performed in a flowing water tank, and the circulating water or the stirring device is provided in the flowing water tank.
Preferably, in step 9, the incubation time is 6 hours.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the following beneficial technical effects:
according to the combined forming method of the forging, reasonable thermal process parameters are formulated for the inner and outer spacer ring type forgings made of titanium alloy materials, so that the forging process is optimized, the structure and performance of the forgings are improved, and the degree of dispersion of the performance of the forgings is reduced; meanwhile, the number of dies is reduced, the bar specification is reduced, and the production cost is reduced. The glass lubricant is sprayed on the surface of the blank, so that a compact protective layer can be formed, the blank is prevented from being oxidized in the high-temperature heating process, the feasibility is high, and the cost is low. The innovation of the invention is that reasonable thermal process parameters are formulated, and more importantly, the forging process is optimized. In the aspect of forging technology, when receiving the production tasks of forgings with different numbers, the conventional method is to respectively organize and produce according to the numbers of the forgings, respectively purchase raw materials according to the sizes and technical requirements of the different forgings, throw a die, and carry out production by a tool, wherein the produced forgings are according to the requirement of repeated batch inspection. Physicochemical detection and acceptance are carried out by the drawing number per forging piece/raw material smelting furnace number/batch production number/heat treatment furnace number or batch. The invention aims at forgings with the same materials, the same standard, the same production process and the same size difference, considers the correlation of the product application, and analyzes the size and the structural characteristics of parts. The forgings produced by combined machining are designed, so that tooling dies required by the production of the forgings are reduced, and production shifts are reduced. Meanwhile, as the two forgings are produced simultaneously, the distribution of the heating temperature and the deformation of the whole forgings is considered in the design process, and the production process is controlled, so that the consistency of the structure and the performance of the forgings can be ensured. The dispersity is small. In the process of inspection and acceptance, the forged piece produced by combination can represent each physical and chemical property of the two forged pieces only by carrying out one-time performance detection. The physical and chemical detection frequency and the detection quantity are reduced, and the detection cost is reduced.
Further, in the step 3, the step 5 and the step 7, the bars are placed in a single layer in the heating equipment, the bars are not allowed to be stacked, and the bars can be uniformly heated.
Further, in the step 3, the first heat preservation time is 0.4min/mm multiplied by D, so that cracking caused by overlarge temperature difference between the surface of the blank and the core part during heating can be avoided; the second incubation time was 0.8min/mm XD, ensuring that the core of the blank reached the desired temperature.
Further, in the step 5, the heat preservation time is 6-9 minutes, so that the surface temperature of the blank can be increased, the adhesive force of the coating is increased, and the drying is easy.
Further, in the step 7, the first heat preservation time is 0.4min/mm multiplied by D, the second heat preservation time is 1.5-2 h, the first heating is preheating, and the cracking caused by overlarge temperature difference between the surface of the blank and the core part during heating is avoided; the second heating is to heat the blank to the actual temperature required for forging.
Further, in step 8, the time for transferring the blank from the heating device to the oil press is less than 30s, and the forging start temperature of die forging is ensured by limiting the transfer time.
Further, the pressing speed is 2mm/s, so that the forging can be ensured to obtain the required mechanical property and microstructure.
Further, in the step 9, the heat preservation time is 6 hours, so that the mechanical properties and the structure of the forging are adjusted, and the forging is enabled to obtain good comprehensive mechanical properties.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic flow chart of the method of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of a forging of an embodiment.
Detailed Description
The invention will now be described in further detail with reference to the drawings and to specific embodiments, which are intended to be illustrative rather than limiting.
Referring to fig. 1, the method for forming the forge piece in combination comprises the steps of detection, blanking, heating, forging by a rapid forging machine, heating, spraying a glass protective agent, heating, combined die forging, heat treatment, cutting and the like.
The invention is further illustrated by the following examples in conjunction with the specific embodiments:
in the embodiment of the invention, the titanium alloy forging is made of Ti-6.5Al-3.3Mo-1.5Zr-0.25Si, but the technical scheme of the invention is not limited to the material.
Example 1
Step 1: detection of
And detecting the alpha+beta-beta phase transition point of the titanium alloy bar. The alpha+beta- & gtbeta phase transition point of the titanium alloy is detected to be 995 ℃.
Step 2: discharging
Cutting round bar stock with sawing machine according to forging size requirement, phi 200mm and length 230mm.
Step 3: heating
Firstly heating the electric furnace to 800 ℃, then placing the bar stock into the electric furnace, placing the bar stock in a single layer, and preserving heat for 80min according to the calculation of 0.4min/mm (diameter). After the heat preservation is finished, the electric furnace is heated to 15 ℃ below the alpha+beta-beta phase transition point, the heat preservation temperature is 980 ℃, the heat preservation time is calculated according to 0.8min/mm (diameter), and the heat preservation time is 160min.
Step 4: forging by a quick forging machine
And taking the bar stock out of the electric furnace by using a mechanical arm, and placing the bar stock in a quick forging machine to upsett cakes and round the bars according to the size requirement.
Step 5: heating
Firstly heating the electric furnace to 300 ℃, then placing the blank into the electric furnace, placing the blank in a single layer, and preserving heat for 6min.
Step 6: spray glass protective agent
And taking the blank out of the electric furnace by using a mechanical arm, spraying a glass lubricant on the surface of the blank, and cooling in air.
Step 7: heating
Firstly heating the electric furnace to 800 ℃, then placing the blanks into the electric furnace, placing the blanks in a single layer, preserving heat, and calculating the heat preservation time according to 0.4min/mm (thickness), wherein the thickness of the blanks is 60mm, and the heat preservation time is 24min. Then the electric furnace is heated to 20 ℃ below the alpha+beta-beta phase transition point, and the temperature is kept at 975 ℃ for 1.5 hours.
Step 8: combined die forging
And taking the heated blank out of the electric furnace by using a mechanical arm, and placing the blank on an oil press for die forging. Transfer time from the electric furnace to the mold placed on the oil press is less than 30s, pressing speed: and (3) 2mm/s, wherein the final forging temperature is higher than 800 ℃, forging and pressing are completed once, and the forging is placed in a flowing water tank for water cooling.
Step 9: heat treatment of
Firstly, heating the electric furnace to 530 ℃, putting the forge piece into the electric furnace, preserving heat for 6 hours, and dispersing and air cooling.
Step 10: cutting and machining
And (3) machining the heat-treated forge piece according to the drawing requirements, as shown in fig. 2, cutting the forge piece into an inner spacer ring forge piece and an outer spacer ring forge piece, and machining the forge piece according to the dimension requirements to obtain the product dimension.
Example 2
Step 1: detection of
And detecting the alpha+beta-beta phase transition point of the titanium alloy bar. The alpha+beta- & gtbeta phase transition point of the titanium alloy is 1000 ℃.
Step 2: discharging
Cutting round bar stock with sawing machine according to forging size requirement, phi 200mm and length 230mm.
Step 3: heating
Heating the electric furnace to 830 ℃, then placing the bar stock into the electric furnace, placing the bar stock in a single layer, and preserving heat for 80min according to the calculation of 0.4min/mm (diameter). After the heat preservation is finished, the electric furnace is heated to 10 ℃ below the alpha+beta-beta phase transition point, heat preservation is carried out at 990 ℃, the heat preservation time is calculated according to 0.8min/mm (diameter), and the heat preservation time is 160min.
Step 4: forging by a quick forging machine
And taking the bar stock out of the electric furnace by using a mechanical arm, and placing the bar stock in a quick forging machine to upsett cakes and round the bars according to the size requirement.
Step 5: heating
Heating the electric furnace to 330 ℃, then placing the blank into the electric furnace, placing the blank in a single layer, and preserving heat for 7min.
Step 6: spray glass protective agent
And taking the blank out of the electric furnace by using a mechanical arm, spraying a glass lubricant on the surface of the blank, and cooling in air.
Step 7: heating
Heating the electric furnace to 830 ℃, then placing the blank in the electric furnace, placing the blank in a single layer, and preserving heat for 24min according to the calculation of 0.4min/mm (diameter). Then the electric furnace is heated to 30 ℃ below the alpha+beta-beta phase transition point, and the temperature is kept at 970 ℃ for 2h.
Step 8: combined die forging
And taking the heated blank out of the electric furnace by using a mechanical arm, and placing the blank on an oil press for die forging. Transfer time from the electric furnace to the mold placed on the oil press is less than 30s, pressing speed: and (3) 2mm/s, wherein the final forging temperature is higher than 800 ℃, forging and pressing are completed once, and the forging is placed in a flowing water tank for water cooling.
Step 9: heat treatment of
Firstly, heating the electric furnace to 530 ℃, putting the forge piece into the electric furnace, preserving heat for 6 hours, and dispersing and air cooling.
Step 10: cutting and machining
And (3) machining the heat-treated forge piece according to the drawing requirements, as shown in fig. 2, cutting the forge piece into an inner spacer ring forge piece and an outer spacer ring forge piece, and machining the forge piece according to the dimension requirements to obtain the product dimension.
Example 3
Step 1: detection of
And detecting the alpha+beta-beta phase transition point of the titanium alloy. The alpha+beta- & gtbeta phase transition point of the titanium alloy is detected to be 1005 ℃.
Step 2: discharging
Cutting round bar stock with sawing machine according to forging size requirement, phi 200mm and length 230mm.
Step 3: heating
Firstly heating the electric furnace to 850 ℃, then placing the bar stock into the electric furnace, placing the bar stock in a single layer, and preserving heat for 80min according to the calculation of 0.4min/mm (diameter). After the heat preservation is finished, the electric furnace is heated to 10 ℃ below the alpha+beta-beta phase transition point, the heat preservation temperature is 995 ℃, the heat preservation time is calculated according to 0.8min/mm (diameter), and the heat preservation time is 160min.
Step 4: forging by a quick forging machine
And taking the bar stock out of the electric furnace by using a mechanical arm, and placing the bar stock in a quick forging machine to upsett cakes and round the bars according to the size requirement.
Step 5: heating
Heating the electric furnace to 350 ℃, then placing the blank into the electric furnace, placing the blank in a single layer, and preserving heat for 9min.
Step 6: spray glass protective agent
And taking the blank out of the electric furnace by using a mechanical arm, spraying a glass lubricant on the surface of the blank, and cooling in air.
Step 7: heating
Firstly heating the electric furnace to 850 ℃, then placing the blanks into the electric furnace, placing the blanks in a single layer, preserving heat, and calculating the heat preservation time according to 0.4min/mm (thickness), wherein the thickness of the blanks is 60mm, and the heat preservation time is 24min. And then the electric furnace is heated to 40 ℃ below the alpha+beta-beta phase transition point, the heat preservation temperature is 965 ℃, and the heat preservation time is 2 hours.
Step 8: combined die forging
And taking the heated blank out of the electric furnace by using a mechanical arm, and placing the blank on an oil press for die forging. Transfer time from the electric furnace to the mold placed on the oil press is less than 30s, pressing speed: and (3) 2mm/s, wherein the final forging temperature is higher than 800 ℃, forging and pressing are completed once, and the forging is placed in a flowing water tank for water cooling.
Step 9: heat treatment of
Firstly, heating the electric furnace to 530 ℃, putting the forge piece into the electric furnace, preserving heat for 6 hours, and dispersing and air cooling.
Step 10: cutting and machining
And (3) machining the heat-treated forge piece according to the drawing requirements, as shown in fig. 2, cutting the forge piece into an inner spacer ring forge piece and an outer spacer ring forge piece, and machining the forge piece according to the dimension requirements to obtain the product dimension.
It is to be understood that the foregoing description is only a part of the embodiments of the present invention, and that the equivalent changes of the system described according to the present invention are included in the protection scope of the present invention. Those skilled in the art can substitute the described specific examples in a similar way without departing from the structure of the invention or exceeding the scope of the invention as defined by the claims, all falling within the scope of protection of the invention.
Claims (10)
1. The combined forming method of the forge piece is characterized by comprising the following steps of:
step 1: detecting the phase transition point temperature of the alpha+beta two-phase region of the titanium alloy bar stock to the beta phase transition;
step 2: cutting bar stock according to the bar stock size required by the combined forming forging;
step 3: heating the heating equipment to 800-850 ℃, then placing the bar stock into the heating equipment, and preserving heat; heating the heating equipment to 10-15 ℃ below the phase transition point temperature measured in the step 1, and preserving heat;
step 4: upsetting cakes and rounding the bar stock to obtain a blank;
step 5: heating the heating equipment to 300-350 ℃, then placing the blank, and preserving heat;
step 6: after the blank is taken out from the heating equipment, spraying a glass lubricant on the surface of the blank, and then cooling in air;
step 7: heating the heating equipment to 800-850 ℃, then placing the blank into the heating equipment, and preserving heat; heating the heating equipment to 20-40 ℃ below the phase transition point temperature measured in the step 1, and preserving heat;
step 8: taking out the blank, and then performing die forging on an oil press, wherein the final forging temperature is higher than 800 ℃; after forging and pressing are completed once, water cooling is carried out on the forging;
step 9: heating the heating equipment to 530 ℃ for heat treatment, placing the forge piece, preserving heat, and then dispersing and air cooling;
step 10: and cutting the forge piece subjected to heat treatment into an inner spacer ring forge piece and an outer spacer ring forge piece according to the size, and respectively processing the forge piece to the product size.
2. The method of forming a forging piece according to claim 1, wherein in step 3, the bar stock is placed in a single layer in the heating apparatus.
3. The method of composite forming of forgings according to claim 1, wherein in step 3, the first holding time is 0.4min/mm x D and the second holding time is 0.8min/mm x D, wherein D is the diameter of the bar stock in mm.
4. The method of composite forming of forgings according to claim 1, wherein in step 5, the blanks are placed in a single layer in a heating apparatus.
5. The method for combined forming of forgings according to claim 1, wherein in the step 5, the holding time is 6 to 9 minutes.
6. The method of composite forming of forgings according to claim 1, wherein in step 7, the blanks are placed in a single layer in a heating apparatus; the first heat preservation time is 0.4min/mm multiplied by D, wherein D is the diameter of the bar stock and the unit is mm; the second heat preservation time is 1.5-2 h.
7. The method of composite forming of forgings according to claim 1 wherein in step 8 the blank is transferred from the heating apparatus to the oil press for less than 30 seconds.
8. The method of forming a forging piece according to claim 1, wherein in the step 8, the pressing speed is 2mm/s.
9. The method for integrally forming a forging as recited in claim 1, wherein in step 8, water cooling of the forging is performed in a flowing water tank having circulating water or a stirring device therein.
10. The method of forming a forging piece according to claim 1, wherein in the step 9, the time for heat preservation is 6 hours.
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| TA15钛合金锻件模锻成形工艺研究;吕逸帆 等;热加工工艺;第50卷(第17期);全文 * |
| TC4钛合金模锻件冲击性能与热处理工艺优化;郎荣兴;李贵全;殷春云;;金属热处理(第08期);全文 * |
| 锻造工艺对TC21钛合金模锻件组织及性能的影响;张利军;田军强;常辉;;锻压技术(第04期);全文 * |
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