CN114962498A - Single-coil hydraulic-electric composite retarder with stator connecting piece having salient pole structure - Google Patents
Single-coil hydraulic-electric composite retarder with stator connecting piece having salient pole structure Download PDFInfo
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- CN114962498A CN114962498A CN202210660934.2A CN202210660934A CN114962498A CN 114962498 A CN114962498 A CN 114962498A CN 202210660934 A CN202210660934 A CN 202210660934A CN 114962498 A CN114962498 A CN 114962498A
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- stator
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- hydraulic
- connecting piece
- retarder
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16D—COUPLINGS FOR TRANSMITTING ROTATION; CLUTCHES; BRAKES
- F16D57/00—Liquid-resistance brakes; Brakes using the internal friction of fluids or fluid-like media, e.g. powders
- F16D57/002—Liquid-resistance brakes; Brakes using the internal friction of fluids or fluid-like media, e.g. powders comprising a medium with electrically or magnetically controlled internal friction, e.g. electrorheological fluid, magnetic powder
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02K—DYNAMO-ELECTRIC MACHINES
- H02K49/00—Dynamo-electric clutches; Dynamo-electric brakes
- H02K49/02—Dynamo-electric clutches; Dynamo-electric brakes of the asynchronous induction type
- H02K49/04—Dynamo-electric clutches; Dynamo-electric brakes of the asynchronous induction type of the eddy-current hysteresis type
- H02K49/043—Dynamo-electric clutches; Dynamo-electric brakes of the asynchronous induction type of the eddy-current hysteresis type with a radial airgap
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
- Y02T10/00—Road transport of goods or passengers
- Y02T10/60—Other road transportation technologies with climate change mitigation effect
- Y02T10/64—Electric machine technologies in electromobility
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Power Engineering (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Electric Propulsion And Braking For Vehicles (AREA)
Abstract
The invention relates to a single-coil hydraulic-electric composite retarder with a stator connecting piece having a salient pole structure, which comprises a stator, a rotor and an excitation coil, the stator comprises a left stator, a right stator and a stator connecting piece, the left stator and the right stator are arranged symmetrically left and right relative to the rotor, the left stator with blades and the left blade of the rotor form a hydraulic working chamber, the stator connecting piece fixedly connects the left stator and the right stator, the inner wall of the stator connecting piece is provided with a plurality of tooth-shaped salient poles, the excitation coil is fixed on the stator connecting piece and is positioned between two disc gaps of the rotor, the rotor and the stator connecting piece have a magnetic conduction function, the stator connecting piece is provided with a tooth-shaped salient pole structure, and the outer circle surface of the rotor is smooth and continuous on the circumference, when the exciting current and the rotating speed are constant, a constant eddy braking torque is generated, so that the comfort of the automobile during deceleration running is ensured.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of auxiliary braking of automobiles, and relates to a single-coil hydraulic-electric composite retarder with a salient pole structure on a stator connecting piece.
Background
The retarder is an automobile auxiliary braking device, and can effectively improve the safety of long downhill running of a large vehicle. The retarder is mainly divided into an eddy current retarder and a hydraulic retarder.
The operating principle of the eddy current retarder is as follows: when the retarder coil is electrified with direct current, a magnetic field is established between the stator and the rotor around the coil, the rotor cuts magnetic lines of force emitted by the stator to generate eddy current, and a reverse magnetic field formed by the eddy current interacts with an original magnetic field to generate braking force, so that eddy current braking is realized.
The working principle of the hydraulic retarder is as follows: when the hydraulic retarder works, air with certain air pressure enters the oil storage tank through the electromagnetic valve, oil in the oil storage tank is pressed into a working cavity of the hydraulic retarder through an oil way, the rotor is driven to rotate along with the transmission shaft, the rotating rotor blade drives the oil in the working cavity to do centrifugal acceleration motion, the oil which moves at high speed impacts the stator blade, and the rotor blade also receives impact force according to the action force and the reaction force, so that the rotation of the rotor is blocked.
The existing eddy current retarder has large braking torque and high response speed at low speed, but has low high-speed braking power density and serious continuous braking heat fading; the existing hydrodynamic retarder is light in weight, small in size, large in braking torque at high speed, small in low-speed braking torque and low in response speed. Aiming at the situation, two types of hydraulic-electric composite retarders appear, and the first type of hydraulic-electric composite retarder integrates different system designs of an eddy current retarder part and a hydraulic retarder part in the same structure, so that the full-speed section high-power-density operation of the retarder is realized. Then, the type of retarder consists of two sets of mutually independent eddy current retarder and hydraulic retarder systems, and has the defects of complex structure, low power density and the like. The second kind of hydraulic-electric composite retarder is characterized in that an eddy current retarder part and a hydraulic retarder part are highly fused by modifying the shape of a blade and adjusting the overall structure, and a stator structure and a rotor structure of the retarder can complete a hydraulic retarding function and are accompanied by an eddy current retarding function. Although the power density of the retarder is improved to a certain extent, the eddy current braking torque is inevitably small due to the fact that blades of the eddy current retarder are closed mainly through a stator and a rotor due to the magnetic field of the eddy current retarder, and the generated eddy current braking torque is not constant under constant exciting current and rotating speed, so that the comfort of speed reduction and driving of an automobile is reduced. On the other hand, the excitation coil of the second type of hydraulic-electric composite retarder can not dissipate heat through oil, and the stator of the second type of hydraulic-electric composite retarder is made of a ferromagnetic material with high magnetic conductivity, so that the overall power density of the retarder is reduced.
In order to further improve the power density of the full-speed section of the retarder and ensure the comfort of the automobile during deceleration running, the design of the single-coil hydraulic-electric composite retarder with a salient pole structure on a stator connecting piece is adopted, the design is based on the traditional hydraulic retarder structure, and the eddy current retarder part and the hydraulic retarder part share the same rotor by adjusting the structures of the rotor and the stator connecting piece. The connecting piece of the rotor and the stator adopts ferromagnetic magnetic conductive materials, and the left stator and the right stator adopt light metal materials such as aluminum alloy and the like, so that the overall mass of the retarder can be further reduced. On the other hand, as the stator connecting piece is provided with the tooth-shaped salient pole structure, and the outer circle surface of the rotor is smooth and continuous on the circumference, when the exciting current and the rotating speed are constant, a constant eddy braking torque is generated, thereby ensuring the comfort of the automobile during deceleration running.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to overcome the defects of the braking performance of the existing eddy current retarder and the existing hydraulic retarder, and provides a single-coil hydraulic-electric composite retarder with a stator connecting piece having a salient pole structure; the blades of the left stator and the blades of the rotor of the hydraulic-electric composite retarder form two groups of working cavities, so that two hydraulic retarders in the traditional sense are formed; through the adjustment with rotor and stator connecting piece structure, make eddy current retarder part and hydraulic retarder part sharing same rotor, the excitation coil during operation retards the fast function of eddy current has additionally been add to the retarber. The design keeps the original hydrodynamic retarding function, and simultaneously, the same rotor structure of the hydraulic-electric composite retarder is integrated with the eddy current retarding function after optimization; because the stator connecting piece is provided with the tooth-shaped salient pole structure, and the outer circle surface of the rotor is smooth and continuous on the circumference, when the exciting current and the rotating speed are constant, constant eddy current braking torque is generated. Therefore, the power density of the hydraulic-electric composite retarder at the full-speed section is high, and the comfort of the automobile during deceleration running is ensured.
The scheme for solving the technical problems is as follows: a single-coil hydraulic-electric composite retarder with a stator connecting piece having a salient pole structure is characterized in that: comprises a rotor 1, a stator and a magnet exciting coil 3; the rotor 1 is of a double-disc structure, the inner sides of double discs of the rotor 1 are connected and then fixed on the transmission shaft 5, a hydraulic circulation semicircle I of the hydraulic retarder is arranged on the left side surface and the right side surface of the rotor 1, and a plurality of blades are distributed in the hydraulic circulation semicircle I of the hydraulic retarder along the circumferential direction;
the stator comprises a left stator 4, a right stator and a stator connecting piece 2, the left stator 4 is of a disc type structure, a hydraulic circulation semicircle II of the hydraulic retarder is arranged at the position, which is matched with the hydraulic circulation semicircle I, of the right side surface of the left stator 4, a plurality of blades are uniformly distributed in the hydraulic circulation semicircle II of the hydraulic retarder along the circumferential direction, and the left stator and the right stator are symmetrically arranged relative to the left-right symmetrical plane of the rotor 1;
the stator connecting piece 2 is hollow cylindrical, the stator connecting piece 2 is sleeved on the outer side of the rotor 1 and is coaxially arranged with the rotor 1, a plurality of tooth-shaped salient poles 204 are uniformly distributed on the inner wall of the stator connecting piece 2 along the circumferential direction, the left end and the right end of the stator connecting piece 2 are respectively and fixedly connected with the edge of the left stator 4 and the edge of the right stator, the magnet exciting coil 3 is a disc-shaped coil, the magnet exciting coil 3 is fixed on the stator connecting piece 2, a lead of the magnet exciting coil 3 is connected to an electric control unit, and the magnet exciting coil 3 is positioned in a gap between double discs of the rotor 1.
Preferably, 2 upside of stator connecting piece be provided with from the outside run through to inside inlet 201 and outlet 202 to and 2 downside of stator connecting piece are provided with from the outside run through to inside liquid outlet 203, excitation coil 3 wire is drawn forth and is connected to the electrical control unit through outlet 202, inlet 201 be connected with the feed liquor pipeline, and liquid outlet 203 is connected with the liquid outlet pipeline, connect the liquid inlet pipeline behind oil pump, the cooler in proper order in series connection of liquid outlet pipeline, oil pump, cooler all fix on the frame.
Preferably, the stator is fixed on the frame, and the transmission shaft is connected with the output shaft of the automobile transmission through a connecting flange.
Preferably, the vanes of the left stator 4 and the vanes on the left side of the rotor 1 form a hydraulic working chamber 6, and the left side and the right side of the rotor 1 respectively form a hydraulic retarder.
Preferably, the left stator and the right stator are made of aluminum alloy materials.
Preferably, the clearance between the outer cylindrical surface of the rotor 1 and the stator connecting piece 2 is 0.5 to 2 mm.
Preferably, the transmission shaft 5 rotates in the inner holes of the left stator and the right stator.
Preferably, the rotor and stator connecting piece is made of magnetic conductivity materials.
The single-coil hydraulic-electric composite retarder with the stator connecting piece having the salient pole structure has the following main advantages that:
the technical scheme of the invention has compact structure, and the design scheme is based on the structure of the traditional hydraulic retarder, and the electric vortex retarder part and the hydraulic retarder part share the same rotor by adjusting the structure of the rotor and the stator connecting piece, so that the retarder has the functions of hydraulic retarding and electric vortex retarding simultaneously, and the high-power-density operation of the full-speed section of the retarder is realized. The connecting piece of the rotor and the stator adopts ferromagnetic magnetic conductive materials, and the left stator and the right stator adopt light metal materials, so that the overall mass of the retarder can be further reduced. When the excitation coil lets in the direct current, the heat that the excitation coil produced is taken away through the inside circulation fluid of retarber, keeps the high electric conductive property of excitation coil in the continuous circular telegram working process. On the other hand, as the stator connecting piece is provided with the tooth-shaped salient pole structure, and the outer circle surface of the rotor is smooth and continuous on the circumference, when the exciting current and the rotating speed are constant, a constant eddy current braking torque is generated, thereby ensuring the comfort of the automobile during deceleration running.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of the general structure of a single-coil electrohydraulic composite retarder with a salient pole structure of a stator connecting piece.
FIG. 2 is an axial oil circuit diagram of a single-coil electrohydraulic composite retarder with a salient pole structure of a stator connecting piece.
Fig. 3 is a magnetic circuit diagram of the single-coil hydro-electric composite retarder with a stator connecting piece having a salient pole structure, and an arrow indicates a circulation direction of a magnetic circuit.
Fig. 4 is a cross-sectional view of the stator connection member.
Fig. 5 is a perspective view of the rotor.
Fig. 6 is a schematic perspective view of the left stator.
Fig. 7 is a perspective view of the stator connection member.
Reference numerals: 1-rotor, 2-stator connecting piece, 201-liquid inlet, 202-outlet, 203-liquid outlet, 204-tooth-shaped salient pole, 3-magnet exciting coil, 4-left stator, 5-transmission shaft, 6-hydraulic cavity, 7-upper oil way, 8-lower oil way and 9-magnetic field closed path.
Detailed Description
The following further describes a specific embodiment of the present invention with reference to fig. 1 to 7, and the single-coil hydraulic-electric composite retarder with a salient pole structure for a stator connecting piece of the present invention includes a rotor 1, a stator, an excitation coil 3, and a transmission shaft 5; the vertical and horizontal directions of the hydraulic retarder are defined by the vertical and horizontal directions of an attached drawing 1 so as to describe the hydraulic retarder, a rotor 1 is of a double-disc structure, the inner sides of double discs of the rotor 1 are connected and then fixed on a transmission shaft 5, a hydraulic circulation semicircle I of the hydraulic retarder is arranged on the left side surface and the right side surface of the rotor 1, a plurality of blades are distributed in the hydraulic circulation semicircle I of the hydraulic retarder along the circumferential direction, and the transmission shaft is connected with an output shaft of an automobile transmission through a connecting flange; the stator comprises a left stator 4, a right stator and a stator connecting piece 2 and is fixed on the frame; the left stator 4 is of a disc type structure, a hydraulic circulation semicircle II of the hydraulic retarder is arranged on the right side face of the left stator 4, a plurality of blades are uniformly distributed in the hydraulic circulation semicircle II of the hydraulic retarder along the circumferential direction, and the left stator and the right stator are symmetrically arranged about the bilateral symmetry plane of the rotor 1.
The blades of the left stator 4 and the blades on the left side of the rotor 1 form a hydraulic working cavity 6, and because the retarder is symmetrical in left and right structure, a hydraulic retarding device is formed on the left side and the right side of the rotor 1 respectively; when the hydraulic retarder starts to work, oil enters the hydraulic working cavity 6 through the upper oil way 7, the rotating rotor 1 is driven by the transmission shaft 5 to rotate, the blades on the rotating rotor 1 drive the oil in the hydraulic working cavity 6 to do centrifugal acceleration motion, the moving oil impacts the blades of the left stator 1, and meanwhile, the blades of the rotor 1 are also impacted by the backflow oil of the left stator 1, so that the rotation of the rotor 1 is blocked; in the process, after the oil continuously flows into the hydraulic working cavity from the liquid inlet 201, the oil passes through the lower oil passage 8 and is finally discharged to the cooler from the liquid outlet 203, so that the heat energy converted from the rotation mechanical energy of the rotor 1 is dissipated.
The liquid inlet 201 is connected with a liquid inlet pipeline, the liquid outlet 203 is connected with a liquid outlet pipeline, and the liquid outlet pipeline is sequentially connected with an oil pump and a cooler in series and then is connected with a liquid inlet pipeline.
The rotor 1 and the stator connecting piece 2 are made of ferromagnetic magnetic materials, when direct current is introduced into the exciting coil 3, a magnetic field generated by the exciting coil 3 is closed through the left side and the left air gap of the rotor 1, the stator connecting piece 2, the right air gap and the right side of the rotor 1, the rotor 1 rotating along with the transmission shaft 5 cuts magnetic lines of force emitted by the stator tooth-shaped salient pole 204 to generate eddy current, and the magnetic field generated by the eddy current interacts with the magnetic field generated by the exciting coil 3, so that torque for blocking the rotor 1 to rotate is generated. In the process, heat generated by the rotor 1 at a certain radial depth is taken away by circulating oil of the common hydraulic retarder, so that the heat fading of the eddy current braking torque is reduced.
When the excitation coil 3 is electrified, a magnetic field passes through the outer circular surface of the rotor 1 which is smooth and continuous on the circumference to the inside of the stator connecting piece 2; when the exciting current and the rotating speed are constant, the magnetic field emitted by the stator connecting piece tooth-shaped salient pole 204 cut by the rotor 1 is constant, so that constant eddy current braking torque is generated, and the comfort of the automobile during deceleration running is ensured.
When the excitation coil 3 is electrified, heat generated by the excitation coil 3 is taken away through circulating oil inside the retarder, and high conductivity of the excitation coil 3 in the continuous electrifying working process is kept.
The left stator and the right stator are made of light metal materials, such as aluminum alloy, so that the overall mass of the retarder can be further reduced.
The clearance between the outer cylindrical surface of the rotor 1 and the stator connecting piece 2 is 0.5 to 2 mm.
When the running automobile needs to be subjected to a retarding operation, the electric control unit performs Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) on current provided by the vehicle-mounted battery, so that the control on the eddy current braking torque of the retarder is realized, and the oil pump is controlled to circulate oil liquid; the electric control unit controls the liquid pressure and flow at the liquid inlet 201 and the liquid outlet 203, thereby realizing the control of the hydraulic braking torque of the retarder.
Claims (8)
1. The utility model provides a stator connecting piece has monocoil liquid electricity compound retarber of salient pole structure which characterized in that: comprises a rotor 1, a stator and a magnet exciting coil 3; the rotor 1 is of a double-disc structure, the inner sides of double discs of the rotor 1 are connected and then fixed on the transmission shaft 5, a hydraulic circulation semicircle I of the hydraulic retarder is arranged on the left side surface and the right side surface of the rotor 1, and a plurality of blades are distributed in the hydraulic circulation semicircle I of the hydraulic retarder along the circumferential direction;
the stator comprises a left stator 4, a right stator and a stator connecting piece 2, the left stator 4 is of a disc type structure, a hydraulic circulation semicircle II of the hydraulic retarder is arranged at the position, which is matched with the hydraulic circulation semicircle I, of the right side surface of the left stator 4, a plurality of blades are uniformly distributed in the hydraulic circulation semicircle II of the hydraulic retarder along the circumferential direction, and the left stator and the right stator are symmetrically arranged relative to the left-right symmetrical plane of the rotor 1;
the stator connecting piece 2 is hollow cylindrical, the stator connecting piece 2 is sleeved on the outer side of the rotor 1 and is coaxially arranged with the rotor 1, a plurality of tooth-shaped salient poles 204 are uniformly distributed on the inner wall of the stator connecting piece 2 along the circumferential direction, the left end and the right end of the stator connecting piece 2 are respectively and fixedly connected with the edge of the left stator 4 and the edge of the right stator, the magnet exciting coil 3 is a disc-shaped coil, the magnet exciting coil 3 is fixed on the stator connecting piece 2, a lead of the magnet exciting coil 3 is connected to an electric control unit, and the magnet exciting coil 3 is positioned in a gap between double discs of the rotor 1.
2. The single-coil hydraulic-electric composite retarder with a stator connection part having a salient pole configuration according to claim 1, characterized in that: 2 upside of stator connecting piece be provided with from the outside run through to inside inlet 201 and outlet 202 to and 2 downside of stator connecting piece are provided with and run through to inside liquid outlet 203 from the outside, excitation coil 3 wire is drawn forth and is connected to on the electrical control unit through outlet 202, inlet 201 be connected with the feed liquor pipeline, and liquid outlet 203 is connected with the drain pipe, connect into the liquid pipeline behind oil pump, the cooler in proper order in the drain pipe, oil pump, cooler all fix on the frame.
3. The single-coil hydraulic-electric composite retarder with a stator connection part having a salient pole configuration according to claim 1, characterized in that: the stator is fixed on the frame, and the transmission shaft is connected with the output shaft of the automobile transmission through a connecting flange.
4. The single-coil hydraulic-electric composite retarder with a stator connection part having a salient pole configuration according to claim 1, characterized in that: the blades of the left stator 4 and the blades on the left side of the rotor 1 form a hydraulic working cavity 6, and the left side and the right side of the rotor 1 form a hydraulic retarder respectively.
5. The single-coil hydraulic-electric composite retarder with a stator connection part having a salient pole configuration according to any one of claims 1 to 4, characterized in that: the left stator and the right stator are made of aluminum alloy materials.
6. The single-coil hydraulic-electric composite retarder with a stator connection part having a salient pole configuration according to any one of claims 1 to 4, characterized in that: the clearance between the outer cylindrical surface of the rotor 1 and the stator connecting piece 2 is 0.5 to 2 mm.
7. A single-coil electro-hydraulic composite retarder with a stator connection part of a salient pole construction according to any one of claims 1-4, characterized in that: the transmission shaft 5 rotates in the inner holes of the left stator and the right stator.
8. The single-coil hydraulic-electric composite retarder with a stator connection part having a salient pole configuration according to any one of claims 1 to 4, characterized in that: the rotor 1 and the stator connecting piece 2 are made of magnetic materials.
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CN202210660934.2A CN114962498A (en) | 2022-06-13 | 2022-06-13 | Single-coil hydraulic-electric composite retarder with stator connecting piece having salient pole structure |
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CN202210660934.2A CN114962498A (en) | 2022-06-13 | 2022-06-13 | Single-coil hydraulic-electric composite retarder with stator connecting piece having salient pole structure |
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Citations (6)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
FR2339102A2 (en) * | 1976-01-20 | 1977-08-19 | Parmac Inc | Automatic hydraulic brake assembly - has two stators with sealing lips extending around rotors and mounting rings sandwiched between housing portions |
US20130234542A1 (en) * | 2012-03-09 | 2013-09-12 | Beijing University Of Technology | Liquid-Cooled Self-Excited Eddy Current Retarder With A Structure Of Two Salient Poles |
CN203608064U (en) * | 2013-12-03 | 2014-05-21 | 扬州安行机电科技有限公司 | Middle-mounted doubly salient liquid cooling eddy current retarder |
CN108462364A (en) * | 2018-02-10 | 2018-08-28 | 北京工业大学 | A kind of bridge configuration liquid replies conjunction retarder by cable |
CN108775353A (en) * | 2018-07-01 | 2018-11-09 | 北京工业大学 | A kind of liquid that blade has current vortex function concurrently replies conjunction retarder by cable |
CN110155010A (en) * | 2019-05-19 | 2019-08-23 | 北京工业大学 | A kind of hydrodynamic retarding vehicle bridge of magnetorheological fluid medium |
-
2022
- 2022-06-13 CN CN202210660934.2A patent/CN114962498A/en active Pending
Patent Citations (6)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
FR2339102A2 (en) * | 1976-01-20 | 1977-08-19 | Parmac Inc | Automatic hydraulic brake assembly - has two stators with sealing lips extending around rotors and mounting rings sandwiched between housing portions |
US20130234542A1 (en) * | 2012-03-09 | 2013-09-12 | Beijing University Of Technology | Liquid-Cooled Self-Excited Eddy Current Retarder With A Structure Of Two Salient Poles |
CN203608064U (en) * | 2013-12-03 | 2014-05-21 | 扬州安行机电科技有限公司 | Middle-mounted doubly salient liquid cooling eddy current retarder |
CN108462364A (en) * | 2018-02-10 | 2018-08-28 | 北京工业大学 | A kind of bridge configuration liquid replies conjunction retarder by cable |
CN108775353A (en) * | 2018-07-01 | 2018-11-09 | 北京工业大学 | A kind of liquid that blade has current vortex function concurrently replies conjunction retarder by cable |
CN110155010A (en) * | 2019-05-19 | 2019-08-23 | 北京工业大学 | A kind of hydrodynamic retarding vehicle bridge of magnetorheological fluid medium |
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