CN114959215B - 7-series aluminum alloy hot extrusion die steel and heat treatment method thereof - Google Patents
7-series aluminum alloy hot extrusion die steel and heat treatment method thereof Download PDFInfo
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- CN114959215B CN114959215B CN202210616954.XA CN202210616954A CN114959215B CN 114959215 B CN114959215 B CN 114959215B CN 202210616954 A CN202210616954 A CN 202210616954A CN 114959215 B CN114959215 B CN 114959215B
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- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 123
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 123
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 81
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 32
- 229910000838 Al alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 title abstract description 16
- 238000001192 hot extrusion Methods 0.000 title abstract description 16
- 238000010791 quenching Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 77
- 230000000171 quenching effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 77
- 238000005496 tempering Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 47
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 claims description 23
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 11
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910001873 dinitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 1
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 abstract description 10
- 229910000734 martensite Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 6
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 abstract description 3
- 230000002035 prolonged effect Effects 0.000 abstract description 2
- 238000004321 preservation Methods 0.000 description 11
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 11
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 9
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000006872 improvement Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910001566 austenite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003153 chemical reaction reagent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004512 die casting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001125 extrusion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005242 forging Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000009466 transformation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000013585 weight reducing agent Substances 0.000 description 1
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
- C21D6/00—Heat treatment of ferrous alloys
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
- C21D1/00—General methods or devices for heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering
- C21D1/18—Hardening; Quenching with or without subsequent tempering
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
- C21D1/00—General methods or devices for heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering
- C21D1/74—Methods of treatment in inert gas, controlled atmosphere, vacuum or pulverulent material
- C21D1/773—Methods of treatment in inert gas, controlled atmosphere, vacuum or pulverulent material under reduced pressure or vacuum
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P10/00—Technologies related to metal processing
- Y02P10/20—Recycling
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
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- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Thermal Sciences (AREA)
- Crystallography & Structural Chemistry (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Metallurgy (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Heat Treatment Of Articles (AREA)
Abstract
The invention discloses 7-series aluminum alloy hot extrusion die steel and a heat treatment method thereof, and belongs to the technical field of die steel heat treatment. The heat treatment method of the present invention comprises the steps of: and (3) carrying out quenching and tempering alternating circulation treatment on the H13 steel, wherein the circulation times are 3 times. By adopting the heat treatment method of quenching and tempering alternating circulation treatment, the formation of bad structures in the H13 steel can be effectively reduced, the uniformity of internal and external structures of the die can be improved, meanwhile, the grain size can be refined, a fine martensitic structure can be obtained, the H13 steel has more excellent toughness matching, and the service life of the 7-series aluminum alloy hot extrusion die is further prolonged. The invention is not limited by quenching medium, and is more suitable for actual production of mould manufacturing enterprises.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of heat treatment of die steel, in particular to 7-series aluminum alloy hot extrusion die steel and a heat treatment method thereof.
Background
The mold industry level is an important indicator of the level of manufacturing in one country. The "modern industry, the mold leading" is a consensus of the manufacturing industry. China is a large country of die manufacturing, and has huge demand for high-quality and high-performance die steel. The H13 steel is widely used as hot work die steel, has good heat resistance and red hardness, and higher toughness and thermal fatigue resistance, and is generally used for manufacturing die casting dies, extrusion dies, hot forging dies and the like.
In recent years, with the demand for weight reduction of automobiles and the development of new energy automobiles, the use amount of aluminum alloy extruded profiles has been increasing year by year. For high-strength 7-series aluminum alloys, a better toughness match of the hot extrusion die steel is required to meet the requirements of ensuring the service life of the hot extrusion die steel. The service life of H13 steel for a 7-series aluminum alloy hot extrusion die is difficult to continuously improve by the traditional heat treatment process, and improvement of the existing heat treatment process is needed to prepare the 7-series aluminum alloy hot extrusion die with longer service life.
In view of this, the present invention has been made.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide 7-series aluminum alloy hot extrusion die steel and a heat treatment method thereof, which are used for solving the problem of shorter service life of 7-series aluminum alloy hot extrusion dies in the prior art.
The invention is realized in the following way:
in a first aspect, the present invention provides a heat treatment method of die steel, comprising the steps of: and (3) carrying out quenching and tempering alternating circulation treatment on the H13 steel, wherein the circulation times are 3 times.
In a second aspect, the invention provides H13 steel prepared by the heat treatment method, wherein the impact toughness of the H13 steel is 20-31J/cm 2 。
In a third aspect, the invention provides an application of the H13 steel in a 7-series aluminum alloy hot extrusion die.
The invention has the following beneficial effects:
according to the invention, by adopting a heat treatment method of quenching and tempering alternating circulation treatment, the formation of a bad structure in H13 steel can be effectively reduced, the uniformity of the internal and external structures of the die can be improved, and meanwhile, the grain size can be refined, and a fine martensitic structure can be obtained, so that the H13 steel has more excellent toughness matching, and the service life of the 7-series aluminum alloy hot extrusion die is further prolonged. The invention is not limited by quenching medium, and is more suitable for actual production of mould manufacturing enterprises.
Drawings
In order to more clearly illustrate the technical solutions of the embodiments of the present invention, the drawings that are needed in the embodiments will be briefly described below, it being understood that the following drawings only illustrate some embodiments of the present invention and therefore should not be considered as limiting the scope, and other related drawings may be obtained according to these drawings without inventive effort for a person skilled in the art.
FIG. 1 is a thermal process technology roadmap of the invention;
FIG. 2 is a metallographic structure diagram of H13 steel prepared in example 1.
Detailed Description
In order to make the objects, technical solutions and advantages of the embodiments of the present invention more clear, the technical solutions of the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below. The specific conditions are not noted in the examples and are carried out according to conventional conditions or conditions recommended by the manufacturer. The reagents or apparatus used were conventional products commercially available without the manufacturer's attention.
The invention provides a heat treatment method of die steel, which comprises the following technical routes: the H13 steel is subjected to quenching and tempering alternating cycle treatment for 3 times and then is subjected to subsequent tempering treatment, and the subsequent tempering treatment is carried out for at least 2 times. The technical scheme is shown in fig. 1.
The quenching aims to make supercooled austenite undergo martensitic transformation to obtain a martensitic structure, and then tempering at different temperatures is matched to greatly improve rigidity, hardness, wear resistance, fatigue strength, toughness and the like of steel, so that different use requirements of various mechanical parts and tools are met. The inventor of the invention has found that the formation of bad structures in H13 steel can be effectively reduced by adopting quenching and tempering alternating circulation treatment, the uniformity of internal and external structures of a die is improved, the grain size is refined, a fine martensitic structure is obtained, and the H13 steel has more excellent toughness matching.
In some embodiments of the invention, the quenching treatment comprises heating the H13 steel to 640-660 ℃ for 0.5-2 hours, heating the steel to 830-870 ℃ for 0.5-2 hours, heating the steel to 950-970 ℃ or 1020-1050 ℃ for 1-4 hours, and quenching.
The temperature of the first heating in the quenching treatment may be 640 ℃, 645 ℃, 650 ℃, 655 ℃ or 660 ℃, or any value between the above adjacent temperatures.
The time of the first heat preservation of the quenching treatment may be 0.5 hours, 1.0 hours, 1.5 hours or 2.0 hours, or may be any value between the above adjacent times.
The temperature of the second heating in the quenching treatment may be 830 ℃, 840 ℃, 850 ℃, 860 ℃ or 870 ℃, or may be any value between the above adjacent temperatures.
The second heat-insulating time of the quenching treatment may be 0.5 hours, 1.0 hours, 1.5 hours or 2.0 hours, or may be any value between the above adjacent times.
The temperature of the third heating in the quenching treatment may be 950 ℃, 960 ℃, 970 ℃, 1020 ℃, 1030 ℃, 1040 ℃, 1050 ℃.
The third heat-insulating time of the quenching treatment may be 1 hour, 2.0 hours, 3.0 hours or 4.0 hours, or any value between the above adjacent times.
In some embodiments of the invention, the quenching treatment is vacuum gas quenching or oil quenching.
Specifically, the vacuum gas quenching step is to fill low-temperature nitrogen into a vacuum quenching furnace, keep the air pressure in the furnace at 0.7-0.9 MPa, and perform vacuum gas quenching until the H13 steel is cooled to room temperature and then taken out.
The oil quenching step is to put high temperature H13 steel in a high temperature air furnace into an oil tank filled with quenching oil, move up and down and left and right in the quenching oil, ensure that the H13 steel is uniformly cooled, and take the H13 steel out of the quenching oil to cool to room temperature when the temperature is reduced to about 200 ℃.
The quenching treatment of the invention can be vacuum gas quenching or oil quenching. Meanwhile, the quenching medium is not limited, so long as the purpose of rapid cooling can be achieved. The quenching mode can be selected according to actual conditions, and is more suitable for actual production of mould manufacturing enterprises.
In some embodiments of the invention, tempering includes heating the H13 steel to 440-460℃ for 1-3 hours, then heating to 560-580℃ for 4-7 hours, and cooling the H13 steel to room temperature.
The temperature of the first heating of the tempering treatment can be 440 ℃, 450 ℃ or 460 ℃, or any value between the adjacent temperatures.
The first heat preservation time of tempering treatment can be 1.0 hour, 2.0 hours or 3.0 hours, and can also be any value between the adjacent times.
The temperature of the second heating of the tempering treatment may be 560 ℃, 570 ℃ or 580 ℃, or any value between the above adjacent temperatures.
The second heat preservation time of tempering treatment can be 4.0 hours, 5.0 hours, 6.0 hours or 7.0 hours, and can also be any value between the adjacent times.
In some embodiments of the invention, the subsequent tempering treatment comprises heating the H13 steel after the quenching and tempering alternating cycle treatment to 440-460 ℃ for 1-3 hours, then heating the steel to 560-600 ℃ for 4-7 hours, and taking out the H13 steel and cooling the steel to room temperature.
The temperature of the first heating of the subsequent tempering treatment can be 440 ℃, 450 ℃ or 460 ℃, or any value between the adjacent temperatures.
The time of the first heat preservation of the subsequent tempering treatment can be 1.0 hour, 2.0 hours or 3.0 hours, and can also be any value between the adjacent times.
The second heating temperature of the subsequent tempering treatment may be 560 ℃, 570 ℃, 580 ℃, 590 ℃ or 600 ℃, or any value between the above adjacent temperatures.
The time of the second heat preservation of the subsequent tempering treatment can be 4.0 hours, 5.0 hours, 6.0 hours or 7.0 hours, and can also be any value between the adjacent times.
The invention also provides the H13 steel prepared by the heat treatment method, the H13 steel has better impact toughness, and the impact toughness in the preferred embodiment can be realizedUp to 30.50 (J/cm) 2 )。
It should be noted that the invention does not improve the chemical composition of H13 steel, and the composition adopted is in the range required by GB/T1299-2014.
The invention also provides application of the H13 steel in a 7-series aluminum alloy hot extrusion die. Because the H13 steel provided by the invention has excellent impact toughness, the H13 steel can be applied to a 7-series aluminum alloy hot extrusion die, and the 7-series aluminum alloy hot extrusion die with longer service life can be prepared.
The features and capabilities of the present invention are described in further detail below in connection with the examples.
Example 1
The embodiment provides a heat treatment method of die steel, which comprises the following steps:
(1) H13 steel is heated to 665 ℃ in a vacuum quenching furnace for 1 hour, is continuously heated to 860 ℃ for 1 hour, and is continuously heated to 1040 ℃ for 1.5 hours.
(2) And (3) pouring low-temperature nitrogen, keeping the air pressure in the vacuum quenching furnace at 0.8MPa, and performing vacuum air quenching until the H13 steel is cooled to room temperature.
(3) And (3) placing the quenched H13 steel into a tempering furnace, heating to 460 ℃ and preserving heat for 2 hours, continuously heating to 560 ℃ and preserving heat for 5 hours, and then taking out the H13 steel and cooling to room temperature by air.
(4) Repeating the steps (1) to (3), and completing the 2 nd quenching and tempering alternating cycle treatment.
(5) H13 steel is heated to 665 ℃ in a vacuum quenching furnace for 1 hour, is continuously heated to 860 ℃ for 1 hour, and is continuously heated to 950 ℃ for 4 hours.
(6) And (3) pouring low-temperature nitrogen, keeping the air pressure in the vacuum quenching furnace at 0.7MPa, and performing vacuum air quenching until the H13 steel is cooled to room temperature.
(7) And (3) placing the quenched H13 steel into a tempering furnace, heating to 460 ℃ and preserving heat for 2 hours, continuously heating to 560 ℃ and preserving heat for 5 hours, then taking out the H13 steel, cooling to room temperature by air, and completing the 3 rd quenching and tempering circulation treatment.
(8) Heating the H13 steel subjected to quenching and tempering alternating circulation treatment to 470 ℃ in a tempering furnace, preserving heat for 3 hours, continuously heating to 590 ℃ and preserving heat for 6 hours, and then taking out the H13 steel, and cooling to room temperature by air.
(9) Heating the tempered H13 steel to 450 ℃ in a tempering furnace, preserving heat for 2 hours, continuously heating to 565 ℃ and preserving heat for 4 hours, then taking out the H13 steel, air cooling to room temperature, and completing the whole heat treatment process of the H13 steel.
FIG. 2 is a metallographic structure diagram of H13 steel prepared by the heat treatment method of this example, and FIG. 2 shows fine tempered martensite and carbide dispersed therein.
Example 2
The embodiment provides a heat treatment method of die steel, which comprises the following steps:
(1) H13 steel is heated to 650 ℃ in a high-temperature air furnace for heat preservation for 1 hour, is continuously heated to 850 ℃ for heat preservation for 1 hour, and is continuously heated to 1030 ℃ for heat preservation for 1.5 hours.
(2) And (3) placing the high-temperature H13 steel into an oil groove for oil quenching, so that the H13 steel moves up and down and left and right in the quenching oil, and taking out the H13 steel from the quenching oil and cooling to room temperature when the temperature is reduced to about 200 ℃.
(3) And (3) placing the quenched H13 steel into a tempering furnace, heating to 450 ℃ and preserving heat for 2 hours, continuously heating to 570 ℃ and preserving heat for 6 hours, and then taking out the H13 steel and cooling to room temperature by air.
(4) Repeating the steps (1) to (3), and completing the quenching and tempering alternating circulation treatment for 3 times.
(5) Heating the H13 steel subjected to quenching and tempering alternating circulation treatment to 450 ℃ in a tempering furnace, preserving heat for 2 hours, continuously heating to 570 ℃ and preserving heat for 6 hours, and then taking out the H13 steel, and cooling to room temperature by air.
(6) And (5) repeating the step (5) once to finish the whole heat treatment process of the H13 steel.
Example 3
The embodiment provides a heat treatment method of die steel, which comprises the following steps:
(1) H13 steel is heated to 670 ℃ in a vacuum quenching furnace for 2 hours, is continuously heated to 840 ℃ for 2 hours, and is continuously heated to 1050 ℃ for 1 hour.
(2) And (3) pouring low-temperature nitrogen, keeping the air pressure in the vacuum quenching furnace at 0.9MPa, and performing vacuum air quenching until the H13 steel is cooled to room temperature.
(3) And (3) placing the quenched H13 steel into a tempering furnace, heating to 450 ℃ and preserving heat for 3 hours, continuously heating to 575 ℃ and preserving heat for 4 hours, and then taking out the H13 steel and cooling to room temperature by air.
(4) Repeating the steps (1) to (3), and completing the quenching and tempering alternating circulation treatment for 3 times.
(5) And (3) placing the quenched H13 steel into a tempering furnace, heating to 450 ℃ and preserving heat for 3 hours, continuously heating to 575 ℃ and preserving heat for 6 hours, and then taking out the H13 steel and cooling to room temperature by air.
(6) And (5) repeating the step (5) once to finish the whole heat treatment process of the H13 steel.
Example 4
The parameters of a heat treatment method of die steel described in this example were the same as those of example 3, except that the quenching treatment was performed in a high-temperature air furnace and quenching cooling was performed using quenching oil.
Comparative example 1
The heat treatment process of the die steel in the comparative example comprises the following steps:
(1) H13 steel is heated to 650 ℃ in a vacuum quenching furnace for 2 hours, is continuously heated to 850 ℃ for 2 hours, and is continuously heated to 1040 ℃ for 3 hours.
(2) And (3) pouring low-temperature nitrogen, keeping the air pressure in the vacuum quenching furnace at 0.8MPa, and performing vacuum air quenching until the H13 steel is cooled to room temperature.
(3) And (3) placing the quenched H13 steel into a tempering furnace, heating to 440 ℃ and preserving heat for 2 hours, continuously heating to 580 ℃ and preserving heat for 5 hours, and then taking out the H13 steel and cooling to room temperature by air.
(4) And (3) repeating the tempering process in the step (3) to finish the whole heat treatment process of the H13 steel.
Comparative example 2
The heat treatment process of the die steel in the comparative example comprises the following steps:
(1) H13 steel is heated to 640 ℃ in a high-temperature air furnace for heat preservation for 1.5 hours, is continuously heated to 840 ℃ for heat preservation for 2 hours, and is continuously heated to 1050 ℃ for heat preservation for 2 hours.
(2) And (3) placing the high-temperature H13 steel into an oil groove for oil quenching, so that the H13 steel moves up and down and left and right in the quenching oil, and taking out the H13 steel from the quenching oil and cooling to room temperature when the temperature is reduced to about 200 ℃.
(3) And heating the cooled H13 steel to 640 ℃ in a high-temperature air furnace, preserving heat for 1.5 hours, continuously heating to 840 ℃ and preserving heat for 2 hours, and continuously heating to 950 ℃ and preserving heat for 6 hours.
(4) And (3) placing the high-temperature H13 steel into an oil groove for oil quenching, so that the H13 steel moves up and down and left and right in the quenching oil, and taking out the H13 steel from the quenching oil and cooling to room temperature when the temperature is reduced to about 200 ℃.
(5) And (3) placing the quenched H13 steel into a tempering furnace, heating to 460 ℃ and preserving heat for 2 hours, continuously heating to 560 ℃ and preserving heat for 6 hours, and then taking out the H13 steel and cooling to room temperature by air.
(6) And (3) placing the cooled H13 steel into a tempering furnace, heating to 460 ℃ and preserving heat for 2 hours, continuously heating to 600 ℃ and preserving heat for 4 hours, then taking out the H13 steel, and cooling to room temperature by air to complete the whole heat treatment process of the H13 steel.
Experimental example
H13 prepared in examples 1-4 and comparative examples 1-2 was subjected to room temperature mechanical property test, and the test results are shown in Table 1:
TABLE 1 results of room temperature mechanical property test of H13 steels prepared in examples 1-4 and comparative examples 1-2
It can be seen from table 1 that the H13 steel (i.e., examples 1 to 4) prepared by subjecting to the subsequent tempering treatment 2 times after the quenching and tempering alternating cycle treatment 3 times is 3 to 5 times the impact toughness of the H13 steel (i.e., comparative example 1) prepared by subjecting to the tempering treatment 2 times after only 1 time of quenching, and 1.7 to 2.5 times the impact toughness of the H13 steel (i.e., comparative example 2) prepared by subjecting to the tempering treatment 2 times after 2 times of quenching. The H13 steels prepared in examples 1-4 had more excellent impact toughness than comparative documents 1-2.
The above description is only of the preferred embodiments of the present invention and is not intended to limit the present invention, but various modifications and variations can be made to the present invention by those skilled in the art. Any modification, equivalent replacement, improvement, etc. made within the spirit and principle of the present invention should be included in the protection scope of the present invention.
Claims (4)
1. A heat treatment method of die steel, characterized by comprising the steps of: carrying out quenching and tempering alternating cycle treatment on H13 steel, and then carrying out subsequent tempering treatment;
the cycle number is 3;
the quenching treatment comprises heating H13 steel to 665 ℃ for 1 hour, heating to 860 ℃ for 1 hour, heating to 950 ℃ for 4 hours or heating to 1040 ℃ for 1.5 hours, and then quenching;
the tempering treatment comprises heating H13 steel to 460 ℃ for 2 hours, then heating the steel to 560 ℃ for 5 hours, taking out the H13 steel and cooling the steel to room temperature;
the subsequent tempering treatment comprises heating the H13 steel subjected to quenching and tempering alternating circulation treatment to 470 ℃ for 3 hours, heating the steel to 590 ℃ for 6 hours, cooling the steel to room temperature, heating the steel to 450 ℃ for 2 hours, heating the steel to 565 ℃ for 4 hours, and taking out the steel and cooling the steel to room temperature.
2. The heat treatment method according to claim 1, wherein the quenching treatment is vacuum gas quenching or oil quenching.
3. The heat treatment method according to claim 2, wherein the vacuum gas quenching comprises cooling high temperature H13 steel to room temperature in a quenching furnace filled with low temperature nitrogen gas at a gas pressure of 0.7 to 0.9 mpa.
4. The heat treatment method according to claim 2, wherein the oil quenching includes taking out H13 steel from the quenching oil and cooling to room temperature when the temperature is lowered to about 200 ℃.
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| CN114410893A (en) * | 2021-12-24 | 2022-04-29 | 钢铁研究总院 | Ultra-fine grain structure heat treatment process of annealed hot work die steel |
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| CN114410893A (en) * | 2021-12-24 | 2022-04-29 | 钢铁研究总院 | Ultra-fine grain structure heat treatment process of annealed hot work die steel |
Non-Patent Citations (2)
| Title |
|---|
| 刘静安.《挤压模具技术的理论与实践》.科学技术文献出版社 重庆分社,1989,(第1版),第164-168页. * |
| 殷瑞钰.《钢的质量现代进展 下篇 特殊钢》.冶金工业出版社,1995,(第1版),第282页. * |
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