CN114946772B - Method for colonizing fall webworm parasitic natural enemy insects - Google Patents

Abstract

The utility model provides a method for rapidly evaluating the colonization and pest control effects of fall webworm parasitic natural enemy insects, which comprises the following steps: step 1: when the larvae of fall webworm grow into pupas, a circle of blue velvet felt is firstly enclosed at a position 1-1.5 m away from the ground or 20-30 cm above the shrub under the tree, then grass bundles are bound on the outer side of the blue velvet felt, an artificial pupation place is arranged, and the insect is induced to centralize into pupas; step 2: when the insect finding finds that the grass bundle contains mature larvae or pupae, the bee or fly is put; step 3: the first generation and the second generation of fall webworm are generated, grass bundles are untied at intervals of 7d, bee cocoons or parasitic pupas are collected, and indoor feeding is carried out, so that a field population of natural enemies is obtained; repeating the operation steps 1 and 2 until the pupation of the fall webworm is finished; step 4: when the old larva of the fall webworm in the overwintering generation is subjected to treeing pupation, namely, the middle and late 9-middle and late 10-middle and fourth-generation larva is combined to perform treeing pupation, the step 1 and the step 2 are repeated, after 20-40 days, the grass is used for putting the internal fall webworm pupae into 75% alcohol to shake lightly, and after standing for 3min, the visible pupae are respectively positioned on the upper layer of the liquid or sunk into the bottom.

Description

Method for colonizing fall webworm parasitic natural enemy insects

Technical Field

The utility model belongs to the technical field of forest protection, and particularly relates to a method for colonizing a fall webworm parasitic natural enemy insect.

Background

The fall webworm which invades China is a serious international quarantine pest, and the spread of the fall webworm is aggravated in recent years, so that great harm is caused to the forestry, gardens, urban landscapes and people in China. The research on natural enemy insects of the fall webworm is developed, natural enemy products are developed and are effectively applied to forestry production, and the method is an eco-friendly green prevention and control technology. As an important biocontrol factor, the action of parasitic natural enemy insects plays a role. However, due to the lack of accurate implementation techniques for effectively applying natural enemy products to forestry production, for example, the timing of releasing the natural enemy products (if the natural enemy products are released too early and the natural enemy products cannot be killed because hosts cannot be found, and if the natural enemy products are too late, the control action on pests cannot be effectively exerted), how to improve the colonization force of the released natural enemy, and the evaluation of the pest control effect of the released natural enemy are extremely blind, so that the pest control effect of the natural enemy is poor, even free and reactive, and the application of the natural enemy products is greatly restricted. The utility model solves the technical problems of providing a precise natural enemy insect release period, improving the field colonization (augmentation) force of parasitic natural enemy insects and providing a rapid natural enemy pest control effect evaluation method.

The present utility model develops the research of artificial breeding technology of various parasitic natural enemy insects, such as Chouioia cunea Yang, zhuimaila japonica, etc. of American white moth, and has corresponding utility model patent and matched technology of Chouioia cunea Yang and corresponding field releasing device. Unfortunately, however, an intermediate link from indoor mass breeding of natural enemy insects to field application, i.e., when to release natural enemy insects? How can natural enemy insects quickly and effectively find out the pest control target, namely the pupae of host insects, namely, fall webworm? How does the pest control effect of natural enemies after release? How are natural enemies accurately evaluated to be negative (increased) colonisation? And the pest control effect is exerted without corresponding technical support, so that the implementation, popularization and application efficiency of natural enemy insect products are greatly limited.

A new patent application of biological control method for fall webworm is that before fall of mature larva of fall webworm to pupate, the mature larva is tied up by hay at the position 0.8-1.8 m from the ground, and tied up for one week, the mature larva is induced to pupate in the mature larva, every 5-7 d is changed to make grass, the changed grass is packed and sealed, and the bag is taken out of the garden to be burnt out, and the method is only one physical control measure for fall webworm, then a fall webworm Bai Jiaoji small bee raised in the room is released at the early stage of pupation of fall webworm, and the artificial breeding technology of the bee is focused, and the release of the bee is not organically related with the grass of the previous fall webworm to induce the fall webworm pupae.

Disclosure of Invention

The utility model provides a method for colonizing the fall webworm parasitic natural enemy insects. By improving the trunk surrounding grass stem method of the fall webworm hazard tree species, mature fall webworm larvae and pupae can be efficiently trapped in the grass stem in a short period, accurate information is provided for the release of natural enemy insect products according to the development progress of fall webworm, and the important point is to improve the colonization ability of 3 dominant natural enemy insects (Chouioia cunea Yang, lymantis schottii, hypsizygus marmoreus and Japanese chaetomium). The method is simple to operate, has multiple functions, and can realize field colonization or proliferation of various natural enemies. In addition, the collected white moth pupa is subjected to liquid pupa separation method, so that the natural enemy parasitism effect is rapidly evaluated, and the recognition rate can reach more than 90%.

The utility model adopts the technical scheme that:

a method for colonizing a fall webworm parasitic natural enemy insect, comprising the steps of:

step 1: when the larvae of fall webworm grow into pupas, a circle of blue velvet felt is firstly enclosed at a position 1-1.5 m away from the ground or 20-30 cm above the shrub under the tree, then grass bundles are bound on the outer side of the blue velvet felt, an artificial pupation place is arranged, and the insect is induced to centralize into pupas;

step 2: when the larvae pupate in the grass bundles are found by insect searching, the bee or fly is put;

step 3: the first generation and the second generation of fall webworm are generated, grass bundles are untied at intervals of 7d, and bee cocoons or parasitic pupas are collected and fed to obtain a field population of natural enemies; repeating the operation steps 1 and 2 until the pupation of the fall webworm is finished;

step 4: when the old larva of the fall webworm in the overwintering generation turns into pupa, namely, in the middle and late 9-middle and late 10-middle, the third or fourth-generation larva in each place turns into pupa in the falling tree, repeating the step 1 and the step 2, and after 20-40 days, putting the white webworm pupa in the grass into 75% alcohol to shake lightly, standing for 3min, and enabling the visible pupa to be respectively positioned on the upper layer of the liquid or sunk into the bottom;

step 5: through microscopic examination, nearly 90% of the fall webworm pupas on the upper layer of the liquid are parasitized, the fall webworm pupas which are normal in development are all the fall webworm pupas, and the fall webworm pupas which are not parasitized and are in dark reddish brown are soaked.

Preferably, in the step 1, the grass bundles are bound on the outer side of the blue velvet felt by adopting binding belts, the grass bundles are kept loose and tight, the length of the grass bundles is 30 cm-120 cm, the width is 30cm according to the breast diameter of the tree, and the thickness is 2.0+/-0.5 cm.

Preferably, the ligature area includes from catch and ligature strip, the one end anchor ring of auto-lock ring is connected with the ligature strip through the arc connecting plate, be provided with a plurality of elasticity spacing arc boards on the auto-lock ring inner wall, a plurality of elasticity spacing arc boards are equidistant along unifying anchor ring distribution, the one end that elasticity spacing arc board is close to the ligature strip and auto-lock ring inner wall fixed connection, its other end is inclined to auto-lock ring center pin direction, be provided with multichannel and elasticity spacing arc board matched with protruding muscle on the ligature strip, multichannel protruding muscle is equidistant along ligature strip length direction.

Preferably, the other end anchor ring of auto-lock ring is provided with integrated into one piece's inner ring, be provided with interior arc groove line and outer arc groove line on the anchor ring of inner ring, outer arc groove line and the laminating of auto-lock intra-annular wall, interior arc groove line and outer arc groove line intercommunication form the arc and lead to the groove, be provided with in the arc and tear the draw-out arc area, but tear draw-out arc area one end and be the free end, its other end and the anchor ring integrated into one piece of inner ring, be provided with the open slot that runs through its both ends anchor ring along its length direction on the outer wall of auto-lock ring, the one end that the inner arc groove line is close to the open slot is connected with radial straight groove line.

Preferably, the tearable arc-shaped belt is connected with the inner arc-shaped groove line and the outer arc-shaped groove line through a plurality of connecting strips.

Preferably, the side wall of the convex rib close to one end of the self-locking ring and the outer wall of the binding strip form a limit groove.

Preferably, the side wall of the elastic limiting arc plate is movably connected with the inner wall of the self-locking ring through a spring.

The utility model has the beneficial effects that:

1. the pupation period of the fall webworm can be accurately monitored through an improved trunk surrounding grass method, and accurate information is provided for artificially releasing natural enemy insects; through the efficient trapping of the fall webworm pupas in the field, the field colonization (proliferation) force of at least 3 fall webworm pupa stage parasitic natural enemy insects can be improved simultaneously, and the technology can effectively apply various fall webworm parasitic natural enemy insects artificially bred in the current room to the field, thereby providing technical support and technical guarantee for fully playing the pest control effect of the natural enemy insects.

2. The liquid pupation (fall webworm pupa) method can be used for rapidly evaluating the colonization or proliferation capability of natural enemy insects after the natural enemy insects are released or natural enemy insects natural populations are in the wild, and provides a basis for parasitic pest control effect of the natural enemy insects. The method can be operated indoors or outdoors, is convenient and quick, and has good accuracy.

3. The improved grass surrounding method and the 75% alcohol liquid pupation method have extremely strong practicability from the aspects of improving the field colonisation (proliferation) force of natural enemy insects, effectively playing the natural enemy pest control effect and rapidly evaluating the parasitic effect of the natural enemy insects.

4. Because the first generation and the second generation of fall webworm take place in each interval of 7d, the grass is untied, and the cocoons or parasitic pupas are collected, so that the grass is required to be repeatedly bound or opened, but the common binding belt is required to be cut off by scissors when being detached, the operation is troublesome, the improved binding belt can be completely opened by pulling the tearable arc-shaped belt, and therefore, the binding belt is easy to detach, and the operation is simple and labor-saving; meanwhile, the technical key points of loosening and tightening can be easily and accurately realized when the grass handles are bundled, and the insect attracting effect is improved.

Drawings

In order to more clearly illustrate the embodiments of the utility model or the technical solutions in the prior art, the drawings that are required in the embodiments or the description of the prior art will be briefly described, it being obvious that the drawings in the following description are only some embodiments of the utility model, and that other drawings may be obtained according to these drawings without inventive effort for a person skilled in the art.

FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a trunk surrounding blue velveteen and grass handle method; a (binding grass handles); b (surrounding binding blue velvet felt); c (untangling of grass).

FIG. 2 shows that the pupation method of 75% alcohol can rapidly identify the parasitic fall webworm pupa.

FIG. 3 is a schematic view of a strapping tape;

FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view taken along the direction B-B in FIG. 2;

FIG. 5 is an enlarged view of FIG. 3 at A;

FIG. 6 is a schematic view of grass bundle ligation.

Wherein, 1, self-locking ring; 101. an open slot; 2. binding strips; 3. an arc-shaped connecting plate; 4. an inner ring; 401. an outer arcuate score line; 402. an inner arcuate score line; 5. an elastic limit arc plate; 6. convex ribs; 601. a limit groove; 7. the arc-shaped belt can be torn and pulled; 8. and (3) a spring.

Detailed Description

In order to make the objects, technical solutions and advantages of the embodiments of the present utility model more clear, the technical solutions of the embodiments of the present utility model will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the accompanying drawings in the embodiments of the present utility model.

Fall webworm (hyphantrichia cunea) is a very harmful worldwide quarantine pest. In 1979, the fall webworm was discovered in Dandong of Liaoning province of China for the first time, and is classified as a key plant quarantine object by the agricultural and forestry parts of China and as a first foreign invasive species of China in 2003 due to the characteristics of strong adaptability, wide host plants, strong reproductive capacity, large hazard and the like, thus being a worldwide quarantine pest.

The number of fall webworm host plants which are recorded on the global scale is 636, and the number of fall webworm host plants which are harmful in China is up to 49, 108 and 175, wherein the fall webworm host plants comprise cultivated woods, fruit trees, garden greening plants, flowers, vegetables, crops, various herbaceous plants, shrubs, protective forests and the like.

Fall webworm takes place for 2-4 generations in one year in China, and the damage caused is extremely great. The places for pupating the fall webworm are mainly bark seams, wall seams, brick and tile piles, dead branches and fallen leaves, weed clusters and the like, and the places for pupating are scattered.

Based on the above, the embodiment specifically provides a method for colonizing the natural enemy insects of fall webworm, which comprises the following steps:

step 1: aiming at the occurrence characteristics of fall webworm, when fall of fall webworm of each generation of larvae of fall webworm is subjected to pupation, a circle of blue velvet felt is firstly enclosed on the trunk at the position of the trunk 1-1.5 m away from the ground or at the position of 20-30 cm above the bush under the tree (fig. 1B, white moth gathering disk velvet bees and similar species of fall webworm can be collected for the aged or mature larvae of parasitic fall webworm, blue can contrast yellow and white bee cocoons of parasitic bees to realize quick identification), then grass bundles are bound on the outer side of the blue velvet felt, binding the grass bundles on the outer side of the blue velvet felt by adopting binding belts, keeping the grass bundles loose and tight, wherein the length of the grass bundles is 30 cm-120 cm, the width is 30cm and the thickness is 2.0+/-0.5 cm according to the chest diameter of the tree, artificial pupation places (figure 1A) are arranged, and the insect attracting and pupation places are concentrated (the problem that natural enemy insects are not easy to quickly search for target pests and influence the colonization force due to the dispersion of the pupation places in the natural state of the insect is avoided);

step 2: when the insect finding finds that larvae pupate in the grass bundle (figure 1C), the bee or fly starts to be put;

step 3: the first generation and the second generation of fall webworm are generated, grass bundles are untied at intervals of 7d, and bee cocoons or parasitic pupas are collected and fed to obtain a field population of natural enemies; repeating the operation steps 1 and 2 until the pupation of the fall webworm is finished;

step 4: when the old larva of the fall webworm is subjected to treeing and pupation, namely before and after October, the third or fourth generation larva is combined for treeing and pupation in each place, the steps 1 and 2 are repeated, normally 30-40 d later, the white webworm pupa in the grass is put into 75% alcohol for light shaking, and after standing for 3min, the visible pupa is respectively positioned on the upper layer of the liquid or sunk into the bottom (shown in figure 2);

step 5: through microscopic examination, nearly 90% of the fall webworm pupae on the upper layer of the liquid are parasitized, the fall webworm pupae which is normal in development are all taken as the lower layer, the non-parasitized fall webworm pupae which is dark reddish brown is soaked (the method is also suitable for identifying the parasitic state of the fall webworm pupae of the first generation and the second generation, and the non-parasitized fall webworm pupae which is dark bright reddish brown is soaked, so that eclosion is prevented). Therefore, the parasitic rate of the fall webworm can be rapidly detected, and the colonization and pest control effects after the release of the early natural enemy insects or the proliferation condition of the wild natural enemy insect population can be evaluated.

As shown in fig. 3-6, the binding belt comprises a self-locking ring 1 and a binding strip 2, one end ring surface of the self-locking ring 1 is connected with the binding strip 2 through an arc-shaped connecting plate 3, a plurality of elastic limiting arc plates 5 are arranged on the inner wall of the self-locking ring 1, the elastic limiting arc plates 5 are distributed at equal intervals along a unified ring surface, one end, close to the binding strip 2, of the elastic limiting arc plates 5 is fixedly connected with the inner wall of the self-locking ring 1, the other end of the elastic limiting arc plates is inclined towards the central shaft direction of the self-locking ring 1, a plurality of convex ribs 6 matched with the elastic limiting arc plates 5 are arranged on the binding strip 2, and the convex ribs 6 are distributed at equal intervals along the length direction of the binding strip 2.

The utility model provides a self-locking ring 1, including inner ring 4, outer arc groove line 401 and interior arc groove line 402 are provided with on the anchor ring of inner ring 4, outer arc groove line 401 is laminated with the self-locking ring inner wall, interior arc groove line 402 and outer arc groove line 401 intercommunication form the arc through groove, be provided with tear arc area 7 in the arc through groove, but tear arc area 7 one end is the free end, its other end and inner ring 4's anchor ring integrated into one piece, but tear arc area 7 and interior arc groove line 402 and outer arc groove line 401 all are connected through many connecting strips (with inner ring integrated into one piece), be provided with the open slot 101 that runs through its both ends anchor ring along its length direction on the outer wall of self-locking ring 1, the one end that inner arc groove line 402 is close to the open slot is connected with radial straight groove line 403.

The self-locking ring 1 and the inner ring 4 are of an integral structure, the tearable arc-shaped belt 7 is an arc-shaped belt cut by firing laser on the surface of the inner ring 4, and the open slot 101 is a groove structure formed by cutting on the outer wall of the self-locking ring 1. When the binding belt is required to be unbuckled, the self-locking ring can be opened only by pulling the tearable arc-shaped belt 7 along the arc-shaped through groove, so that the binding belt is easy to operate and labor is saved.

In this embodiment, the arc-shaped connection plate 3 and the binding strip 2 are made of soft rubber material or soft plastic material, so that bending can be realized.

The side wall of the convex rib 6, which is close to one end of the self-locking ring 1, and the outer wall of the binding strip 2 form a limit groove 601, and when the binding strip passes through the self-locking ring, the free end of the elastic limit arc plate is positioned in the limit groove, so that self-locking is realized. And the side wall of the elastic limit arc plate is movably connected with the inner wall of the self-locking ring through a spring.

The improved surrounding grass handle method adopted in the process has the advantages that:

(1) the artificial insect attracting and checking are convenient, the accurate pupation period of the fall webworm is mastered in time, the accurate time is provided for the release of natural enemies, and the aim of putting vectors is achieved;

(2) the mature larva or pupa of the fall webworm is intensively trapped, so that abundant host insects are provided for successful colonization of released natural enemies or proliferation of field natural enemies;

(3) can simultaneously enrich various natural enemies (besides 3 dominant natural enemies of parasitic fall webworm, such as Chouioia cunea Yang, lyophyta melanoma and Japanese chasing flies, white moth gathering plate-like Venetian and similar species, broad legged wasps, predatory mites and the like), and can provide a rich field population for rejuvenation of various natural enemy insect indoor populations.

(4) The surrounding grass provides a hard place for natural enemies, is favorable for survival of natural enemies in winter, and provides rich natural enemies resources for controlling the generation of fall webworm and various forestry pests in spring in the vertical year.

Examples

2021, 9 th month 20 th to 10 th month 12 th, on the trunks of French phoenix tree with serious injury of fall webworm, according to 45 th in the detailed description of the technical scheme of the utility model (utility model) of the fourth part, the blue velvet felt is internally bound, and the straw is externally bound to induce insects.

And identifying the collected parasitic wasp cocoons and the American white moth pupas.

The results were as follows:

1. after the parasitic wasp cocoons are eclosion, the parasitic wasp cocoons are similar to the white moth condensed disk velvet cocoons, and are identified as Cotesia sp by experts in Zhejiang university, named as the white moth condensed disk velvet cocoons temporarily, and are never reported. Therefore, the method can find new natural enemy resources of the parasitic fall webworm.

2. Randomly putting a plurality of the grass-stalk-induced fall webworm pupas (about 300 heads) into a 500mL75% alcohol bottle to shake lightly, standing for 3min, and dissecting the upper pupas when the visible pupas are respectively positioned on the upper layer of the liquid or sunk into the bottom. The parasitism rate of the dissected 71-head pupae reaches 84.5%, wherein the maximum parasitism rate of the gypsy moth melanoma hornet is 76.1%, and the parasitism rate is the majority of legged hornets, japanese chaetoceros and Chouioia cunea. While 13.5% of the non-parasitized fall webworm pupas are dysplasia, and compared with the red pupa bodies which are immersed in the liquid bottom and are fresh, the content is obviously reduced. Therefore, the method not only can rapidly and accurately identify the parasitic fall webworm pupa, but also can distinguish the development state of the fall webworm pupa.

3. The parasitic hyphantria cunea pupa separated by 75% alcohol can successfully breed broad legged wasps, the gypsy moth melanoma hornet and the Japanese chaetomium japonicum, which shows that the method does not influence the development of natural enemies. Meanwhile, the broad legged bees are bred from the American white moth overwintering pupae, and the idea that the broad legged bees do not parasitic the American white moth overwintering pupae reported in the literature is also negated.

4. 150 white moth pupas are selected from the collected white moth pupas and respectively put into 3 culture boxes, wherein each box is 50. And (3) observing and recording the emergence condition of the natural enemies every 3d at the indoor normal temperature. Taking the gypsy moth melanoma honeybees as an example, 38 heads are eclosion in total from 2021, 11 months, 23 months to 12 months, the male-female ratio is 8.5:1, and the female ratio is far higher than that of the document 4.57:1. Thus, the field population of the gypsy moth and the melanoma brood which are dominant species of the parasitic natural enemy insects in the pupal period of the fall webworm can be obtained. Under indoor feeding condition, the bees can successfully mate and survive for more than 1 month.

The foregoing is merely illustrative of the present utility model and not restrictive, and other modifications and equivalents thereof may occur to those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit and scope of the present utility model.

Claims (5)

1. A method for colonizing a parasitic natural enemy insect of fall webworm, comprising the steps of:

step 1: when the larvae of fall webworm grow into pupas, a circle of blue velvet felt is firstly enclosed at a position 1-1.5 m away from the ground or 20-30 cm above the shrub under the tree, then grass bundles are bound on the outer side of the blue velvet felt, an artificial pupation place is arranged, and the insect is induced to centralize into pupas;

step 2: when the larvae pupate in the grass bundles are found by insect searching, the bee or fly is put;

step 3: the first generation and the second generation of fall webworm are generated, grass bundles are untied at intervals of 7d, bee cocoons or parasitic pupas are collected, and indoor feeding is carried out, so that a field population of natural enemies is obtained; repeating the operation steps 1 and 2 until the pupation of the fall webworm is finished;

step 4: when the old larva of the fall webworm in the overwintering generation turns into pupa, namely, in the middle and late 9-middle and late 10-middle, the third or fourth-generation larva in each place turns into pupa in the falling tree, repeating the step 1 and the step 2, and after 20-40 days, putting the white webworm pupa in the grass into 75% alcohol to shake lightly, standing for 3min, and enabling the visible pupa to be respectively positioned on the upper layer of the liquid or sunk into the bottom;

step 5: through microscopic examination, 90% of the fall webworm pupas on the upper layer of the liquid are parasitized, the fall webworm pupas which are normal in development are all the fall webworm pupas, and the non-parasitized fall webworm pupas which are dark reddish brown are soaked;

in the step 1, binding the grass bundles on the outer side of the blue velvet felt by adopting binding belts, keeping the grass bundles loose and tight, wherein the length of the grass bundles is 30 cm-120 cm, the width is 30cm, and the thickness is 2.0+/-0.5 cm;

the utility model discloses a ligature area, including the ligature area, the one end anchor ring of auto-lock ring is connected with the ligature strip through the arc connecting plate, be provided with a plurality of elasticity spacing arc boards on the auto-lock ring inner wall, a plurality of elasticity spacing arc boards are equidistant along unifying anchor ring distribution, the one end that elasticity spacing arc board is close to the ligature strip and auto-lock ring inner wall fixed connection, its other end inclines to auto-lock ring center pin direction, be provided with multichannel and elasticity spacing arc board matched with protruding muscle on the ligature strip, multichannel protruding muscle is equidistant along ligature strip length direction.

2. The method for colonizing the natural enemy insects of the fall webworm parasitic type according to claim 1, wherein an integrally formed inner ring is arranged on the ring surface of the other end of the self-locking ring, an inner arc-shaped groove line and an outer arc-shaped groove line are arranged on the ring surface of the inner ring, the outer arc-shaped groove line is attached to the inner wall of the self-locking ring, the inner arc-shaped groove line and the outer arc-shaped groove line are communicated to form an arc-shaped through groove, a tearable arc-shaped belt is arranged in the arc-shaped through groove, one end of the tearable arc-shaped belt is a free end, the other end of the tearable arc-shaped belt is integrally formed with the ring surface of the inner ring, an opening groove penetrating through the ring surfaces at two ends of the self-locking ring is arranged on the outer wall of the self-locking ring along the length direction of the self-locking ring, and one end of the inner arc-shaped groove line, which is close to the opening groove, is connected with a radial straight groove line.

3. The method of colonizing fall webworm parasitic natural enemy insects of claim 2, wherein the tearable arcuate strips are connected to both the inner arcuate score line and the outer arcuate score line by a plurality of connecting strips.

4. The method for colonizing the natural enemy insects of fall webworm according to claim 1, wherein the side wall of the convex rib close to one end of the self-locking ring and the outer wall of the binding strip form a limit groove.

5. The method for colonizing by fall webworm parasitic natural enemy insects according to claim 1, wherein the side wall of the elastic limiting arc plate is movably connected with the inner wall of the self-locking ring through a spring.

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